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COUThe MagazineNT For PeopleE Who NeedR To Know Volume 6 Number 2 $2 Feb. -April 1982
LIBYAN WITCH-HUNT: THE WAR AT HOME
INSIDE BOSS: SOUTH AFRICA'S SECRET POLICE
''WELL YE�. TuE C.\.A. DID PLDT AS5A��1NATION ATTEMPlS ON BRITISH RIGHT CENSORS VARl005 RJllf(CAL LE"AD��, FOR SOUTH AFRICA BlJr 'ffi�E WAG CERTA\NLY 1'0 HARN\ INTENDEb:'.. CQc_LEGE MEDIA SERVICES GREECE: THE LONG XIV CONFERENCE OF ROAD TO FREEDOM AMERICAN ARMIES TURKISH FASCISM THREATENING AS NATO DEMOCRACY THE SANDINISTAS INDIA: UNDER AMNESTY FAULTS FBI THE IMF 'S THUMB GEN. HAIG'S YELLOW RAIN
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Editorial
As a member of the Rockefeller Commis and Secretary of the Navy, James sion to investigate the CIA (set up by Forrestal, one of the creators of the CIA, President Gerald Ford), Ronald Reagan told Congress under oath that "the pur joined in its unanimous recommendation poses of the Central Intelligence Authori that: "Presidents should refrain from di ty are limited definitely to purposes out recting the CIA to perform what are es side of this country.... 11 At almost the sentially internal security tasks. The CIA same time, Forrestal secretly initiated a should resist any efforts, whatever their massive illegal domestic monitoring pro origin, to involve it again in such im gram, Operation Shamrock, which eventually proper activities." The Commission, which was run by the CIA and the National Secu included CIA collaborators, was only ask rity Agency. Forrestal, who received jour ing the President and the CIA to abide by nalistic training at Princeton University, the National Security Act of 1947. The Act also called in the publishers and editors prohibits the CIA from having 'police, of major U.S. publications and asked them subpoena, law-enforcement powers, or in to voluntarily submit to government cen ternal security functions." sorship. On December 4, 1981, President Reagan Forrestal took these actions as part of signed Executive Order 12333 which, while his preparations to open the covert front purportedly in accord with the National of the first Cold War - which was quite Security Act of 1947, allows the CIA to hot for the Third WorZd,thanks to the CIA. engage in police functions and domestic Then, as Secretary of Defense, Forrestal covert operations. Aptly described by the asked for, and the CIA conducted, covert New York Times as the "Son of Operation political and paramilitary operations, de CHAOS," the Executive Order was denounced spite the opinions of the CIA Director and by former FBI agent, Representative Don General Counsel that the CIA had no such Edwards (D. -Ca.): "It stiZ Z puts the CIA authorization. smack into secretly operating within the Beginning with the Forrestal-initiated United States ... it permits them to enter covert intervention in the Italian elec into arrangements with state and local tions after World War II, CIA covert oper police... and Americans overseas are wide ations have culminated in coups in Iran open to surveillance, regardless of any (1953), Guatemala (1954), and Indonesia connections to foreign governments or (1965); a mass murder program, Operation criminal activity." Phoenix, in Vietnam; support for counter In addition to this major enhancement of revolution in Angola; and destabilization CIA powers, the administration has initi efforts in Afghanistan. And at home, Oper ated measures severely restricting news ation CHAOS violated the rights of mil gathering about government operations. Ac lions of U.S. citizens. cording to the International Press Insti As Ronald Reagan sets in motion Cold War tute, these restrictions pose a 'poten II, he undoubtedly wants to be unhindered tially serious Zoss of public accountabil by democratic opposition and publicity. ity." More recently, it has been reported Hence, the flurry of executive orders that Reagan is set to sign an executive which sidestep even the compliant Con order on the Freedom of Information Act gress. For the rest of the world, this which would all but exempt the CIA from means more Operation Phoenix programs - compliance with requests for information. and worse. For the U.S., it could mean the Certainly these measures undermine U.S. realization of the fear expressed by then democracy, but the full import of Reagan's Representative Clare L. Hoffman regarding CIA actions can perhaps best be understood the pending National Security Act of 1947: by looking at recent history. In 1947, a "The possibilities of dictatorship by the millionaire Wall Street investment banker military are in this legislation."
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Contents News NOT Amnesty Faults FBI ...... •4 in the News General Haig's Yellow Rain .•...... ••.• 6 New Assignment Closer to Censorship •.....•...... 7 The Senate Intelligence Committee con XIV Conference of American Armies: tinues to make a charade of CIA "over Preparing for Intervention ...... 9 sight" by such actions as the recent ap pointment of 38-year-old Robert Ruhl Threatening the Sandinistas ...... 12 Simmons to be staff director. According to government-released information, Simmons Greece: is a 10-year veteran of the CIA's opera The Long Road to Freedom .•...... 15 tions directorate - "dirty tricks" - which he joined after serving with Army Jurgen Roth Interview: intelligence in Vietnam (1965-68). Turkish Fascism as NATO Democracy ..19 Simmons has been serving on the intelli gence committee staff as the representa Turkish Kurdistan and NAT0 ...... 28 tive of conservative Senator John H. Chafee. He is replacing John F. Blake, a Libyan Witch-Hunt: 32-year CIA veteran and former president The War at Home ...... •.31 of the Association of Former Intelligence Officers who le ft "to take advantage of a Book Review: forthcoI11ing opportunity," according to Inside BOSS ...... •..•.••.•.• 41 committee chairperson, Senator Barry Goldwater. British Right Censors for for South Africa...... 47
India: Exotic Languages Under the IMF's Thumb...... •...... 54 In October, a House post-secondary edu cation committee unanimously approved an IMF Destabilizes ...... •... 56 $87 million-a-year program to encourage the teaching of foreign languages in VOA: Short of Hitler...... 57 schools and colleges. This action does not signal a sudden Congressional interest in ATTENTION SUBSCRIBERS promoting understanding between the U.S. and citizens of other countries. According IF YOUR LABEL READS 11R62" OR "L62", to committee chairperson, Paul Simon (D. THIS IS YOUR LAST ISSUE OFCOUNTERSPY Ill.), the program is intended to enhance - SO PLEASE RENEW RIGHT ----AWAY AND DON'T the capabilities of the defense department MISS A SINGLE ISSUE. and intelligence agencies and improve the U.S.'s position in international trade. Counterspy is available in microfilm Simon said he expects to win approval for from: University Microfilms Interna- the bill by focusing on its potential to tional, 300 North Zeeb Road, Dept. PR, aid national security. ''Where there is a Ann Arbor MI 48106; and 30-32 Marti- national need, we have to meet it," he mer St., Dept. PR, London WlN 7RA, said in a Washington Post (10/10/81) in England. terview. CIA Deputy Director Bobby Inman testi fied in a July subcommittee hearing, even SUBSCRIBE TO COUNTERSPY though the CIA is prohibited from promot ing legislation. Inman bemoaned that the nation's "rapidly deteriorating" foreign Counter>Spy -- Feb. - Apr>il 1982 -- 3
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language capability was having an "adverse Hekmatyar's Islamic Party which has "shot impact" on intelligence. "We are especial villagers who had refused to pay them ly vulnerable when it comes to the more taxes, and sometimes burnt down villagesII exotic languages, such as Urdu, Arabic and which supported other resistance groups. Farsi." These three languages are spoken Hekmatyar received U.S. and Pakistani sup in areas of the world where the CIA, the port as early as 1973 when Pakistan clan Pentagon and the multinational corpora destinely trained some 5,000 Afghan "reb tions are facing increasing resistance to els" to destabilize the government of their penetration, manipulation and ex Muhanunad Daoud. (For a detailed descrip ploitation. tion of the various rebel groups, see Mohammed Sarkash, Seamus O'Faolain, "Af ghanistan: Foreign Intervention and the Casey's Sudan Emergency Prospects for Peace," CounterSpy, vol. 5, no.2, pp.24-33). Some eight years ago, CIA Director William Casey's brother-in-law was killed in a bizarre accident involving a riding Amnesty Faults FBI lawn mower owned by Casey. The brother-in law's family filed a damage suit for al On October 13, 1981, Amnesty Interna leged negligent maintenance of the lawn tional (AI), after studying thousands of mower. Eight years later, they were having pages of official transcripts and docu difficulty getting Casey to court. On Oc ments, called on the U.S. government to tober 20, 1981, Casey was scheduled to ap set up an independent commission of inqui pear for trial. A few days before, Casey's ry into the influence of the FBI on the lawyer Robert C. Minion told Judge Howard criminal justice system. "Amnesty Interna E. Levitt that Casey had to be in London tional," the 144-page report says, "does on October 20 to direct the CIA response not have any views about the need for any to the "Sudan emergency." On October 20, particular domestic intelligence investi CIA.spokesperson Dale Peterson said: "He's gation, but it wonders what conclusion still here." (Washington Post, 10/26/81)_ Asked should be drawn when a federal government if Minion had told the judge October agency [the FBI] conducts such an investi 20, Peterson added: "That may not be ex gation and at the same time appears will actiy accurate, but it's pretty close." ing to fabricate evidence against its Actually, Casey was scheduled to be in 'targets' and to withhold information London on October 23, to address a frater which, according to law, should have been nal organization of special forces sol disclosed." diers. Entitled, Proposal for� Commission of Inquiry into the Effect of Domestic Intel ligence Activities on Criminal Trials in Aid for Terrorists the United States of America, the report does not comment o;-juries' decisions or call for the automatic acquittal of de In spite of repeated attempts at unifi fendants in cases involving FBI miscon cation, the Afghan "rebel" groups are as duct•. "But," says AI, "there comes a point divided as ever. Infighting was pushed to when the number or type of measures taken a new peak recently by Sayed Ahmad against members of a political group sug Gailani, the head of the "National Islamic gest that it may be impossible to decide Front of Afghanistan." Gailani confirmed whether a particular case has been affect statements made by the Afghan government, ed by law enforcement misconduct without when he told a press conference in London, the conducting of a comprehensive inquiry England in early November 1981 that it is into. whether or not the individual mea "incomprehensible and unforgiveable" that sures form part of a pattern." the West is aiding certain rebel groups Commenting on the FBI's COINTELPRO ab who are "terrorizing the Afghan popula uses - which, AI charges, continued long tion." Gailani, who likes to style himself after the program's official termination - as a moderate and who is asking for West the report says that: "Undoubtedly there ern aid himself, singled out Gulbuddin is a clear distinction between the 'chill- 4 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 ing' of constitutional rights and the im bationary racial informant." Even before prisonment of individuals on political the trial, according to an FBI document, grounds. One object of an inquiry would be the FBI had passed information to the Los to ascertain whether COINTELPRO, which Angeles police identifying an alleged certainly did the former, also resulted in second suspect in the murder. This piece the latter." of information was withheld from the de In short, the report maintains that the fense. Finally, Pratt's lawyers contend FBI has violated the legal and political that the jury should have heard evidence rights of U.S. citizens. Indeed, it quotes showing that a witness who identified the point-blank assessment of COINTELPRO Pratt at the trial apparently identified by a U.S. Senate committee: "Domestic in someone else earlier as the murderer. telligence activity has threatened and un Similar documented FBI misconduct oc dermined constitutional rights of Ameri curred in the case of Richard