Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA

RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE

Research Response Number: CHN33718 Country: Date: 5 September 2008

Keywords: China – – Christians – Local officials

This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein.

Questions

1. Please provide an update on the extent of Christian churches in (Guangzhou). 2. Please provide an update on: (a) any analyses/assessments of Christianity in Guangzhou, and (b) reports of the attitudes of local officials to Christian activities.

RESPONSE

1. Please provide an update on the extent of Christian churches in Guangdong (Guangzhou).

Although references to Christian churches in Guangzhou were found in the sourced consulted no information was found on their extent or prevalence in the city. One source has suggested that house churches in Guangzhou may have “thousands of members”. Named churches are listed below.

Bob Fu from the China Aid Association (CAA), a US based organisation providing advocacy and financial support to Christian groups in China, stated in an August 2007 interview on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s Radio National The Religion Report programme:

Stephen Crittenden: I thought the situation for Christians in China had been improving fairly significantly in recent years?

Bob Fu: Well it depends on where you research and which area. You go to an eastern coastal city like Guangzhou, yes, the house churches even build up very beautiful church buildings, some with thousands of members.

Stephen Crittenden: And they can pray more or less in the open?

Bob Fu: Yes. They are much more open. But if you go to Hunan and Shandong and some other areas, you will find hundreds of believers and pastors are still being jailed and they are in a labour camp (‘China Missionaries expelled: Transcript’ 2007, The Religion Report, Radio National website, 8 August http://www.abc.net.au/rn/religionreport/stories/2007/1998728.htm – Accessed 8 April 2008 – Attachment 1).

From the sources consulted the following churches in Guangzhou (with addresses where available) were identified:

Sacred Heart Cathedral (Seksat) 56/7, Yide Road (Yat Tak Road) Guangzhou City (Charbonnier, Jean 2004, Guide to the Catholic Church in China , China Catholic Communications, Singapore, pp.405-408 – Attachment 2. Another source gives the address as: Yide Zhong Road, Yuexiu , Guangzhou (‘Churches in Guangzhou’ 2007, National Office For Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (NOCFL)1 website, 13 December http://french.hanban.edu.cn/english/LivinginChina/Xmas/235483.htm – Accessed 26 August 2008 – Attachment 3).

Shamian Our Lady of Lourdes Church 14, Main Street, Shameen (Charbonnier, Jean 2004, Guide to the Catholic Church in China , China Catholic Communications, Singapore, pp.408-410 – Attachment 2). Another source gives the address as: 14 Street, , Guangzhou (‘Churches in Guangzhou’ 2007, National Office For Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (NOCFL) website, 13 December http://french.hanban.edu.cn/english/LivinginChina/Xmas/235483.htm – Accessed 26 August 2008 – Attachment 3). This Church may be the: Shamian Church 60 Shamian Street (South), Guangzhou (‘Churches and Meeting Points [Extract]’ (undated), Amity News Service2 website http://www.amitynewsservice.org/page.php?page=1233 – Accessed 27 August 2008 – Attachment 4).

Christian Church of Our Saviour 184 Wanfu Road, , Guangzhou (‘Churches in Guangzhou’ 2007, National Office For Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (NOCFL) website, 13 December http://french.hanban.edu.cn/english/LivinginChina/Xmas/235483.htm – Accessed 26 August 2008 – Attachment 3). Also, another source names the following Church at this address: Jiuzhu Church

1 A Chinese government body promoting the throughout the world (http://english.hanban.edu.cn/english/LivinginChina/) 2 The Amity News Service has connections with the Chinese government. 184 Wanfu Road, Guangzhou City (‘Churches and Meeting Points [Extract]’ (undated), Amity News Service website http://www.amitynewsservice.org/page.php?page=1233 – Accessed 27 August 2008 – Attachment 4).

