2015 Book of Abstracts
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2015 Congress & Exposition Las Vegas, Nevada September 15-17, 2015 Abstracts from the 2015 NRPA Research Sessions Copyright 2015 NRPA National Recreation and Park Association 22377 Belmont Ridge Road Ashburn, Virginia 20148 PREFACE—2015 NRPA RESEARCH SESSIONS This year marks the 38th year that the National Recreation and Park Association has hosted research presentations in conjunction with the Annual Congress. At the 2014 Congress, the research Co-Chairs collaborated with NRPA organizers and the President of the Education Network to find ways to increase research presentation attendance. The group agreed to change the name of the research presentations from the Leisure Research Symposium to the NRPA Research Sessions to parallel the corresponding NRPA Education Sessions, and to put greater emphasis on applicability of research to practice and attention to implications for practitioners. These changes are reflected in the abstracts as well as in the oral and poster presentations. This year we received 101 abstracts for review, including two panel presentations. Of those, 53 oral paper presentations and 23 posters are included in this year’s sessions. All the abstracts were blind peer reviewed in a process where the reviewers do not know if the abstract is to be considered for a poster or an oral presentation. The 2015 NRPA Research Sessions commence on Tuesday, September 15 with the Butler Lecture. The 2015 Butler Lecture Keynote Speaker is Peggy O’Dell, Deputy Director of Operations for the National Park Service. She will address the role of parks in urban areas and the importance of connecting with people for engagement and sustainability. An abstract for her Keynote address is the first in the 2015 NRPA Research Sessions Book of Abstracts. Oral presentations for the 2015 Research Sessions will begin on Wednesday, September 16th at 8:00a.m. Authors were encouraged to identify thematic areas for their abstracts at the time of submission. This year, thematic areas for abstracts reflect the NRPA pillars; Health and Wellness, Conservation, and Social Equity. Additional thematic areas include Recreation Administration to accommodate papers specific to issues of management and operations, and Research Methodology to maintain important discussions and learning opportunities for research methods and approaches. Overall, the presentations represent an impressive diversity and depth. The moderators have been asked to facilitate Q & A between presenters and attendees at the end of each session; please plan to attend the entire session to reap full benefits of the research and subsequent discussions. The organization of the NRPA Research Sessions is a collaborative effort. Our thanks go to the review coordinators and reviewers whose dedication and willingness to serve are much appreciated. We want to extend thanks and appreciation to NRPA staff liason Tom Crosley, who has been invaluable in the process again this year, and to Dr. Joey Gray for coordinating the poster session. We also extend our thanks to the presenters for sharing their work and the moderators for facilitating the sessions. Dorothy Schmalz and Ed Gómez 2015 NRPA Research Sessions Co-Chairs Reviewers and Coordinators for the 2015 NRPA Research Sessions NRPA Reserch Sessions Co-Chair: Dorothy Schmalz, Clemson University NRPA Research Sessions Co-Chair: Edwin Gómez, Old Dominion University NRPA Research Sessions Poster Coordinator: Joey Gray, Middle Tennessee State University Review Coordinator Lee DeLisle Deb Jordan Southern Connecticut State East Carolina University University Toni Liechty University of Illinois Eddie Hill Old Dominion University Rasul Mowatt Indiana University Reviewers Lauren Duffy Laurel Richmond Clemson University California State University, Long Beach Patti Freeman Don Rockey Brigham Young University Coastal Carolina University Tina Liang Amy Shellman Missouri State University State University of New York at Cortland Ron Ramsing Rob Steifvater Western Kentucky University North Carolina Central University Nuno Ribeiro Felice Yuen University of Illinois Concordia University REDIFINING THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ROLE IN URBAN AREAS: BRINGING PARKS TO THE PEOPLE Peggy O’Dell, Deputy Director of Operations National Park Service The National Park Service will celebrate its 100th birthday on August 25, 2016. This is more than a one-day celebration, as the goal of the National Park Service centennial is to connect with and create the next generation of park visitors, supporters, and advocates. As the National Park Service aspires to reach our centennial goal, we have developed an Urban Agenda that will strengthen the relevancy and sustainability of parks, programs, and partners. More than 80% of Americans