Marshall. cans to free speech, association and pri At his trial, Myrtle Poor Bear testified vacy." What needs to be determined now, that Marshall had confessed the murder according to AI, is whether the FBI con to her. According to the Chief Justice of tinued its violations against defendants, the South Dakota Supreme Court (which re thus sabotaging the basis of a fair trial. fused to grant a retrial), Marshall's de The report documents the FBI's production fense was not informed of her "apparently of false evidence, lies about FBI actions, false affidavits;" her "true relationship harassment, infiltration of legal defense with the FBI;" nor that her medical histo teams by FBI informants and failure to ry "would probably have had a substantial make available information which the de effect on her credibility." Medical rec fense could have used to win acquittal. ords as well as her family's testimony, he Two cases highlighted by the report are said, "indicate that Poor Bear is a seri those of Elmer Pratt of the Black Panther ously disturbed young woman who often fan Party (BPP), and Richard ¥..arshall of the tasizes and tells stories and •lies." American Indian Movement (AIM) - both con Myrtle Poor Bear has since sworn that her victed of murder after being targeted by testimony against Marshall was false and the FBI. Pratt, according to FBI docu-, was given only after the FBI threatened men ts, was targeted for "neutralization" her life and that of her daughter. under COINTELPRO. The report attempts to The U.S. government's admission of Poor answer the separate question of whether Bear's lack of credibility was confirmed this "neutralization" continued after when the prosecution failed to call her as Pratt's arrest. The answer appears to be a witness against Leonard Peltier, even "yes." FBI documents say that arrests and though her testimony had been used by the prosecutions are neutralization tech FBI to extradite Peltier from Canada. Com niques. menting on Peltier's extradition, a U.S. As a COINTELPRO target, Pratt was under appeals court admitted that: "What hap constant FBI surveillance. Ironically, pened happened in such a way that it gives this surveillance could have proved some credence to the claim of the••• Indi Pratt's innocence. His defense attorneys an people that the United States is will argued that FBI surveillance records ing to resort to any tactic in order to would have shown Pratt to be in Oakland bring somebody back to the United States on December 18, 1968, the day he alleged from Canada •••• And if they are willing to ly murdered someone in Santa Monica. At do that, they must be willing to fabricate first, the FBI said that it had no infor other evidence. And it's no wonder that mation about Pratt before 1969. Subse [Indian people] are unhappy and disbelieve quently-released documents showed FBI the things that happened in our courts surveillance of BPP leaders during 1968. when things like this happen." The FBI then told an appeals judge that The Amnesty International report makes "the transcripts of the conversations re the following recommendations: corded by these telephone taps have been 11 1) Amnesty International recommends lost or destroyed." that the United States Government estab During Pratt's trial, the FBI planted lish an independent commission of inquiry informants into his defense team and did to examine thoroughly and impartially the not disclose that the chief prosecution matters raised in this report. witness, Julius Butler, was an FBI "pro- 2) The comm�ssion of inquiry should ex- CounterSpy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 5
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 amine the effect of the FBI's domestic in charges. (U.S. officials won't say exactly telligence program 'COINTELPRO' on crimi where the leaf comes from, who obtained nal prosecutions of persons who were 'tar it, and who analyzed the sample.) geted' under it. Amnesty International In a detailed article, Science magazine considers that the case of Elmer Pratt, came to a different conclusion. (10/2/81) including the role and conduct of the FBI, It says that the three mycotoxins are nat should form part of the material studied urally "produced by some but not all spe by the connnission of inquiry. cies of Fusarium, an extremely common fun 3) The connnission of inquiry should con gus." Science contacted two Fusarium ex sider the conjunction of FBI domestic in perts who "expressed surprise" at the telligence investigation of members of the State Department's conclusion: "Fusarium American Indian Movement with the irregu is found almost everywhere," and there lar and inappropriate FBI conduct in pro fore, there is a very great likelihood secutions against them. Amnesty Interna that Fusarium member species which produce tional considers that the case of Richard the mycotoxins would be found almost ev Marshall, including the role and conduct erywhere, as well - including Southeast of the FBI, should form part of the mate Asia. When Science asked Frederick Cecil rial studied by the commission of inquiry. of the State Department's Office of The 4) The connnission of inquiry should con ater Military Policy about the Depart sider whether the political views of any ment's claim that the mycotoxins don't oc citizens, or the FBI's attitude toward cur in Southeast Asia, he replied that "a those views, have been a factor in prose search of 3,000 literature references to cutions or the preparations of cases mycotoxins revealed that none had been re against them and, if so, seek ways of pre ported from Southeast Asia." Commented venting this from occurring in the fu Science: "The failure to find any litera t:ure." ture references is obviously a less than To date, the U.S. government has failed conclusive basis for asserting that 'myco �o respond to Al's recommendations. At the toxins do not occur naturally in Southeast same time, the Reagan administration is Asia. '" �oving to weaken the Freedom of Informa The "less than firm" evidence did not tion Act which made it possible to docu deter many U.S. newspapers as well as TV �ent FBI and COINTELPRO violations, and and radio stations from running stories on Reagan has signed a new Executive Order on the Soviet use of "yellow rain." Newsweek intelligence activities which institution magazine, for example, was quick to repeat �l�zes FBI abuses. - by John Kelly - State Department assertions that tricho thecene is "produced by fungi that don't grow in Southeast Asia," while the poison "is common in the Soviet Union." (9/28/81) General Haig' sYellow Rain On November 10, the State Department an- nounced it had obtained several more sam Against a backdrop of mounting European ples of material from Southeast Asia to opposition to the military policy of the prove that "yellow rain" was indeed being Reagan administration, Secretary of State used in Southeast Asia. The New York Times Alexander Haig .declared on September 13, was one of the few media outlets that 1981 in West Berlin that he has "firm evi dared to question the government's story: dence" of the Soviet use of biological "There's a serious gap between the weight warfare agents ("yellow rain") in South of the evidence and the weight of the Asia. charges made by the State Department in eas1: The State Department said the On basis next day that the administration believes the 'yellow rain' affair•••• the it has "good evidence that.• • three po of four samples the State Department is tent mycotoxins of the trichothecene accusing Moscow, through its Vietnamese group" have been used. These mycotoxins, allies, of using Southeast Asia as a test according to the Department's fact sheet, ing ground and thus cheating on interna "do not occur naturally in Southeast tional treaties." The State Department ad Asia." Therefore, they must have been ap mits that it received one of the samples plied to the single leaf sample (allegedly from the mercenary magazine Soldier of fro� the "Thai-Cambodian border") upon Fortune. Another sample, according tothe �hich the s��te Department based its Times, "is said to have been furnished by 6 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 the Cambodian Communists [apparently the a vast arsenal of chemical and biological Pol Pot forces fighting in Cambodia with weapons - and actually used them against Chinese aid]. What company is the depart China and the Soviet Union. Knowledge ment keeping? With what certainty can it about the way these weapons worked was ob assure the public that its samples are tained from human experiments. Some of genuine?" Ishii's victims, who were killed in the The Times pointed out other State De experiments, were U.S. POWs. partment inconsistencies. "It told a Sen The Soviet Union demanded that Ishii be ate committee that the symptoms caused by brought to trial for his war crimes. trichothecenes in animals match perfectly MacArthur and his staff stalled. Ishii had those reported by the victims of yellow told them he would work with the U.S., rain. But they apparently do not. The de further developing his chemical and bio partment has said yellow rain is so named logical weapons, in exchange for immunity. because it patters on rooftops; yet it A memo prepared for the State Department does not explain how particles large in 1947 argued that "the value to U.S. of enough to patter are also small enough to Japanese BW [Biological Weapons] data is breathe." Not surprisingly, the Times of such importance to national security urged a continuing investigation but con as to far outweigh the value accruing from cluded that statements such as, "We now war crimes prosecution." Another memo by have the smoking gun," are inappropriate. Dr. Edwin Hill of Camp Detrick, Maryland "Jumping the gun is more like it." (11/17/ praised the Japanese research and stated 81). that their "information could not be ob The yellow rain issue is also being ex tained in our own laboratories because of amined by a United Nations panel of four scruples attached to human experimenta experts from Egypt, Peru, Kenya and the tion." Philippines - all close U.S. allies. The Ishii Shiro never went to trial. His panel submitted its report in late Novem scientific data on biological and chemical ber 1981 saying that "there was no conclu warfare - considered to be "extremely sive evidence to support United States valuable" military information - was sent charges that Soviet-made chemical and bio to Fort Detrick, the U.S. Army's center logical weapons had been used in Laos, for biological warfare. The Japanese and Cambodia and Afghanistan." (Charges of So the U.S. governments, including General viet use of chemical weapons in Afghani Haig, have covered up this incident since stan date back to the Carter administra World War II. (For a detailed descriptiqn tion; see "Chemical Warfare in Afghani of this cover-up, and subsequent U.S. bio stan," Counterspy, vol.5 no.1, pp.17-22). logical and chemical warfare efforts, see Nevertheless, the U.N. General Assembly John W. Powell, "Japan's Germ Warfare: The voted on December 9 that the panel should U.S. Cover-up of a War Crime," Bulletin .of continue its investigation. Concerned Asian Scholars, vol.12, no.4, - Ironically, the biological and chemical 1980, pp.2-17.) - by Konrad Ege - warfare propaganda campaign was launched by General Haig. The same Haig was serving in the U.S. Army in Southeast Asia in the 1960s when the U.S. was dumping Closer to Censorship close to 100,000 tons of chemicals such as Agent Orange, on Vietnam - the only docu Less than four hours before the Senate mented use of chemical warfare in South packed up for its long holiday recess at east Asia. Even before that, there was an 10:30 pm on December 16, the so-called In other disturbing chapter in Haig's career, telligence Identities Protection Act was linked to biological and chemical warfare. brought to the floor. It was only stopped After graduating from West Point in 1947, when several Senators thteatened to fili Haig was assigned administrative assistant buster, urging that the bill be considered and aide to General Douglas MacArthur in at greater length in the second session Japan. MacArthur's staff at the time was beginning January 25, 1982. Reproduced be involved in what probably is history's low is HR4, the version of the Act already biggest cover-up of biological and chemi passed by the House of Representatives on cal warfare atrocities. The Japanese army, September 23, 1981. The Senate version is under Lt. Gen. Ishii Shiro, had developed very similar. .counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- ?