Dongshan Christian Church 9 Sibei Tongjin, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou (Churches in Guangzhou’ 2007, National Office For Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (NOCFL) website, 13 December http://french.hanban.edu.cn/english/LivinginChina/Xmas/235483.htm – Accessed 26 August 2008 – Attachment 3; Another source gives the address as: Dongshan Sibei Tongjin #9, Guangzhou City (‘Churches and Meeting Points [Extract]’ (undated), Amity News Service website http://www.amitynewsservice.org/page.php?page=1233 – Accessed 27 August 2008 – Attachment 4).

Henan Christian Church 23, the 5th Lane, Hongde Road, , Guangzhou (Churches in Guangzhou’ 2007, National Office For Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (NOCFL) website, 13 December http://french.hanban.edu.cn/english/LivinginChina/Xmas/235483.htm – Accessed 26 August 2008 – Attachment 3).

Henan Baogang Holy Family Church Henan Tongfu zhonglu Church (Charbonnier, Jean 2004, Guide to the Catholic Church in China , China Catholic Communications, Singapore, p.409 – Attachment 4).

Xi’an Church 392 Renmin Road (Central), Guangzhou (‘Churches and Meeting Points [Extract]’ (undated), Amity News Service website http://www.amitynewsservice.org/page.php?page=1233 – Accessed 27 August 2008 – Attachment 4). Also, another source names the following Church at this address: Zion Christian Church 392 Renmin Zhong Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou (‘Churches in Guangzhou’ 2007, National Office For Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (NOCFL) website, 13 December http://french.hanban.edu.cn/english/LivinginChina/Xmas/235483.htm – Accessed 26 August 2008 – Attachment 3).

Charbonnier notes the following churches in Nanhai (which he describes as being in the Guangzhou west suburbs):

Foshan Nanhai Catholic Church 11, Hong’an li, Funing Rd, Dalizhen Shelong Catholic Church Luocunzhen, Lutangjiucun Cat Church Jiujiang Catholic Church Dalizhen Jiutancun Church (Charbonnier, Jean 2004, Guide to the Catholic Church in China , China Catholic Communications, Singapore, p.410 – Attachment 2).

2. Please provide an update on: (a) any analyses/assessments of Christianity in Guangzhou, and (b) reports of the attitudes of local officials to Christian activities.

(a) Analyses/assessments of Christianity in Guangzhou

Little information was found in the sources consulted on Christianity in Guangzhou. The case of the unregistered Damajan/Damazan Church in Guangzhou is often cited as one that has been allowed to hold meetings without interference from the authorities. Another source noted a rising community of Protestant Christian intellectuals, writers, artists and professionals playing an active evangelistic role in Guangzhou. According to recent CAA Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) information a couple in Guangzhou were put under house arrest for 13 days and had their company’s business licence revoked. Among the grounds given for revoking the licence was that the company distributed Christian materials without State approval.

In an article dated March 2003, May Cheng, an Assistant Professor at the University of , provided a detailed case study of the Damazan Church, a Protestant in Guangzhou. Cheng writes:

The case study of a house church in Damazhan, Guangzhou, is employed to identify the growth strategies of these house churches and their differentiation from officially-registered churches. The Damazhan Church is the best-known Protestant house church in China. It is well known for its ability to resist political pressure while maintaining most of its activities in an open manner. Though Damazhan has had a rather unique experience, a thorough examination of its leadership, organisation, resources, recruitment strategies, and future prospects is still useful in understanding the growth factors of house churches in general, and how they have come to be regarded as a form of social movement resisting pressure from the government and established religious institutions (Cheng, May M. C. 2003, ‘House Church Movements and Religious Freedom in China’, China: An International Journal, March, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.16-45 – Attachment 5).