live in urban areas. For these Americans, urban parks are a part of their daily life. As urban centers become more crowded and dense, the value of the common good and the common space found in these urban parks becomes increasingly valuable. In an effort to re-imagine the NPS' role in urban areas, the Urban Agenda looks to strategically align National Park Service parks and programs to better serve cities and communities. Deputy Director O’Dell will provide an overview of the National Park Service’s Centennial efforts and how the Urban Agenda is a key part of our nation’s future. Peggy O’Dell was appointed NPS Deputy Director of Operations in January 2011. In this position, she oversees every aspect of operations in the 407 National Parks and offices in the country, including, but not limited to its 20,000 employees, the preservation and protection of 84 million acres, and the recreation, education and hospitality for 283 visitors to National Parks every year. In her 30 year career with the NPS, Deputy Director O’Dell has served as an interpreter, regional director, and superintendent of some of the most widely visited and recognized parks and monuments in the nation. WHAT VISITORS OF ADVENTURE TOURISM WANT? Andrew Bailey, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga Sunhwan Hwang, University of Seoul Hyoung-Kil Kang, Kyungnam University Hyodong Woo, University of Seoul Adventure tourism, a burgeoning niche of the sport tourism industry, may provide economic and social enhancements for regions with desirable natural resources (Buckley, 2006). Recent research has begun to paint a picture of adventure tourism, as well as participant characteristics and motivations (Lamoureux et al., 2010; D.K. Schifflett & Assoc., 2012). These studies describe adventure tourists as primarily younger, with higher education levels than other types of tourists. Such a clientele is likely to seek information about the destination to which they are travelling. Accordingly, the adventure travel industry establishes rankings for destinations (Adventure Travel Trade Assoc. [ATTA], 2012), based on criteria designed to measure the image, desirability, and social impacts of tourism for the host community. These criteria include factors such as: safety, humanitarianism, infrastructure, image, and cultural resources, among others. These rankings, however, are performed on the national level and cannot account for regional variance in tourist characteristics, preferences, and priorities. Practitioners require valid information at the local level to prioritize planning initiatives. The purpose of this study was to describe adventure tourists at an emerging destination in the southeastern United States and elucidate their tourism preferences and priorities. Methods This study was conducted at the RiverRocks festival held annually in Chattanooga. This weeks-long festival involves a host of outdoor events and races at locations across the county, including: kayak/paddle boarding race, 50k trail run, bouldering competition, Reel Rocks film tour, and other family activities. Volunteers utilized a randomized stint sampling method to collect responses from people either participating in or spectating at 5 high profile RiverRocks events. A total of 186 surveys were collected from visitors. The survey included socio- demographic items (gender, age, education, and income) and 13 items regarding initiatives to promote tourism in the region based on criteria used in national-level research (ATTA, 2012). Visitors were asked, “Would these initiatives encourage you to visit the Chattanooga area more often?” Then visitors marked five point likert scale items, 1 = no, 5 = absolutely, corresponding to the 13 following descriptions, “more events like RiverRocks”, “a better greenway system (bike trails, etc.)”, “a better general infrastructure (road, services)”, “better access to equipment for outdoor activities”, “a more vibrant downtown”, “a more unique local character/charm”, “less crime”, “more cultural/artistic activities”, “more environmental initiatives (sustainability, protected areas)”, “local residents who were more accepting”, “better equality for residents (race, gender, orientation, etc.)”, and “a more tolerant culture.” Exploratory factor analysis, descriptive analyses and bivariate correlation analyses were conducted using SPSS. Results The majority of visitors were White (88.5%), mean age was early 40s (M = 41.92, SD = 13.12), and gender, evenly split (51.6% male, 48.4% female). Forty percent of visitors completed a college education, 20.2% of visitors received a master’s degree, and 11.2% received a doctoral degree. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a factor (KMO value = .931, eigenvalue above 1, factor loadings from .634 to .890). Thus two descriptive analyses for male and female visitors