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B.R.t of an effort to Identify and expose covert ll)eetlveBouse of Conareufor theovenllht agents with the Intent to Impair or Impede of lnteJllsenc,e'ICUvltlel. Be it enacted ,,. tM Senate a.nd Ho'IUe of the foreign intelU,ence activities of the "<3> The term 'dla:lca' meamtooomm u Repre,enta.tivea of tM United State, of United States by the fact of such Identifica mcate. Pl'09ide. Impart, tnmmlt. transfer, America. in Cofl01'UI a.,,embled, That this tion and exposure, or in the case of a .convey, publJab, or otbenrile mate availa Act may be citedas the "Intelligence ldenti• person who has authorized &cces8 to classi ble. ties Protection Act". fied information. · "
Numerous constitutional scholars includ unconstitutional because it violates the ing Stephen Saltzberg of the University of First Amendment. The "Intelligence Identi Virginia Law School and Philip Kurland of ties Protection Act" presents an obvious the University of Chicago Law School have danger to - it in fact censors - publica said that the Act passed by the House is tions such as Counterspy. But it does 8 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
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more. A careful reading of HR4 shows that in "foreign counterintelligence" opera the law doesn't stop at preventing "liter tions inside the U.S. As absurd as it ary hitmen" - as some Congresspersons de might sound, this means that if a member scribed journalists who identify CIA offi of a legal political group in the U.S. cers - from writing. It can be used discovers that an FBI informant has pene against any journalist, U.S. citizen and trated the organization and reveals that foreigners working in the U.S. alike, who information to other members, he or she writes critically about U.S. intelligence could be committing a crime. The FBI can activities. simply maintain that the informer was en Indeed, HR4 does more than criminalize gaged in a "foreign counterintelligence" the actual naming of CIA names. The key operation. phrase is "Whoever ... discloses •.. any in These two examples, touching only a few formation that identifies a covert agent." aspects of the "Intelligence Identities Note that it does not say "whoever names a Protection Act," show how widely the gov covert agent," but whoever discloses any ernment would be able to stretch that law. information that identifies an agent. Thus As California Representative Edwards said, a story about any CIA operation could be I believe this bill is dangerous not deemed illegal if the information printed only for what it forbids directly but allows some readers to draw conclusions also for the precedent it creates. Today about the identities of CIA agents. For we ban the disclosure of identities. To example, the story of CIA aid to the Chil morrow there will be talk of banning ean newspaper El Mercurio to help desta disclosures of covert actions themselves bilize the Allende government would be •.• If the American people are denied illegal since a reader might conclude infonnation, they are denied the power that its editor knew of the payments and that the Constitution says resides with ·therefore, would have been a "source of them. Preventing that is what the first operational assistance" (one of the defi amendment is all about." nitions of covert agent) to the CIA, pro Edwards concluded that the "Intelligence tected from identification by the bill. Identities Protection Act" creates an "un A little-publicized aspect of HR4 is precedented dilution of the notion of what that it also illegalizes the identifica constitutes freedom of speech and the tion of FBI agents and informers engaged press." XIV Conference of American Armies: Preparing for Intervention by Konrad Ege
Immediately after taking office, the Reagan administration also charges that Reagan administration began to study the Grenada is about to become another center feasibility of U.S. military actions in of "Cuban subversion," and has taken dras Central America and the Caribbean (see tic steps to destabilize Grenada's econo Washington Post, 11/13/81). Secretary of my. The U.S. is aggressively lobbying State Alexander Haig has repeatedly ac against International Monetary Fund (IMF) cused Nicaragua of becoming a "totalitari and European Economic Community loans to an" state, and of funneling Cuban weapons Grenada. In addition, the Grenadan govern to the Salvadoran Farabundo Marti National ment says that the August 1981 U.S. maneu Liberation Movement. Cuba is described as vers in the Caribbean warn of possible "the source" of unrest in Central America, U.S. military actions against Grenada. and is said to be playing a crucial role As with Grenada, the U.S. has been wag in aiding the Salvadoran guerrillas. The ing a two- sided war against Cuba and Nica (Konrad Ege is co-editor of Counterspy ragua - with words, and with actions. At and a freelance journalist.) the December 1981 Organization of American Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 9
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States meeting, Haig called on the OAS ber that such a blockade would "neutral member nations to take "collective action" ize" the guerrillas, but, he said, El Sal against "threats to peace and security vador is not asking for a blockade. In from Cuba and Nicaragua." The Washington stead, he said, the decision is up to the Post quoted an unnamed State Department Reagan administration. official as saying that "joint contingency Due to public opposition in the U.S. and planning" by the U.S. and some of its warnings by countries such as Mexico, the "hemispheric allies" might be an aim of Reagan administration appears to be hesi future OAS meetings. "Hemispheric allies" tant to take military steps against any are presumably Latin America's dictator country unilaterally. As mentioned, ef ships in Chile, Argentina, Guatemala, Uru forts are being made to bring other Latin guay, and El Salvador along with Honduras XIV (now "democratic"), Edward Seaga's Jamaica CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN ARMIES and the Christian Democratic Venezuela. WASHNGTON. 0 C 20310 There.are very strong indications that in the case of Cuba the war of words has already been transformed into a secret ac ATTENDEES tual war with biological warfare opera tions against Cuba. (See "U.S. Biological LTG Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Warfare Against Cuba," Counterspy, vol.6, ARGENTINA no.1). The Pentagon has been studying a BARBADOS COL Rudyard C. Lewis number of options to be used against Cuba, including large naval exercises, obstruc BOLIVIA BG Angel Mariscal Gomez tion of weapons shipments to Cuba, or a BRAZIL GEN Antonio Ferreira Marques complete blockade of Cuba (an act of war), as well as "an invasion by American and CHILE LTG Washington Carrasco Fernandez possibly Latin American forces." According COLOMBIA GEN Fernando Landazabal Reyes to a New York Times article, several Latin American countries have been con DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MG Manuel A. Lachapelle Suero tacted "at high levels in government and ECUADOR MG Medardo Rodrigo Salazar Navas the military and asked if they might join 11 EL SALVADOR COL Jose Guillermo Garcia in any kind of military operations. The Reagan administration's campaign GUATEMALA COL Eliu Cabrera Padilla against Nicaragua, with General Haig in HAITI BG Henri Namphy the forefront, has been especially vola tile. In a November 12 Congressional hear HONDURAS BG Mario E. Chinchilla Carcamo ing, Haig explicitly refused to rule out JAMAICA BG Robert J. Neish the use of U.S. military force to defeat the Nicaraguan revolution. Already, in PANAMA COL Florencio Florez violation of U.S. neutrality laws (even PARAGUAY MG Andres Rodriguez according to the State Department), Nica raguan exiles are training in Florida for PERU LTG Otto Elespuru Revoredo a possible invasion of Nicaragua, and the SURINAM MAJ Henk Fernandes Reagan administration is doing its best to destabilize the country economically. URUGUAY LTG Luis V. Queirolo Haig's comments led Rep. Michael Barnes 'MG Vincente Luis Narvaez Churion (D-Md.) to say: "Based on your responses, VENEZUELA if I were a Nicaraguan, I'd be building my bomb shelter." The Nicaraguans are not OBSERVERS building bomb shelters: instead they are building up a large army and peoples' mi CANADA MG P. J. Mitchell litia, actions which Haig calls signs of Nicaraguan aggression. Reportedly, the . CONDECA BG Luis Rene Mendoza Palomo Reagan administration is considering a na COPECOMI COL Elbio Encarnacion Ojeda val blockade of Nicaragua, allegedly to stop the flow of arms to the FMLN in El COSTA RICA COL Alvaro Sanchez Monestel Salvador. Salvadoran Defense Minister Jose MEXICO LTG Hector Portillo Jurado Guillermo Garcia predicted in early Novem- 10 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - AvPil 79RP.
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American governments into the anti-Cuba use weapons before they do." and anti-Nicaragua crusades. The strongest Conference participants agreed that they indication that some sort of joint opera had to use all their possibilities "to tion might be in the offing came when the combat communism." There was much discus Pentagon hosted the 14th Conference of sion about whether "communism" was a good American Armies at Fort Lesley J. McNair, term to use. The conclusion was that the in Washington, D.C. from November 3 to 5, expression "Marxist subversion" was bet 1981. The conference, which was attended ter; no mention should be made of "revolu by military and intelligence officers from tionaries," all are to be called "terror 20 countries (Argentina, Barbados, Boliv ists." ia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Re Chilean Defense Minister General public, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Washington Carrasco Fernandez told his Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama, Para fellow generals that they should combat guay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, the United one ideology with another: "So far we've States, and Venezuela; observers came from used force only, and it has not worked. To Canada, Costa Rica and Mexico) was held in kill them is no use, for two arise in the "strict privacy." place of one. What works is to penetrate Speeches delivered by U.S. Secretary of the people, to organize courses, to im Defense Caspar Weinberger and El Salva prove the living conditions of the poor so dor's Jose Garcia were not released to the that they become deaf with regard to 'sub press because of "the classified nature of versives.'" He followed that up with a the issues to be addressed." The Nicara concrete example: "Our wives are working guan government had requested an invita voluntarily with communities, teaching wo tion to the conference, but conference men how to read, how to sow, and how to secretary U.S. General Peter Dawkins stat take care of their children." Carrasco ed that Nicaragua could not attend because said that the idea is to "give," for exam "the attendees must share conunon perspec ple, land to landless peasants, so that tives on security and defense issues of "the communists" can no longer force peo mutual interest within the boundaries of ple to "earn" with their labor. the American hemisphere," One conference General Antonio Ferreira Marques read a participant stated it more bluntly: "Nica secret document which described how the ragua is no more an ally, but a Russian Brazilian security forces were able to surrogate." He also requested that Nicara eliminate the communist threat through in gua be excluded from the Interamerican De filtration, dismantling of "subversive nu fense Board. clei," and imprisonment. The general said Counterspy has learned that the issue of that they lost many battles with the guer Cuba and Nicaragua being "Russian surro rillas because they didn't do enough to gates" was indeed the main topic of the separate the population and the guerrilla. conference. The conference began with a But, he continued, by now Brazil has speech by General Edward C. Meyer, Chief learned' to infiltrate the groups and use of Staff of the U.S. Army. Meyer has been local people who know the region, and, he Chief since June 22, 1979 after serving in claimed, thus has destroyed the guerrilla Korea and in Vietnam as Division Chief of movements. He stressed continuously that Staff of the 1st Cavalry Division. Accord the crucial tactic was to infiltrate poli ing to his official biography, Meyer is a tical groups, thereby reducing the use of former Deputy Conunander of the Army War violence to a minimum, and, the general College, and, while Deputy Chief of Staff added, in order to counter the guerrilla, of the U.S. Army, Europe, he "was involved the government has to improve the income in Army actions related to the Arab-Israe distribution in the country. li conflict." Meyer introduced the sub Conference participants repeated con ject of the gathering: "To study how to cerns about alleged communist infiltration fight the Cuban-Soviet invasion of the of various organizations. They said that Americas." Secretary of Defense Weinberger the World Council of Churches, the Jesuit followed that up with his theory about So Order, Amnesty International, grassroots viet military intentions: he said that Christian communities and barrio associa 3oviet weapons are not only a psychologi tions were already infiltrated by Marxist :al warfare tool but exist to be used; subversives. Salvadoran Defense Minister herefore, "if it is necessary, we will Garcia also accused the "communists" of Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 11