According to the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, the Human Rights in China (HRIC) noted in August 2005, that the treatment of Christians in southern China is poor, particularly in rural areas; HRIC could not elaborate citing lack of information. In September 2005 the executive secretary of the Hong Kong Christian Council commented to the Canadian Board that Guangdong and Fujian have “‘the most liberal policy on religion in China, especially on Christianity’”. The executive secretary cited the example of Pastor Samuel Lamb’s Damajan Church in Guangzhou “which he said has been allowed to hold meetings on a daily basis for 20 years without interference from authorities”. However, it may be noted that Cheng writes that Pastor Lamb had been arrested and detained in earlier years, most recently in 1993. Since then cadres sporadically visited him, but their demeanour was “increasingly polite” (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2005, CHN100387.E – China: Situation of Protestants and treatment by authorities, particularly in Fujian and Guangdong (2001-2005), 7 September – Attachment 6; Cheng, May M. C. 2003, ‘House Church Movements and Religious Freedom in China’, China: An International Journal, March, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.16-45 – Attachment 5).

In the Journal of Church & State Joseph Tse-Hei Lee, an associate professor of history at Pace University in New York, wrote in an article dated April 2007 of a rising community of Protestant Christians playing an evangelical role in Guangzhou:

Equally significant is the rising community of Protestant Christian intellectuals, writers, artists, publishers, lawyers, professionals, and scientists who play an active evangelistic role in metropolitan cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Since the 1990s, a group of scholars known as “Cultural Christians” have demonstrated a strong sense of curiosity about Christian theology and doctrine. They use Christianity as a critique of traditional Chinese values, in particular, Confucianism, believed to lack a transcendental understanding of the world. Through the introduction of Christian theology and values into Chinese academia, they argue that the cultivation of personal faith and individuality constitutes an integral part of modernity and is key to personal and national salvation. They consider Christianity useful to create a new ethical system in China’s struggle for modernization (Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei 2007, ‘Christianity in contemporary China: An Update’, Journal of Church & State, 1 April, Vol. 49, Iss. 2 – Attachment 7).

The CAA and Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW), a UK based human rights organisation which specialises in religious freedom, reported the detention and arrest of the owners and employees of a company in Guangzhou in October 2007. The business licence of the company was revoked. One ground given for revoking the licence was that the company distributed Christian materials without State approval. The CAA and CSW reported as follows:

Daniel and Eliza Ng are naturalised Australians who were born in Hong Kong and are of Chinese descent. As the owners of Enoch Group, Mr and Mrs Ng have worked in China for over twenty years, using business opportunities to serve the Chinese people. A government investigation into their business began on 21 August 2007. On 12 November Guangzhou Municipal Administrative Bureau for Industry and Commerce issued a ‘Notice of Hearing’ announcing that the business licence of the company was revoked. Among the grounds given was that Guangzhou Enoch distributed Christian materials which did not have an approval code from the State. Questioning has focused on religious activities rather than business matters. Interviewees have been beaten. Three members of staff have been detained: Ms Lin Chunmei and Ms Chen Guichan were placed under criminal detention on 29 October and Ms Zhang Qiao was arrested on 7 November. Mr and Mrs. Ng were put under house arrest in Guangzhou on 12 October for 13 days. They were subsequently allowed to travel in China but are not permitted to leave the country. The multimillion dollar company has been closed (China Aid Association (CAA) and Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) 2008, China: Persecution of Protestant Christians in the Approach to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games June, pp.9-10, China Aid Association (CAA) website http://chinaaid.org/pdf/Pre-Olympic_CHina_Persecution_Report_in_English_June2008.pdf – Accessed 2 September 2008 – Attachment 8).

For other information on the treatment of Christians in Guangdong province see:

• RRT Research & Information 2006, Research Response CHN30006, 14 March, quest. 3/pp.5-7 – Attachment 9.

• Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2005, CHN100387.E – China: Situation of Protestants and treatment by authorities, particularly in Fujian and Guangdong (2001-2005), 7 September – Attachment 6.

• Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2005, CHN100386.E – China: Situation of Catholics and treatment by authorities, particularly in Fujian and Guangdong (2001-2005), 7 September – Attachment 10.

(b) Reports of the attitudes of local officials to Christian activities

Sources indicate that the attitudes of local officials to Christian activities in China vary from region to region. Often unregistered churches seek to work with government officials. However, in some instances local officials may target house churches and harass and detain leaders. Local officials may disrupt and monitor unsanctioned churches fearing they may lead to organised protests. One source noted that the government generally tightens its control around important events.