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The Reagan administration is conducting and disruptions by unions affiliated with a massive campaign against Nicaragua the American Institute for Free Labor De which, while not an open military or velopment (AIFLD). Despite being discred paramilitary attackJ could be almost as ited for its CIA connections, AIFLD still dangerous. Public resistance in the U.S. maintains a presence in Nicaragua. Ex-CIA to overt action has forced the administra agent Richard Martinez, who was a labor tion to authorize the use of covert ac organizer for AIFLD and the CIA in the tions, supplemented by massive propaganda early 1960s, mostly in Brazil, recently and a battery of threats. William Beecher identified one AIFLD representative in reported in the Boston Globe that the Na Nicaragua as "a conscious agent" of the tional Security Council (NSC) has decided CIA.2 Nicaraguan unions which were found to "press covert action in Nicaragua and ed with the assistance of AIFLD have gone El Salvador to infiltrate hostile elements out on strike, prompting the government to both to gain intelligence and try to de prohibit strikes. Also, several journal stabilize their effectiveness." NSC offi ists might be counted on to cooperate with cials did not want to talk about details, the CIA, but Nicaraguan officials, aware but, ironically, pointed out that "one of of the events in Chile, have made plain the lessons of Vietnam was that the Viet their willingness to close down such news Cong thoroughly infiltrated the South papers. Vietnamese government and armed forces and In November 1981, Managua newspapers were able to exploit their inside knowl published 13 names of U.S. Embassy person edge and positions.111 ne11 identifying them as CIA officers. The After the Chilean experience in the ear Reagan administration protested and called ly 1970s, it is highly appropriate to ex it an "act of provocation," but did not amine what types of covert actions th� deny the charges. At about the same time, U.S. might use against Nicaragua. Given Martinez, former CIA officer Philip Agee the pluralism of the Nicaraguan government and filmmaker Alan Francovich toured Nica and the tensions within it, it is easy to ragua at the government's invitation to imagine various CIA contacts, recruitments educate Nicaraguans about potential U.S. and payoffs. CIA contacts with Nicaraguan intervention techniques. In Francovich's opposition groups to coordinate strategy words, they stressed "how important the for action are likely. The Chilean opera internal front is: that an invasion could tion, it should be recalled, featured pay not succeed without manipulating the in offs, subsidies of friendly newspapers, ternal situation." Fran�ovich showed his 12 -- Counterspy -- F�b. - Avril 79R9
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documentary film about the CIA, "On Compa gua." Moreover, several Americans, "whom ny Business" throughout the country. Fabian later identified as former Green The London Times later wrote that the Berets, were assisting in the training. 11 8 "Agee visit features on a long list of in Washington Post writer Don Oberdorfer cidents American officials reel off to reported that the Nicaraguan leadership show that the Nicaraguans have only them took the U.S. pledge to "vigorously en selves to blame for the latest series of force" its neutrality laws in relation to attacks by senior members of the Reagan these camps as "a dud." From the Nicara administration •••• The list also includes guan point of view, the u. s. II was merely the repeated closing of the opposition promising to do what it should be doing newspaper, La Prensa; the jailing of four already - enforce its law to stop the prominent businessmen ••• ; the banning from paramilitary training of exile groups •••• radio and television of sermons by .•. Earlier in the year, Managua had com Archbishop Obando y Bravo; and the curbs plained about the exiles and received a placed on the Free Labor Movement." Cor cable from Haig citing some of the same rectly, the Times added, "the fact that U.S. laws. But nothing was done about the Sandinist police have also been rounding exiles." up members of the Nicaraguan Communist According to the Boston Globe, among the Party at the same time as arresting busi actions against Nicaragua approved by the nessmen is not mentioned •••• 11 4 The article NSC was a plan to intensify "public rela fails to note that U.S. pressures on Nica tions efforts at home and abroad to pro ragua and the danger of foreign subversion vide hitherto classified details on what have forced these actions. the Soviets, Cubans and Nicaraguans are doing in Central America to create a cli THE ENDERS PROPOSAL mate of opinion in which stern action might be supported." U.S. intelligence re Still, Thomas Enders, in charge of Latin ports of the extension of three Nicaraguan American affairs at the State Department airfield runways, of the training of pi made a set of proposals to Nicaragua in lots in Bulgaria, of upcoming shipments of August as a basis for better relations. 24 MIGs from Cuba and the creation of a The U.S. offered to enter into a non-ag 5O,OOO-person military and a 200,000 per gression pact and to assure "control over son militia are being widely publicized by Nicaraguan exile groups in Florida" in re the administration. turn for "a change in the Sandinist re gime's behavior and orientation."5(Enders' MILITARY OPTIONS proposal is remarkable given the adminis tration's public position that it had no The U.S. is clearly also keeping the jurisdiction over the exile training military option open. Through diplomatic camps.) The Nicaraguans responded by uni channels the U.S. is cautioning the Nica laterally vowing not to attack the u.s., 6 raguans that they are "playing with fire," but this was not enough for Washington. much as Haig did in his December meeting The Reagan administration reserved the with Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Miguel right to attack Nicaragua and to loosen d'Escoto. At the same time, the NSC has the reins on Nicaraguan exiles unless the told the Pentagon "to work up very specif government's "behavior and orientation" ic contingency plans on such things as changed.7 quarantines, blockades and military exer Planning for an invasion of Nicaragua - :ises in the event future events - such as it least a violation of the U.S. Neutrali the shipment of combat jets [or tanks] to :y Act - is quite public at a Nicaraguan Nicaragua - might call for consideration ?xile camp called Campamento Libertad near of a military response." liami, for example. Hector Fabian, the Unilateral blockades and arms quaran ,ublic information officer at the camp, tines are thought to be impossible to exe tated: "You could say these camps have cute successfully. What is worse for mili een one of the biggest helps given the tary planners, they are acts of war. A icaraguans now fighting for their coun more likely possibility is said by ry. They've prepared here, they've train Beecher's sources to be a quarantine of d here and now they've gone on to fight "something vital to Nicaragua's economic rom third countries and also from Nicara� and military operations, such as petro CounterSpy -- Feb. - ApriZ 1982 -- 13 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
leum. That would be easier to police and 'to prevent a communist takeover of Cen potentially more effective. But it would tral America.'" U.S. representatives are require solid support in the United States said to have been absent from the meeting, and in the hemisphere and perhaps would but "Latin diplomatic sources" are report include the ships of other Latin nations." ed to "point out that the United States A vote at the OAS meeting of early De has been closely involved in the recent cember provided a measure of the support past in efforts at coordination •••. " Among that might be available for U.S. sanctions these efforts was U.S. pressure behind the against Nicaragua. The U.S. persuaded 22 Salvadoran-Honduran peace treaty concluded of the 29 states voting (four abstained, in December 198 0, which ended a decade and Mexico, Nicaragua and Grenada opposed long technical state of war and makes the measure) to back the plan for elec joint operations possible, and U.S.-Hondu tions in El Salvador in March 1982 - im ran cooperation to practice sealing off plicitly endorsing U.S. support for the the Salvadoran border.10 Duarte regime.9 The NSC hopes to make it As for Nicaragua, thousands of former possible for Latin American states to re soldiers of Somoza's National Guard now present Nicaragua as a danger to the hemi live in Honduras. The Honduran government sphere and thus join in future U.S. sanc has done little to stop their raids into tions. However, memories of Cyrus Vance's Nicaragua, and the exiles have publicly June 1979 proposal that an OAS "peacekeep expressed their hope for covert military ing force" intervene in Nicaragua against support from Nicaragua's three neigh•· the imminent Sandinista victory over bors.11 At the same time, verbal attacks Somoza probably remain strong and continue from the three countries have intensified. to produce conflicting sentiments. Thus Reports of U.S. proposals to Nicaragua U.S. officials speak of the need for "mul have included no guarantees to Nicaragua tilateral" action rather than "OAS action" against attacks from its neighbors or from against Nicaragua. exiles, although this is the most likely kind of U.S.-sponsored military action. REGIONAL COOPERATION The U.S. is insisting that Nicaragua's military buildup would not be effective Already there is regional military coop against the United States and will only eration among Nicaragua's Central American alarm Nicaragua's neighbors,12 but this neighbors. There have been numerous re position ignores the threat posed by its ports of joint Salvadoran-Honduran opera neighbors with U.S. backing. Meanwhile, tions along their common border, and Sal the U.S. has also placed various economic vadoran refugees in Honduras are continu pressures on Nicaragua, but Libya and a ally harassed by Salvadoran and Honduran number of other. nations have offered large troops. In late October the Guatemalan loans on generous terms to help with the President and the Honduran Army Chief of reconstruction. Staff visited San Salvador on the same The Sandinista government appears ready day. Although the resulting communique did for the U.S. campaign against Nicaragua not mention cooperation, a few days before and able to anticipate overt and covert the meeting "the Army staff chiefs of El actions that will be used against it. Its Salvador and Guatemala publicly called for confidence that it will succeed in fight military 'coordination' among the three ing these pressures has kept Nicaragua countries." Guatemala's General Benedicto from submitting to ultimatums like the one Lucas, the president's brother, "urged a Enders reportedly delivered in August: formal fusion of the three armed forces "There is a fork in the road. One way
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leads to accomodation, the other to sepa 3) ibid. ration. We are afraid you may be too far 4) The Times (London), 11/26/81, p,10. 5) ibid-.-- advanced on the wrong road." As junta 6) � News Nightline, 12/4/81. leader Daniel Ortega told the State Legis 7) For a summary of private U.S.-Nicaraguan talks lative Council in Nicaragua on December 6: during September and October 1981 see Washington "We do not accept the door that the Ameri Post (WP), 12/10/81, pp.A-1, A-12. [it] is 8) Ronnie Lovler, "Training for the Counterrevolu cans are opening for us because tion," The Nation, 9/26/81, pp,265-268. too small ••• so small that in order to 9) WP, 12/9/81, p.A-18, - pass through it, we would have to do it on 10) "wP, 10/27/81, p,A-11; see also New York Times our knees and we are not going to do (NYT"f:° 10/2/81, p.A-5; 10/8/81, p.A-8; 10/11� 13 and p.A-5. that." - J. K. J.M. - 11) NYT, 4/2/81, p.A-3. FOOTNOTES 12) cf supra, 117. 13) ibid. 1) Boston Globe, 12/4/81, p.11. 2) The Guardian (New York), 12/2/81, p.13.
Greece: The Long Road to Freedom by Alexis Serreas
The October 18, 1981 parliamentary elec of Greek society and the shortcomings of tions in Greece represent more than a rou the Greek government, together with the tine change in government: they open the constellation of international relations prospects for deep political and social in 1946 and 1947, made Communist revolu change. The elections gave the Socialist tion possible, indeed probable. But the Party, PASOK, 48 percent of the vote, and injection of a massive new force, United the Communist Party, KKE, 11 percent, and States aid, changed the direction of 11 left the former governing, rightwing party events and prevented that consumation. 1 "New Democracy," with only 35 percent. From then on, successive U.S. governments This sweeping electoral victory of the have intervened unscrupulously in Greece Left, wishfully branded "surprising" by whenever they saw their interests threat the mainstream media in the U.S., was all ened in any way. The new Greek government but expected in Greece. of Andreas Papandreou has to confront this legacy, and, it appears, is moving THE LEGACY OF U.S. INTERVENTION carefully in order to avoid a recurrence of the defeat of a progressive movement. It is impossible to understand Greek Greece has been a NATO member since politics without taking into consideration 1952, and in �953 the U.S. and Greece a long history of U.S. intervention in signed the "Agreement Between the U.S. and Greece. In fact, this intervention has the Kingdom of Greece Concerning Military been the decisive factor in post-World War Facilities." This neo-colonial agreement II Greece. The military defeat of the Left and its amendments allowed the U.S. gov in the Greek Civil War (1945 to 1949) can ernment to establish military bases on be attributed directly to a massive infu Greek territory at its discretion, to use sion of U.S. economic and �ilitary aid un Greek resources (such as communications der the Truman Doctrine in 1947. This doc and transportation facilities) to support trine, which in fact institutionalized these bases, and to station U.S. military U.S. intervention, was promulgated by and technical personnel there who enjoy President Harry Truman even though he ad extensive privileges such as tax exemp mitted that the Greek regime receiving tions, jurisdictional immunity from the U.S. aid was repressive. Greek legal system, etc,2 The role of the U.S. in the defeat of the Left was described with cynical can (Alexis Serreas is a Greek living in the didness by an U.S. apologist: "The nature U.S.) Counterspy -- Feb. - Aprit 1982 -- 15 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