Lee, writing in the Journal of Church & State, writes that unregistered religious bodies are subject to state surveillance and monitoring. However, the official treatment of both registered and unregistered churches varies from region to region. The Christian Post also noted that there are Christians in China who are restricted in their freedom to worship, however, there are “also areas where the situation is not as tight” (Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei 2007, ‘Christianity in contemporary China: an update’, Journal of Church & State, 1 April, Vol. 49, Iss. 2 – Attachment 7; ‘China’s Rights Record Not Improving In Wake Of Olympics’ 2008, Christian Post, 4 March http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080304/31418_China%92s_Rig hts_Record_Not_Improving_In_Wake_Of_Olympics.htm – Accessed 5 March, 2008 – Attachment 11).

An article published by Forum 183 in April 2007 stated:

The most egregious problems that confront the Catholic community in China today involve local officials cracking down on the clerics and lay members of the so-called “underground” Catholic Church. According to the Cardinal Kung Foundation, whose founder, Joseph Kung, is a nephew of former Cardinal Ignatius Pei-Min Kung (who had served 30 years in prison between 1955 and 1985), as of March 2007, five bishops and 14 priests in the were in prison, eight bishops were under house arrest or surveillance, and two others were in hiding. The problem of local officials attacking religious freedom is a long-standing problem, and affects all China’s religious communities (see F18News 1 September 2005 http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=641).

If the relationship between the Vatican and China were normalised today, it is unlikely that these crackdowns would completely disappear. During the short to medium-term future, the best that Catholics could hope for is a reduction in the frequency of these incidents. A normalised relationship would mean that the Vatican may be more able to get the central Chinese government to reduce or halt these attacks. However, as these crackdowns are often generated at the local level and in policy areas that are controlled by the Ministry of Public Security and the state security organs, the Foreign Ministry – which would be the primary ministry the Vatican would be relating to – would be unlikely to have much influence unless it was also supported by political leaders like Premier Wen Jiabao, or the Vice-premiers in charge of those policy areas (Hornemann, Magda 2007, ‘China’s Catholics, the Holy See and religious freedom’, Forum 18 website, 12 April http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=942 – Accessed 3 September 2008 – Attachment 12).

3 Forum 18 is Norwegian-Danish Christian web-based initiative (http://www.forum18.org/Forum18.php).

The US State Department report on human rights covering the year 2007 states:

Local authorities’ handling of Protestant “house churches” varied in different regions of the country. In some regions unregistered house churches with hundreds of members met openly, with the full knowledge of local authorities, who characterized the meetings as informal gatherings. In other areas house church meetings of more than a handful of family members and friends were strictly proscribed. Leaders of unauthorized groups were sometimes the target of abuse. Authorities often disrupted house church meetings and retreats; detained, beat, and harassed leaders and church members; and confiscated the personal property of house church leaders and members. House churches were more likely to encounter difficulties when their membership grew, when they arranged for the regular use of facilities for the purpose of conducting religious activities, or when they forged links with other unregistered groups (US Department of State 2008, ‘Freedom of Religion’ in Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007 – China, 11 March – Attachment 13).

There were reports in December 2006 of Christian leaders being arrested and jailed in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang province. They were accused of organising a protest against the demolition of their church. In July 2006 the Christians had clashed with police as they tried to stop the demolition of the church. The news reports also stated that the local 100,000 strong Christian community “was already seen as a thorn in the side of local authorities” (‘Six Chinese Christians to go on trial next week’ 2006, Agence France Presse, 14 December – Attachment 14; ‘Eight underground Chinese Christian leaders sentenced’ 2006, Agence France Presse, 23 December – Attachment 15).

Today’s Christian in a July/August 2008 article reported:

Today, China’s fastest growing churches are in the country’s massive cities. Like Tian, the members are often young, educated, and cosmopolitan. Rather than hide from authorities, China’s third church – as these unregistered, urban congregations are often called – seeks to work with government officials. And surprisingly, these officials are usually quite accommodating.