In 1963, the Center Union (EK) party, fundamental changes in the economic struc led by George Papandreou (father of the ture designed to benefit the working peo present Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou) ple of the country, and the democratiza won 42 percent of the vote, in spite of tion of social life. Of course, these widespread electoral fraud and rightwing three tasks cannot be achieved in isola terror. New elections were held the fol tion from each other. Meaningful economic lowing year, and EK won 53 percent and the changes are inconceivable so long as absolute majority in the Parliament. Upon Greece remains attached to the economic assuming office, the Papandreou government and strategic role assigned to it by NATO attempted certain l iberal reforms which and the European Common Market. Nor are did not challenge U.S. military and eco such economic changes attainable without nomic interests. The EK didn't even ad the active participation and involvement dress the question of Greece leaving NATO of the working people, i.e. without democ or U.S. bases being closed. Nevertheless, ratization of social life. the prime minister's attempt to entrust The first and foremost step in the pur the Ministry of Defense to a person of his suit of an independent foreign policy is choice moved the U.S. to initiate destabi the withdrawal of Greece from NATO and the lization of the centrist government. dismantling of U.S. military bases. Greece In 1965, CIA Chief of Station in Greece, has been a most "loyal" NATO member until John Maury became "directly involved in 1974, when troops of Turkey, another NATO Greek politics. He was reported to have member, invaded the Republic of Cyprus, helped King Constantine buy Deputies of occupying almost half of its territory. the Greek Center Union Party, thus bring (80 percent of the people on Cyprus are ing about the downfall of the Government Greek, 20 percent Turkish.) Even the of George Papandreou" in 1965.3 (Maury is staunchest Western apologists could not now president of the Association of Former explain to the Greek people what kind of Intelligence Officers and one of the main "protection" NATO offered their fellow promoters of the so-called Intelligence Greeks in Cyprus. Hence, the rightwing Identities Protection Act. In fact, civ.ilian government that took office imme Maury's conduct in Greece demonstrates why diately after the collapse of the military the Act should not be made law,) A chain junta in 1974 was forced to announce the of King-appointed, short-lived governments withdrawal of Greece from the military was broken by the military-fascist coup of wing of NATO. Greece never withdrew, how April 21, 1967. The direct role of the ever, from the political wing of NATO, and U.S. in the establishment and support of the Greek army continued to participate in the Greek junta is well-documented. The NATO exercises. dictatorship finally collapsed during the In 1980 Greece resumed its previous 1974 Cyprus crisis, but only after "normal" relationship with NATO, formally eight years of bloody and repressive rule. rejoining the military wing. Pretenses "New Democracy," the rightwing party aside, the hastiness with which this deal, that controlled an absolute majority in the "Rogers Plan," was arranged, the se the Parliament from 1974 to 1981, proved crecy of the terms, and its timing - incapable of solving the tremendous prob shortly before the e lections - suggest lems plaguing the working people of that it was designed to present the next Greece. This is not surprising, as subser government (whose character was anticipat vience to NATO and U.S. corporate inter ed) with a set situation and to raise ob ests - the very causes of such problems - stacles to total withdrawal of Greece from was the essence of that party's policy. NATO. "Greece belongs to the West," declared Although PASOK has in the past called then-Prime Minister Constantine for the withdrawal of Greece from NATO, Karamanlis, the leader of "New Democracy," the government program presented to the in his address to the Parliament on Octo- Parliament by Papandreou on November 22 16, 1975. 4 With the defeat of "New Democ contained no such call. The program de racy," this submission is now being chal nounced the Rogers Plan as "harmful to lenged. [the] national interests" of Greece and Three main tasks confront the new gov added that the government would reject ernment and the Greek Left: the pursuit of that Plan.5 This statement, however, is a genuinely independent foreign policy, quite vague as it rejects the specific 16 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 conditions of the Rogers Plan but does not MAJOR U.S. XILITARY RASES IN GREECE preclude the acceptance of some other (Source: Congressional Research Service) plan. Finally, it does not address Greek participation in the political wing of NATO. Because of this, KKE abstained from the vote on the government program. Papandreou's actions at a NATO defense ministers' meeting in Brussels in early December were equally ambiguous. On one hand, Papandreou blocked the issuing of a final communique - usually a routine event - demanding that NATO guarantee the safety of Greek borders against fellow NATO mem ber Turkey. Not surprisingly, the minis ters refused to go along with that demand. On the other hand, Papandreou's announce ment of Greece's "partial suspension" of NATO commitments at the meeting was vague, so vague that some NATO officials appar Ionian ently dismissed it as "diplomatic grand Sea standing." Meanwhile, almost half a mil lion people demonstrated in Greece for +·.i.-•- disarmament and against U.S. bases in the *, ...... , ...... country on December 6. ·-• c,,, i ,.I 1;'1 I'/' ?- REMOVE THE BASES . ..,.,._
Papandreou's plans to remove U.S. mili U.S. to intervene in the October 1973 war tary bases are likely to encounter great in the Middle East. According to a conser obstacles. Most of these are not directly vative Greek newspaper, the Greek govern related to NATO but stem from bilateral ment "imperiled the good relations between U.S.-Greek agreements. The removal of the Greece and the Arabs, by secretly allowing bases will have to be negotiated separate the Americans to use•.• bases in Greece ly from Greece's withdrawal from NATO. for transporting equipment to Israel dur Among the numerous U.S. bases in Greece ing the Arab-Israeli war•••• Greece also are: 1) a naval base in Eleusis (Piraeus) allowed U.S. intelligence to use a commu near Athens; 2) Souda Naval Base on Crete� nications station outside Athens in order "a large and convenient anchorage [which] to tap Soviet and Arab radio broadcasts.117 allows the United States to project the The bases make the country a military tar Sixth Fleet far into the eastern Mediter get even in a conflict in which Greece is ranean." The Souda base "would be diffi not directly involved. Their existence al cult to replace," and includes a missile so requires a Greek government friendly firing installation used by NATO. Nuclear toward the U.S. Therefore, the bases weapons are also stored at Souda; 3) Hel might pose a threat to a government such lenikon Air Base, also on Crete, which as PASOK. Finally, they are sources of so serves as a base for U.S. intelligence cial pollution. The areas where the bases surveillance in the eastern Mediterranean; are located have become centers of corrup 4) Iraklion Air Station, a "major elec tion, characterized by a rising crime tronic surveillance station;" and 5) the rate, increased prostitution, drug traffic Fleet Communication System Center at Nea etc., involving U.S. military personnel. Makri, especially important for the Sixth Prime Minister Papandreou announced that Fleet. According to the Athens daily Ta base negotiations will begin early in Nea (February 22 to 24, 1978), the CIAhas 1982. He said that the negotiations will also been using Nea Makri as a base of op set a timetable for the removal of the erations. 6 bases, but he did not name a deadline. He The existence of U.S. bases constitutes added that until the bases are removed, a danger to the Greek people for a number they will operate under the following re of reasons. These bases were usP.d by the strictions: Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 17
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a) lGreek] control and supervision of prus, Archbishop Makarios, and to over their activities. throw the legitimate government. Under the b) Yearly revision and potential termi pretext of "restoring the legal order," nation of the relevant agreements, so the Turkish army invaded the island, occu that the national interests of Greece pying about 40 percent of the land. and are guaranteed. forcing 200,000 Greek Cypriots (almost 40 c) Suspension of the bases' activity �ercent of the island's population) into when the security of Greece or the refugee camps in the southern, unoccupied country's relations with other frien0- part of the country. Following the col ly countries in the region is at stake.8 lapse of the junta in Greece and their These are certainly positive measures, but puppets in Cyprus, the legitimate govern they are somewhat vague and, most impor ment of Cyprus was restored, but the Turk tantly, their implementation is yet to be ish army still controls 40 percent of the seen. How the Greek government will be island. It seems clear that the objective able to control, let alone to suspend, the of the U.S. and NATO militarists is the de activities of the bases is not at all facto partitioning of Cyprus by the insti clear, and Papandreou's speech shed no tutionalization of the Turkish military light on the question. At the same time, presence. concrete statements have been made. "Re The former Greek government dealt with moval of nuclear weapons will be one of this issue as an internal NATO "family" our first demands in the talks on the U.S. dispute, diminishing the role of the Unit bases," said Dimitri Maroudas, a PASOK ed Nations in its solution and essentially spokesperson in a press conference on No refusing to use the support offered by the vember 11. He also indicated that the socialist and non-aligned countries in re Greek government favors the idea of nucle solving the Cyprus problem. The main in ar-free Balkans. This statement came gredients of the solution are: recognition shortly after Bulgaria's President Todor of the central government as the legiti Zhivkov proposed a Balkan summit on the mate political power in Cyprus; withdrawal issue, a proposal that now has some of all foreign troops; and return of the chances of being implemented, refugees to their homes. These aims were adopted in the PASOK government program CYPRUS presented to the Parliament on November 22, 1981. Another major foreign policy question is the issue of Cyprus. The Republic of Cy GREECE AND EUROPE prus, a sovereign state since it gained its independence from Britain in 1953, has Another critical foreign policy issue, been an active member of the non-aligned directly affecting domestic economic poli movement. The island of Cyprus, strategi cy, is the question of the relations of cally situated at the conjunction of Eu Greece to the European Economic Community rope, Asia and Africa, is an ideal loca (EEC), an organization "uniting" the West tion to base U.S. forces policing the Mid ern European industrial countries. When dle East. The political orientation of the economic crisis of the mid-1970s hit that country, however, ruled out this pos the capitalist European countries, the EEC sibility. The U.S. and NATO goal is to changed its exclusionis� policy. The new partition the island between Greece and strategy - designed to mellow down the Turkey. Both of these countries are NATO crisis for the industrially advanced coun members and have agreements with the U.S. tries by shifting part of the burden to allowing the establishment of military others - was to bring in the less develop bases on their territory. Both Greek and ed capitalist countries: Greece, Turkey, Turkish rightwing terrorists, in line with Spain and Portugal. Greece was the first this U.S. and NATO policy, have been try (and so far the only) to join, becoming ing for over twenty years, by-and-large u� the tenth member of the EEC in 1980, The successfully, to divide the two ethnic consequences of that move, even in the communities of the island. short time that has elapsed, have been de In July 1974, a coup inspired, plotted, vastating. Greek industry cannot compete and executed by the Greek military junta, with the much more developed Western Euro attempted to murder the president of Cy- pean countries within the framework of the 18 -- CounterSpy -- Feb. - April 1982 Approved For R�lease 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
EEC. Agriculture i.s in a state of chaos as Western domination and create a society Greek peasants are forced to abandon tra catering to the needs of the Greek people ditional crops to conform to the stipula and not the greed of multinational corpo tions of the "Common Agricultural Policy" rations or the strategic interests of the dictated by the EEC. U.S. and NATO. The meaning of the vote Both major Left parties, PASOK and KKE, cast on October 18 is that the Greek peo are opposed to the participation of Greece ple desire, indeed demand, a progressive in the EEC and campaigned on anti-EEC reorientation of their country. The mili platforms in the recent elections. In his tary coup of 1967 and CIA activities to pronouncement of the government program, destabilize the liberal government of Papandreou stated: "Our goal is to hold a Andreas Papandreou's father demonstrate that PASOK's task is enormous. referendum.•. for the Greek �eople to de cide on this serious issue." He pointed out, however, that calling for a referen FOOTNOTES dum lies within the power of the president 1) W, H. McNeill, Greece: American Aid in Action of the country, a position held by the 1947-1949, The Twentieth Century Fu� New York, 1957, p. 32. leader of "New Democracy," Karamanlis. The 2) The full text of these agreements can be found president of Greece, an office endowed in: T. A. Couloumbis, Greek Political Reaction to with extraordinary constitutional and law American and NATO Infl�s, Yale University Press, making powers, is not elected by direct 1966, Appendix C, pp.222-227. 3) R. F. Grimmett, Reported �oreign and Domestic vote, but through the Parliament. Covert Operations of the United Stat�Central In Karamanlis was elected president in 1980 ttlligence Agency: 19SO::l�ongressional Res�rch for a five-year term. It is highly unlike Service, Library of Congress, 2/18/75, p.9. ly that Karamanlis - the architect of the 4) Kommounistiki Epitheorisi, November 1975, p.73. 5) Ta Nea, ·11/23/81. previous government's pro-EEC policy - 6) Turkey, Greece and NATO: The Strained Alliance, would call a referendum. A Staff Report to the Committee on Foreign Rela� Greece is facing a critical period. The tions, U.S. Senate, March 1980, p.9. See also M. electoral victory of the Left and the for Argyris, "The Bases of Death," Kommounistiki Epi theorisi, January 1975, pp.5-12. mation of a progressive government by 7) Akropolis, 8/27/74. PASOK, may be the seeds of much-needed po 8) Ta Nea,- 11/23/81. litical and social change that would end 9) ibi-;r:
Jurgen Roth Interview Turkish Fascism as NATO Democracy
The September 12, 1980 military coup in Western media is hardly a new phenomenon. NATO member country Turkey, led by General It closely resembles press treatment of Kenan Evren got, as the Wall Street Jour Turkey's two previous coups in 1960 and nal commented, "relatively good" press 1971. coverage in the U.S. and in Western Eu Reality for many Turkish people, as rope. The Economist, mouthpiece of Euro described in the following interview with pean capital, grudgingly conceded that the West German journalist, Ji_i'rgen Roth, is coup may be "regrettable" because NATO is quite different, and has been for some "morally weakened when the democratically time. The first military takeover, led by elected government of a member country is General Cemal Gi.irsel on May 27, 1960, fol forcibly overthrown," but then praised the lowed a wave of student unrest and econom Generals for moving to eliminate "terror ic instability, partly caused by the de ism," and giving the country one more valuation of the Turkish lira. One of chance to become stable. Newsweek intro Gursel's first post-coup actions was to duced the Generals as "benevolent despots" dispatch a colonel to U.S. Ambassador and labeled Fvren "Turkey's Father Fig Warren Fletcher with the assurance that he ure." Such uncritical coverage by the intended "to build a Turkey on the model Counterspy -- Feb. - Apr?'.l 1982 -- 19
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of the U.S." (A secret 1961 State Depart ment report had characterized Gilrsel as GLOSSARY "strongly pro-Western.") The Turkish Generals instituted a new CHP Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, Republican and relatively liberal constitution, but People's Party. Originally a party of at the same time, on U.S. advice, they landowners, government employees and founded the Mutual Aid Society (OYAK). local bourgeoisie, but since 1967 open OYAK began as an inconspicuous society, to the Left, Member of Socialist Inter financed by officers' salaries, popular national; promotes modified capitalism; "dona ti ons " dan , at t imes, the U.S. gov- favors NATO with reservations; party ernment. It has now developed into one of base more militant than leadership. Turkey's largest holding companies, tying President: Billent Ecevit, the military firmly to the corporate rich and foreign multinationals. Today, OYAK AP Adalet Partisi, Justice Party. Par controls virtually the entire insurance ty of large landowners; represents in sector and much of the armaments and auto terests of rural and urban bourgeoisie. industries. (It owns 42 percent of Renault Favors foreign investment, NATO member Turkey and 87 percent of International ship and free enterprise; calls on all Harvester Co. in Turkey.) "nationalists" to work against the The late 196Os saw an upsurge of opposi Left; before coup advocated stronger tion to an economic policy which left ba "security measures" and special courts. sic needs of many workers and peasants un President: Suleyman Demirel. met, and to Turkey's dependence on NATO. Protests were countered with government MHP Milliyetci Hareket Partisi, Nation repression and terror from the Right. �list Movement Party. Nazi-type fascist During this time, the MHP (see glossary) party. Members come from the petit founded the first training camps for its bourgeoisie, some landless peasants, connnandos - the-Grey Wolves - while the some unemployed. Managed to infiltrate CIA and the U.S. Green Berets began to many members into government posts and train the Counter-Guerrilla, a secret ter security services in the 197Os; con ror organization consisting of members of trols organized death squads (Grey the military, police and MIT. The Coun Wolves) and militant "Idealist Youth." ter-Guerrilla was headquartered in Ankara Advocates "reunification of all Turks" in the same building that housed the U.S. from Saloniki to Western China. military mission. Leader: Alparslan Turkes. In collaboration with the Grey Wolves, the Counter-Guerrilla was responsible for DISK Confederation of Revolutionary numerous acts of terrorism which preceded Unions. Founded in 1967; close to the March 12, 1971 military takeover. CHP; influenced by Communist Party This coup, accompanied by mass arrests and (illegal) and other left organiza torture, was directed against the left tions. Approximately one million mem movement which had voiced strong opposi bers. tion both to an economic policy devastat ing for workers and to the ruling AP's TDRK-IS Confederation of Labor Unions. threats to scuttle certain liberal sec Founded in 1952 with guidance from tions of the constitution. The coup, American Federation of Labor official which according to Roth was "basically ... and CIA agent, Irving Rrown; strong planned by the intelligence agencies CIA ties with Asian-American Free Labor and MIT," was to prevent the Left from Institute. Was not outlawed after taking power. coup. Approximately 1.5 million mem The 1973 elections, after two years of bers. military rule, brought the CHP to power in a coalition government. Bulent Ecevit's MISK Confederation of Nationalist Labor rule was short-lived. He called for new Unions. Controlled by MHP; less than elections in 1975 and lost, largely due to 100,000 members. his inability to deliver on economic prom ises. A National Front (NF) coalition MIT Milli Istihbarat Teskilati. Turkish government, led by the AP and MHP, came to Intelligence Agency. 20 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
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power with Suleyman Demirel as Prime Min of the West], coauthored by Brigitte ister and Alparslan Turkes as his deputy. Heinrich, (Reinbek, West Germany: Rororo They ruled until June 1977. In those two Verlag, 1973) and Die Tiirkei - Republik years, the government openly sanctioned unter Wolfen [Turkey - A Republic Ruled by the terror of the Grey Wolves and sup Wolves], coauthored by Kamil Taylan (Born pressed the left opposition. Tiirkes used heim, West Germany: Lamuv Verlag, 1981). his post to infiltrate many MHP members The Turkish daily Cumhuriyet has described into high positions in the security ser Roth as the "person most knowledgeable vices and the military. about Turkish politics." His coauthor, When it became apparent that the NF gov Taylan, formerly worked for the Turkish ernment was unable to improve the living daily, Demokrat, which has been outlawed conditions in Turkey (foreign debt in 1977 since the 1980 coup. The sidebars in the was $15 billion, unemployment 20 percent, interview are translated excerpts from and inflation around 70 percent), and Die Tiirkei - Republik unter Wolfen. therefore would fall sooner or later, the MHP changed its tactics. The Grey Wolves CounterSpy: It's been more than a year had previously concentrated their terror since the military coup in Turkey. What on their political opponents. Now they - has it meant for the everyday lives of the determined to create a civil war-type sit- people? uation which would allow the military to Jurgen Roth: One change has been that seize power again. Ecevit, reelected in the so-caUed "t.errorism" has actuaUy aU 1978, could not stop the wave of indis- but stopped. However, what the Turkish criminate terror, and the number of peo- Generals caZZ terrorism is not what people ple killed rose from 30 per month in 1977 in other countries would Zabel terrorism. to 70 per month in 1978. It is not limited to violent actions by After the by-elections in October 1979, politically motivated, isolated individu Demirel was in again. His leadership was aZs, but includes, for e.xample, distribut- backed by the MHP, and he "cleaned out" ing leaflets, putting up posters, partici- the government, removing suspected left- pating in demonstrations and strikes, or ists from their posts. He worked with the advocating self-determination for the Grey Wolves to suppress a rising workers' Kurds. After the military coup aZZ such movement led by DISK, and bowed to Inter- "terrorist" activities were outlawed, and national Monetary Fund (IMF) pressure in I think that's the way things will stay shaping his economic policy. However, it for many years to come. If there is a re- soon became apparent that popular resis- turn to democracy as promised by the Gen- tance would not allow Demirel to push eraZs, it will be a very autocratic "de- through his cutthroat IMF-required pro- mocracy" with at best two political gram: cuts in social spending, devalua- parties who are in basic agreement with tion of the lira (which in itself created the Generals. Opposition to the capitalist a 50 percent inflation rate), elimination economic system in Turkey and to Turkey's of subsidies to small enterprises, opening close alliance with the United States will the country to foreign investment, and remain illegal. The Constitutional Assem- massive layoffs in government-owned facto- bZy, founded in October 1981, is a good ries. e.xample of the type of "democracy" Turkish To institute his economic program, people will be allowed to have. It con- Demirel would have to crush all opposi- sists of politicians and technocrats whose tion. And that could only be done if an- political ideology, without e.xception, is other military coup was staged to trans- right-of-center. And right-of-center in form Turkey into a country ruled by fas- Turkey would be considered e.xtrerne-right cism. This coup took place on September in Western Europe. 12, 1980, and since then Turkey has been Other regressive changes made possible ruled by a military dictatorship. by the military coup are in the economic Counterspy interviewed Jurgen Roth in field. Presently, the economic model of Frankfurt in early November 1981. Roth is Milton Friedman is being adopted by Tur an independent journalist who has written key. Without the coup this economic model two books on Turkey: Partner Tiirkei oder could never have been forced upon the Foltern fur die Freiheit des Westens [Our country. That was acknowledged even by the Partner Turkey, or Torture for the Freedom OECD [Organization for Economic Coopera- CounterSpy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 21 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 tion and Development] officer in charge of factors. One of them, naturally, was Af Europe. ghanistan and another was Iran, where an important Western stronghold had fallen. Whose interests does the present govern Turkey, with its geostrategic position, ment represent? has been one of the few countries which is The Generals are not, as is often said, able to represent U.S. and NATO interests politically independent. Instead, they are in Third World countries, especially in tied to the capitalist system. The Gener the Middle East. The very unstable inter als are representatives of monopoly capi nal situation in Turkey presented a prob talism, the faction of capitalists in Tur lem for NATO in that respect. Even before key which works closely with multinational the coup, NATO could no longer count on corporations, e8pecially from West Germa Turkey as a reliable ally. A military in ny, the U.S., and Switzerland. Because of tervention had become necessary to stabi that they have a strong self-intere.s-f: in lize the country in the interests of West ern imperialism.
Are there any indications that NATO countries were directly involved in the coup? There was certainly an indirect involve ment, but it is hard to prove that they intervened directly in the coup itself. However, I don't think it is a coincidence that a high-ranking State Department offi cer, John Williams, (whom I met in Brussels at a conference of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation) was in Ankara at the time of the coup. Before that, he just happened to be in Athens at the time of the military coup there, and in Turkey at the time of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. More im portant, however, is the fact that the U.S. played a key role in the creation of a climate that allowed the coup to take (Iscinin Sesi) place. General Kenan Evren How was that climate created? the, execution of the Milton Friedman eco Terrorism in Turkey before the coup was nomic program in spite of the fact that it mainly the work of the extreme right and benefits only a miniscule sector of soci the so�called Counter-Guerrilla, a mili ety. tary organization trained by CIA officers. This Counter-Guerrilla created instabili Why did the coup take place in September ty, and the Generals, likewise trained in 1980? Are there reasons why it came at the U.S., used that terrorism as a reason that specific time? for staging a coup. The official reason given by the Gener Actually, it all began well over ten ate, is knot,JY1,: rising terrorism. It's obvi years ago. There was a military coup in ous that the mititary fett threatened by a 1971 which had a structure very similar to rising Zeftist movement, and they felt the 1980 coup. At that time leading poli they coutdn't wait much tonger. For in ticians declared that it had been led by stance, the Turkish tabor federation DISK the CIA. There is the statement by a for was ptanning a general, strike at the time mer Turkish foreign minister, and even the of the coup, and this strike was a potiti former Prime Minister, Bu.Zent Ecevit, said cal one, directed against political re that "foreign powers" played a role in the pression by the Demirel government and coup. The foreign power in Turkey at the against high inflation and social injus time was, of course, the United States. tice. The preparation for the 1980 coup began At the same time there were external way back in 1974 and utilized two tools. 22 �- Counterspy -- Feb. � April 1982 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