…Yet, the challenges facing these Christians are significant. While the urban church often operates with the knowledge and even cooperation of local officials, their legal status is precarious. And even under optimistic estimates, Christians number less than 10 percent of the population. Because of their precarious situation, churches operate largely below the radar, not only of the government but also of the rest of the population (Moll, Rob 2008, ‘China’s Growing Church’, Today’s Christian, July/August http://www.christianitytoday.com/tc/2008/004/4.21.html – Accessed 3 September 2008 – Attachment 16).

A Chicago Tribune article reported:

The boundaries of what is legal and what is not are constantly shifting. A new church or Sunday school, for instance, might be permissible one day and taboo the next, because local officials have broad latitude to interpret laws on religious gatherings.

Overall, though, the government is permitting churches to be more open and active than ever before, signaling a new tolerance of faith in public life. President Hu Jintao even held an unprecedented Politburo “study session” on religion last year, in which he told China’s 25 most powerful leaders that “the knowledge and strength of religious people must be mustered to build a prosperous society.” (Osnos, Evan 2008, ‘Jesus in China: Christianity’s rapid rise’, Chicago Tribune, 22 June http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-jesus-1-1- webjun22,0,6146849,print.story – Accessed 3 September 2008 – Attachment 17).

The US State Department, according to an Associated Press Newswires article, has also stated that local authorities treat “unsanctioned Protestant “house churches” differently throughout the country”. It noted that some churches are not bothered, while others “are targeted for abuse, with leaders harassed, detained and beat” (Feller, Ben 2008, ‘Bush, Hu ready for another candid talk’, Associated Press Newswires, 9 August – Attachment 18).

Another recent article stated that:

Local officials sometimes disrupt or monitor unsanctioned churches for fear that they might lead to organized protest. The government generally tightens its control around important events. Several Christians in Beijing said police had stepped up monitoring before the Olympics (Simons, Craig 2008, ‘Bibles abound in China’, The News & Observer, 8 August – Attachment 19).

On the situation leading up to the Olympics a Hong Kong-based Catholic newspaper, Sunday Examiner, reported that clergy from the unofficial churches near Beijing were facing restrictions. It continued on the effect of the Olympics on the clergy in other regions of China and with respect to south-east China stated:

In southeastern China, however, Church sources said that local officials have not imposed restrictions or given warnings to the unofficial communities in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, but priests will not be organising large-scale activities during this sensitive time (‘Restrictions on Catholics tightened in Beijing’ 2008, Sunday Examiner, 17 August http://sundayex.catholic.org.hk/Ch/2008/ch080817.html – Accessed 4 September 2008 – Attachment 20).

Also the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board, in June 2007, reported on the treatment of house church members by the Public Security Bureau. It cited the HRIC on local officials:

“[o]rdinary underground church members can also easily become targets of official crackdowns. Once a person has been rounded up in a church raid, he’ll be known to local officials, who will also mark him as a recidivist if he pops up in future raids. Leaders require followers, and if ordinary Christians are too intimidated to turn up for religious gatherings, the leaders can’t accomplish much. So where Christianity (or other religion) is regarded as a “problem,” ordinary practitioners are considered an integral part of that problem”“ (Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2007, CHN102491.E – China: Treatment of “ordinary” Christian house church members by the Public Security Bureau (PSB) (2005 – 2007), 13 June http://www.irb- cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/index_e.htm?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=451316 – Accessed 21 September 2007 – Attachment 21).

In addition an Australian Broadcasting Corporation’s Compass programme entitled ‘God in China’ shown in August 2008 examined religious issues, debates and controversies in China. A recording of the programme is available in the MRT-RRT Library (‘Compass: God in China’ 2008, ABC Television, 10 August).