are attempts at reform within the coun Counter-Guerrilla try. These camouflaged attacks••• are at times civil wars, at times uprisings, but The Counter-Guerrilla originated in the also democratic and reformist movements. Department of Special Warfare of the It is our intention to prevent the rise Turkish General Staff. Only very loyal of these movements•••• For our security officers belong to this department. Their and the security of other non-communist training generally begins in the U.S. and countries, we have to support friendly then continues inside Turkey under the governments••• through armed actions." direction of CIA officers and military (D. Gallula, as quoted in Em.in Deger, CIA "advisors." From 1968 to 1971, U.S. Green Konter-Gerilla � Turkiye, Ankara, 1977, Berets trained members of the Counter p.595.) Guerrilla in the wooded mountain region Another important training document was of Bolu. The Kurds in the eastern prov drafted by Cahit Vural, a member of the inces were the first victims of these Ankara Counter-Guerrilla and a leading U.S.-trained commandos. During the early theoretician•••• His publication, Intro 1970s, "special commandos" attacked Kurd duction to the Guerrilla, is being used ish villages in remote mountain regions as a guide by.the Turkish General Staff ••• with increasing frequency. Commandos •.. and includes the following chapters: searched houses, frequently tortured Destruction and Propaganda, Agents, Agent their inhabitants and then moved on. Provocateurs, Production of Bombs, Guer One of the most important educational rilla in the Countryside, Interrogation materials for Counter-Guerrilla training and Infiltration of a Guerrilla Organiza is a book written by CIA officer David tion•••• The book is marked, "For Offi Gallula, Repression £f. Popular Uprisings, cial Use Only" and claims that the use of Theory and Praxis. It was translated by armed provocateurs grew out of experience the Turkish General Staff in 1965, print with the urban guerrilla all over the ed with a press run of 1,750 copies and world. "In large cities agent provoca distributed within the military. In this teurs are used in the universities, fac-· CIA book, Gallula writes [retranslation tories, educational centers and in indus into English] : "Our security isn't trial production••• • These agents use de threatened just by external attacks, In struction, provocations, even assassina addition, there are other threats which tions and robberies as tools to achieve are much more dangerous. These threats their goals." One was the Counter-Guerrilla which car from reaching power by any means. They ried out terrorist actions that were then used the death squads - the arrowhead of blamed on the left. I don't want to ex rightwing reaction - the Counter-Guerril clude that ultra-left factions were carry la, ary,d finally repression carried out by ing out terrorist acts too, but often when the government of Demirel who is known as bombings and shootings were blamed on the a close friend of the West. left, it was in reality the Counter-Guer rilla that was responsible. But now, at least officially, the mili The second tool- was the assistance given tary government is moving against the to the extreme right movement, the MHP of right as well as the left. Alparslan Alparslan Turkes. It is known that leading Turkes himself is on trial. MHP members regularly visited the U.S. Em It is true that for foreign consumption bassy in Ankara, and a number of Turkish the military is moving against both the newspapers reported that CIA officers took right and the left. However, according to part in terrorist activities. The MHP, a the communiques of the military commanders fascist organization with death squads, in all cities, about eighty percent of all was the most -important factor in the crea actions are against the left. The simple tion of the civil war-type atmosphere be reason for that is that many of the goals fore the coup. This rightwing terrorism of the rightwing MHP and the military are was destined to crush the anti-imperialist the same. Before the coup it was Turkes' movement, or - as the MHP and the Generals greatest desire to establish a military say - communism. It was in the interests government to fight "communism." Now that of NATO and the U.S. to prevent th� left is exactly what the Generals did, but, un- CounterSpy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 23
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... describes the ideology of the MHP and MHP its commandos: "National Socialism, whose realization [the MHP] promotes under the The MHP' s ph ilosophy is illustrated cover of Turkism, aims to eliminate de best by this excerpt from their party or mocracy. The Turkish National Socialists gan, Orta Dogu: " •.. We want Turkey to be (Turanists) are intensifying their activ a country cured from all diseases, a ities in our country daily .... The real country whose people are increasing in aims of the Turanists can be summed up in number, and a country with improved mo three points: 1) to wear out the govern rale and industry. We want to save the ment, using commandos and armed youth or brothers of our race abroad. The reunion ganizations as well as propaganda cam of the Turkish Nation with its glorious paigns, and then to take power as the Na history ... is frightening to many other zis did in Germany; 2) to introduce Na countries, because this rebuilding is op tional Socialist ideology to Turkey after posed not only by small nations which taking power, by using various methods of will have to disappear, but also by the oppression; 3) after installing a Nation large economic powers. Those who want to al Socialist government in Turkey, to re live a life without danger should commit unite all Turks in the world in one area. suicide. ... A nation needs national ... The Turanists plan to remove the mi goals. It is not a herd of cattle. Only norities [Kurds, Greeks, Armenians, with a purpose does it become a nation. Arabs, Rulgarians] from the country .... " So, must we risk war in order to save the The MHP's racism is also evident in the parts of our nation that have been torn writings of one of its ideologues, Nihal apart from us? Yes, that is what we must Atsiz, who had accompanied Tiirkes from do." ... the 1940s on: "If you Kurds continue to The Turkish intelligence agency, MIT, talk in your primitive language... , you was already following the activities of will be exterminated by the Turks in the the Grey Wolves back in the late 1960s. very same way they eradicated the Geor� They wanted to find out whether the com gians, the Armenians and the Greeks in mandos of the MHP presented a danger to Turkey. And even if you constituted 100 democracy or whether they were to be seen percent of the population, they would as agents of U.S. interests . ... A police kick you out. You can ask the U.N. to report about the investigation by the give you a home in Africa, otherwise the MIT, leaked to Aydinlik [the paper of the patient Turkish race will turn into a Peking-oriented Workers' and Peasants' roaring lion that no one can stop." Party] in November 1978 by an MIT agent, fortunately for Turkes., they also moved Another contradiction between Evren and to eliminate their rivals on the right, Turkes was that over the last months be particularly Turkes who had been trying to fore the coup, Turkes began to say that style himself as the great leader of Tur people in Turkey had to fight both U.S. key. and Soviet imperialism. He realized that The Generals around Evren had a number foreign corporations., mainly U.S. and of reasons for moving against Turkes. For Western European., were hurting the small one, it was discovered that, in order to merchants who were his main backers. eliminate what the MHP preceived as their rivals, they were planning to kill some What kind of relations do NATO countries high military officials. And Evren's name have with the military government now? was at the very top of the list of people Actually., there are conflicts between to be killed found in MHP headquarte1·s. the United States and Western European There is also an economic rivalry between countries as to how to relate to the mili Evren and Turkes. They represent different tary government. The U.S. is giving mas factions of capitalisn - Evren monopoly sive military aid, while Western Europe, capitalism., especially in Istanbul., Anka most notably the Federal Republic of Ger ra and Izmir; Turkes the small merchants., many., is giving military and police aid, the petit bourgeoisie., most of whom live but focusing much more on economic aid. in Central Anatolia. Naturally., their eco This economic aid is not tied to specific nomic interests are somewhat different. projects which might benefit the general 24 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 population. Rather, it is given•simply as size businesses is J'fo1:ng fas<'. The only gY'ants to the goVeY'nrnent which is fY'ee to sectoY' that ?°s benef1· ting from the econom decide lww to use it. Recently it has be ic aid is the big c:mpon,ztions. In .icldz'. come quite cleaY' how it is being used: tion, stY'ikes are ·( lleeal h,ldeh rrie,�ns th:zt the goVeY'nrnent is Y'apidly enlarging its the worke,'s m'en 't ever: ahle ic1 f1:eht for facilities for production of heavy ar>ma adjustment of ihe1'.1' 1,;aees to inflation. ments and weapons, mainly for export to That, in turn, lec;ds to a d2°rrntic i,,crease Islamic markets in the Middle East. FoY' in poverty u.Jhich cc1uZd not have taken the pY'o-W�stern Islamic countries it's place without /;lie clumgr: f'r'om clemocr>ac�y - much easieY' to buy weapons from Turkey as limited as 1: t was - i:o a mi i' i tm•y dic than the U.S. since Turkey is a "fellow tatorship. The m-i U ial'U i1� ,;,J,!. e to sup Islamic" country. press protests and pe1°hcws ·in orze c1 P buJo It has become obvious that neither the years that h,ill create the 1'.rrrpPession for> tjConornic nor the military aid is improving outsiders that ccmwmic anJ .social st.ab·il the Turkish economy. On the contrary, the ty has finally arrived in Turkey. You can number of bankruptcies of small and medium be sure the Western media 1,,on ; t mention
the initial stage of these plans. In a single night the Generals ordered 4,000 Operation DEV-KURT professors, students, teachers and re There are many documents which prove tired officers arrested. In the days that the 1971 coup was a well-prepared following, they were tortured in the action carried out by the Counter-Guer Counter-Guerrilla offices and then sen rilla, the CIA, the Turkish military, and tenced in mass trials by military judges. the MIT. As former foreign minister, DEV-KURT was headed by General Necip Caglayangil commented about the 1971 Yusufoglu. First he was responsible for events: "You should know, America isn't the Istanbul MIT, then he headed MIT in interested in whether we have a democrat Ankara. Until his retirement soon after ic-chauvinist or a fascist government in the coup, he had been one of the most im this country.... At the time the CIA was portant Counter-Guerrilla officers. An solely interested in protecting American other was Nuri Gundes. He was in a lead interests. What �lse should we expect, ing MIT positjon in Istanbul up to 1980. anyway? Things like that don't happen in ... One of his prot eges within the Coun the open• .•• It was shortly before March ter-Guerrilla was his HIT colleague, 12, I was informed that there would be a Mahir Kaynak. He is a well-known agent movement in politics. My information came provocateur responsible for many actions from the American ambassador. One evening in Istanbul which at first were blamed on he called and asked to come over to have leftists. a drink. After we exchanged pleasant re Finally, one of the chief Counter-Guer 1 marks and so on, he said, Mr.Caglayangil i rilla leaders in Istanhul was Necdet we as a nation tolerate development in Kucuktaskiner. In the months arter March Turkey, but not everything. Some people 12, 1971, he was responsible for "inter in our government cannot tolerate what is rogation of opponents of the government," happening right now.' That was clear which is the same as brutal torture. He enough. The CIA had its fingers in a num continued his activities throughout the ber of events before March 12, and it is 1970s. Fifteen days before the May 1, generally said that the two intelligence 1977 massacre [34 people were killed when agencies [MIT and CIA] were collaborating gunmen opened fire on a May, Day demon closely." stration of some 500,000], the personnel In fact, the CIA assisted the MIT, back chief of MIT wrote Kucuktaskiner a check in the 1960s, in drafting plans for the for TL8.15 million without any indica mass arrests of opposition figures,fol tion for what it was to be used. This lowing the pattern of CIA-directed events money, the purpose of which was declared in Thailand, Indonesia and Greece. The "Secret," was in payment of Kucuktas Greek plan had been code-named "Prome kiner's services to the MIT for the three theus;" in Turkey it was "DEV-KURT" (Ac and a half months before May 1. Such a tion to Save the Nation). The wave of sum of money far exceeds anything an MIT mass arrests [after the 1971 coup] was officer normally would receive. Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 25
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 that this "stability" was achieved only fore, Turkey is of great importance for because the workers and peasants are being NATO and the U.S. as a country that be suppressed with Western-supplied weapons. longs to the Third World, a country with a The Generals are now facing some pro large percentage of the population being tests from Western Europe because they Muslim and at the same time a country outlawed all political parties. Almost all that is part of NATO. parties in Europe are advocating that aid The strategic importance of Turkey is to Turkey should be halted if the Generals obvious. There are countless U.S. and NATO continue that policy. The only resistance, military facilities, especially in the internationally, is coming from Europe and eastern part of the country. It is not not the U.S.