List of Sources Consulted

Internet Sources:

Google search engine http://www.google.com.au/ Google Scholar http://scholar.google.com/ Human Rights in China (HRIC) http://www.hrichina.org/public/index

Databases:

FACTIVA (news database) BACIS (DIAC Country Information database) REFINFO (IRBDC (Canada) Country Information database) ISYS (RRT Research & Information database, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, US Department of State Reports) RRT Library Catalogue

List of Attachments

1. ‘China Missionaries expelled: Transcript’ 2007, The Religion Report, Radio National website, 8 August http://www.abc.net.au/rn/religionreport/stories/2007/1998728.htm – Accessed 8 April 2008.

2. Charbonnier, Jean 2004, Guide to the Catholic Church in China , China Catholic Communications, Singapore, pp.405-410. (MRT-RRT Library)

3. ‘Churches in Guangzhou’ 2007, National Office For Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language (NOCFL) website, 13 December http://french.hanban.edu.cn/english/LivinginChina/Xmas/235483.htm – Accessed 26 August 2008.

4. ‘Churches and Meeting Points [Extract]’ (undated), Amity News Service website http://www.amitynewsservice.org/page.php?page=1233 – Accessed 27 August 2008.

5. Cheng, May M. C. 2003, ‘House Church Movements and Religious Freedom in China’, China: An International Journal, March, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.16-45. (CISNET China CX141345)

6. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2005, CHN100387.E – China: Situation of Protestants and treatment by authorities, particularly in Fujian and Guangdong (2001-2005), 7 September. (REFINFO)

7. Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei 2007, ‘Christianity in contemporary China: An Update’, Journal of Church & State, 1 April, Vol. 49, Iss. 2. (FACTIVA)

8. China Aid Association (CAA) and Christian Solidarity Worldwide (CSW) 2008, China: Persecution of Protestant Christians in the Approach to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games June, pp.9-10, China Aid Association (CAA) website http://chinaaid.org/pdf/Pre- Olympic_CHina_Persecution_Report_in_English_June2008.pdf – Accessed 2 September 2008.

9. RRT Research & Information 2006, Research Response CHN30006, 14 March.

10. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2005, CHN100386.E – China: Situation of Catholics and treatment by authorities, particularly in Fujian and Guangdong (2001-2005), 7 September. (REFINFO)

11. ‘China’s Rights Record Not Improving In Wake Of Olympics’ 2008, Christian Post, 4 March http://www.christianpost.com/article/20080304/31418_China%92s_Rig hts_Record_Not_Improving_In_Wake_Of_Olympics.htm – Accessed 5 March, 2008. (CISNET China CX194671)

12. Hornemann, Magda 2007, ‘China’s Catholics, the Holy See and religious freedom’, Forum 18 website, 12 April http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=942 – Accessed 3 September 2008.

13. US Department of State 2008, ‘Freedom of Religion’ in Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2007 – China, 11 March.

14. ‘Six Chinese Christians to go on trial next week’ 2006, Agence France Presse, 14 December. (FACTIVA)

15. ‘Eight underground Chinese Christian leaders sentenced’ 2006, Agence France Presse, 23 December. (FACTIVA)

16. Moll, Rob 2008, ‘China’s Growing Church’, Today’s Christian, July/August http://www.christianitytoday.com/tc/2008/004/4.21.html – Accessed 3 September 2008.

17. Osnos, Evan 2008, ‘Jesus in China: Christianity’s rapid rise’, Chicago Tribune, 22 June http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-jesus-1-1- webjun22,0,6146849,print.story – Accessed 3 September 2008.

18. Feller, Ben 2008, ‘Bush, Hu ready for another candid talk’, Associated Press Newswires, 9 August. (FACTIVA)

19. Simons, Craig 2008, ‘Bibles abound in China’, The News & Observer, 8 August. (FACTIVA)

20. ‘Restrictions on Catholics tightened in Beijing’ 2008, Sunday Examiner, 17 August http://sundayex.catholic.org.hk/Ch/2008/ch080817.html – Accessed 4 September 2008.

21. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 2007, CHN102491.E – China: Treatment of “ordinary” Christian house church members by the Public Security Bureau (PSB) (2005 – 2007), 13 June http://www.irb- cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/index_e.htm?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=451316 – Accessed 21 September 2007.