>+ just radar facilities, but military facil However, I think that to demand a return ities which can be used against Third to democracy is somewhat illusionary. It World countries. And that is very attrac is aU too obvious that the political tive for the U.S. The Rapid Deployment rxirties are not able to solve the coun Force is using bases in Turkey, and the nuclear depots in Turkey are not there to try's social and economic problems. There - are strong indications that there's a siz counter the danger of a Soviet invasion able revolutionary movement in Turkey, but which is aZZ but nonexistent anyway - but what that's going to achieve one cannot primarily against the liberation movements predict. There are two currents: What hap in Africa and Asia. These movements are pened in Iran might also happen in Turkey. already being suppressed from Turkey� a At the same time, the left might decide prime example is the Kurds, and we'ZZ see that things cannot be changed by working it in North Africa. toward the re-introduction of the parlia NATO needs Turkey. I was told by a U.S. mentary system. Their conclusion could on professor, La.wrence Whetten, who identi ly be to create an ar>rned liberation move fied himself as a policy advisor of the ment. And as I see it, that's exactly what U.S. government, that if Turkey wants to is happening now. become independent, the U.S. will punish it. And I don't think there is a better What do the Generals want for Turkey? expression for what is happening in Turkey They say they want stability, but they Y'ight now. haven't explained what that means. Stabil ity, above aZZ, requires more social jus You mentioned the so-called Kurdish tice, and the Generals haven't shown any problem. How has the military coup affect interest in passing laws that would en ed the lives of the people in Turkish Kur hance social justice. Most importantly, distan? they would have to institute a Zand re FiY'st of all, the coup has had the same fom, and there are no signs of that what effects on the Kurds as on all the other soever. In rural Turkey today, there is a people. But they got it worse. The Kurdish very smaU sector of large landowners on aY'ea in eastern Anatolia is very Y"Ugged one side, and a huge sector of landless and much more isolated than the Pest of peasants, often even serfs, on the other the country, and guerY'illa movements have side. This feudal system, especially in been organizing there for a long time. In eastern Anatolia, is a natural breeding the past they were able to move freely ground for the liberation movements. across the borders to Iran and Iraq and, to a certain extent, presented a military To come back to an issue you raised be- threat to Turkey as a NATO country. Unlike *This difference between the U.S. and Western Euro tries. This strategic partnership appears to go far pean attitudes toward Turkey became even more obvi .beyond the two countries' NATO membership. Comment ous 1n early December 1981: All European Economic ed the� York Times: "Not since the heyday of the Community (EEC) countries suspended aid to Turkey Baghdad Pact nearly a quarter of a century ago has 1n response to General Evren's imprisonment of there been such a public effusion of warmth and un Bulent Ecevit. The EEC is openly critical of derstanding between Washington and Ankara." U.S. Evren's disbanding of all political parties and hJ.s aid to the Turkish junta will be stepped up. Pres failure to set a timetable for elections. Not so ently, Turkey receives some $700 million in U.S. the Reagan administration. On the very day Ecevit military and economic aid for the fiscal year that was imprisoned, Secretary of Defense Caspar Wein beg-.n on October 1, 1981. For the next year, the berger went to Turkey. He announced that the U.S. Generals are requesting $900 million in military and Turkey were setting up a Joint Defense Group to aid alone. improve military cooperation between the two coun- 26 -- CounterSpy -- Feb. - April 1982 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 the rest of the country, the guerrilla movement in Kurdistan is very strong. It Police is a national liberation movement with two basic demands: End the feudal system, and Map� such as this one l�sting special freedom for Kurdistan. So on one side it pol1,,ce telephone numbers for inforrmants is the struggle for social justice, on the to call were published in Turkish news papers after the September 1980 coup. other the struggle for independence or at �=-----4 least self-deterrmination. After the military coup the Kurds began to be oppressed in a way that is almost unimaginable. The military and elite units raided whole villages and tortured every body co Uective ly - men, women and child ren. The military conducted aerial bomb ings of regions where they thought guer rillas might be hiding. Three divisions of the Turkish arrmy were stationed in Kurdi stan. For all practical purposes, Kurdi The Turkish police can proudly pro stan is an occupied country. claim to have one of the highest rates In addition to the occupation and col of solved crimes compared to other coun lective torture, everyone who is arrested tries. The reason for that, however, is or taken in for questioning is tortured. not a sophisticated crime-solving tech Torture is conducted by specially trained nique. An anecdote told in Ankara gives units_- it has become very sophisticated. a hint: Some NATO officers are debating The military also conducts mass trials the best way to hunt bears. Each of them against suspected members of Kurdish orga describes his method, and then the Turk nizations, at times as many as 2,000 peo ish officer says: "If I want to hunt a ple are tried sirrrultaneously by the same bear, I catch a rabbit." Surprise all judge. Naturally, there are no democratic around, • "A rabbit?" "Yes, a rabbit, and rights whatsoever and no effective de then I beat it as long as it takes to fense. make it confess that it is a bear." The number of "indirect death sentences" The basis for policework••. is a gener is also on the rise. That means people are ous reward system for usable tips. Spy ing, especially by conservatives and fas n�t sentenced to death by a judge; they're sunply gunned down in the streets. All cists, leads regularly to mass arrests. these things are hardly known in Western After September 12, the Ankara military Europe and in the United States, but the announced a phone number to be called for only comparison one can make is to the anonymous tips. However, the opposition thwarted that plan when they distributed brutal m�thods of fascist dictatorships in I.a.tin America. handbills listing the same number as one which people could call to get informa The Turkish military is a member of NATO tion about cheap housing. ••• and NATO officers are stationed in Turkey. Since September 12, anyone can be de Has the brutality of the Turkish military tained without charge for 90 days. As a brought about any change in the collabora rule, the imprisoned are held incommuni tion of NATO officers with them? cado, and are completely at the disposal I don't think so. Last fall there were and mercy of the police or military of large NATO maneuvers in eastern Anatolia ficers. Torture and beatings during these d that's a strong symbol for the popul� days, no matter what the allegation is, a:n_ are commonplace. In espionage cases, t1,,on: The� �ee that it is not only the 'l'urhsh m1,,htary that is oppressing them treason, or political crimes, the MIT but it is done with the presence and, at' takes over. The MIT has unlimited powers. People arrested by the MIT are not taken the �ery least, the acquiescence of the fore1,,gn troops in the country. to the police station, they disappear, and their relatives don't know where to. Some people compare Turkey today to The MIT has farms and country houses in Chile; what are the similarities? remote areas which have been transformed Structurally, the two countries are v�ry ------�into prisons and are heavily guarded .. 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similar. One aan say that Turkey is Eu little more moderate than the "Ameriaan rope's Chile in the sense that a military Chile." aoup was used in both countries to push There are no differences between the two through a certain economic model, the mod countries regarding the possibility of a el of Milton Friedman. There are no dif return to democracy. In the nea11 future ferences between the two countries as far there is no chance of that - even if the as that is conaerned, and there a11e only a two countries were to have bourgeois par feu) differenaes regarding the persecution liaments, they would be parliaments con of the opposition. There a11e not the mas trolled by the military. One important sacres we saw in the first weeks after the difference between Chile and Turkey is 1973 coup in Chile.· In that sense one that the latter has a strategic signifi might say that the "European Chile" is a cance that goes far beyond Chile's.
May 1979, pp.3-44, Berch Berberoglu, "Turkey: The Crisis of the Neo-Colonial System," Race and RESOURCESKonrad Ege, "Turkey:, Torture for Class, Winter 1981. NATO," CounterSpy, vol.5, no.3, pp.44- "Turkey: The Generals Take Over," 46. . MERIP Reports, Jan. 1981 (whole issue) • "CIA in Turkey," CounterSpy, vol.5, no.1, p.27. Newsletters on Turkey: Konrad Ege, "U.S. and NATO Bases in Turkey Today, 28-29 Parkfield Street, Turkey," CounterSpy, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. London Nl, England. 22-25. Info-Turk Agency Bulletin, Square Ch. John Kelly, "CIA and Labor in Turkey," Wiser, 13/2, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium. CounterSpy, vol.4, no.2, pp.6-9� News from Turkey, publ. by the Commit Caglar Keyder, "The Political Economy tee for Human Rights and Democracy in of Turkish Democracy," New Left Review, Turkey, GPO Box 2922, New York, NY 11202.
Turkish Kurdistan and NATO by Mehmet Mardinli
The situation of the Kurds may aptly be tioning, between the newly-established compared with that of the Basques in Spain Turkish Republic and Great Britain, oc and France, the Baluchis in Iran and Paki curred in the wake of World War I, and led stan, and, certainly, the Indians of North to revolts in 1925, 1927, and 1936. These and South America. They are all indige two partitionings left Kurdistan divided nous peoples who have been arbitrarily di among what came to be today's Turkey, vided and displaced by the artificial Iran, Iraq and Syria (see map). boundaries of colonialist powers. Yet, The national movement of the Kurdish these peoples have each retained a nation people has brought them into conflict with al identity, language and culture. the governments of each of these coun Invariably, the colonial governments la tries. In Iran, the Kurds have been put bel the national movements of these peo ting up a stiff resistance against the ples as "subversive," "separatist," "com Iraniart Army and Phalangist guards un munist," or - the pet phrase of the Reagan leashed by the clergy in a fight for ba administration - "terrorist." sic political and economic rights. In The Kurdish people have been living in Iraq, since the demise of a fourteen-year the same area for millenia. The first revolt in 1975, nearly 300,000 Kurds have partitioning of their homeland, Kurdistan, was between the Ottoman Turks and the Sa (Mehmet Mardinli is a Kurd from Turkey favid Persians in 1639. A second parti- presently living in the U.S.) 28 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
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been deported to southern Iraq. An equal facilities is in Diyarbakir, the cultural number are refugees in Iran. At present, center of Turkish Kurdistan. It consists the Kurdish armed resistance movement in of a NATO Air Defense Ground Environment Iraq is growing again, this time under Station, a U.S. intelligence facility, and the control of progressive and democratic a U.S. military airbase.3 forces. The Kurds in Syria make up ten Similar U.S. and NATO facilities, as percent of the population, yet their ex well as nuclear missile storage sites, are istence as a distinct people is denied, located in other cities of Kurdistan such and thousands of them have been uprooted as Mardin, Erhac, Malatya and Erzurum.4 In from their land. addition, there are unmanned early-warning The Kurds in Turkey are the most op stations on numerous Kurdish mountains.5 pressed of the four Kurdish populations. From these facilities even the walkie Kurdish language and culture has been talkies of the Soviet Army can be inter banned since the early 1920s. Kurds cannot cepted,6 and the troop movements of the even openly declare that they are Kurds; Syrian, Lebanese and Palestinian armies the Turkish government calls them "Moun can be tracked. tain Turks." Since the military takeover of September --NATO TRAINING --FOR REPRESSION 1980, the repression has reached unbear able proportions. The Generals have im Since the early 1950s, the armed forces prisoned more than 17,000 Kurds.l The of Turkey have been trained by U.S. "ad slightest sign of dissent is punished with visors." More sophisticated training is harsh prison terms. For example, done in the U.S. and Panama. According to Serafettin Elci, a former Minister of Pub Pentagon statistics, 3,527 Turkish offi lic Works, was imprisoned for stating that cers were trained in the U.S. between there are Kurds in Turkey and that he him 1970 and 1979.7 Turkey has received close self is a Kurd.2 to $4 billion in military aid in the last At first glance, it seems that the Kurds two decades.8 After the U.S., West Gernia in Turkey have suffered primarily from the ny is the largest contributor to the Turk colonial policies of the Turkish govern ish armed forces, with German military aid ment. This observation is true but incom averaging $20 million annually since plete, since the U.S. and other NATO coun 1964. 9 tries are also responsible for the repres For the Kurds, the most damaging aspect sion of the Kurds. Turkish Kurdistan is of U.S. training of the Turkish military replete with U.S. and NATO military bases, has been the development of the Gendarmer intelligence facilities, nuclear storage ie, a branch of the armed forces primarily sites, logistics depots and military air deployed to check the border areas (not to ports. The largest conglomeration of such be confused with the police function of the Gendarmerie in other countries, e.g. France). Thanks to the U.S. and NATO, the Gendarmerie is today a force of 120,000 men equipped with helicopters, armored ve hicles, and complex communication systems. Four of its district commands are located in Turkish Kurdistan.10 Gendarmerie forces have raided Kurdish villages and terror ized people again and again. Three infan try brigades are devoted to this specific purpose. Kurds know them as the "Blue Be rets" or "commandos": they were trained by the U.S. Green Berets.1 1 In addition to the armed forces, several types of police and the Counter-Guerrilla (see Jurgen Roth interview in this issue) are deployed in Kurdistan. Political po lice, trained and equipped by West Germany and Britain, specialize in tracking down 12 Deutsche Volkszeitung map and defusing "subversive" movements. The Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 29 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
mob-control police, as the name suggests, ventional war in which the Kurds were no are designed to break up mass demonstra match for the sophisticated weaponry of tions and strikes. Special armored vehi the Iraqi army. Moreover, the CIA "had cl.es with water, paint and rubber bullet long-standing information indicating that spraying devices have been provided by [the Shah] would abandon [the Kurds] the 13 West Germany for that purpose. moment he reached11 an agreement with his The Counter-Guerrilla can easily cross enemy [Iraq]. 15 official national boundaries to attack That moment arrived on March 6, 1975, Kurdish rebels. On February 12, 1980, for when the Shah and Iraqi leader Saddam example, three mobile teams attacked Hussein embraced during the OPEC confer Qamishi, a Kurdish town inside Syrian Kur ence in Algiers. The Shah made a deal with distan, killing fifteen people, three of Hussein to settle the border conflict and them children.14 Mobile team operations ordered the Iranian army to cut the supply are backed up by the infamous Blue Berets lines of the Kurdish fighters. According and the Turkish National Intelligence to Kurdish refugees, the Iranian army ac Agency, MIT, which works closely with the tually started to bomb some of the Kurdish CIA. Most of the MIT's activities are di positions. Barzani was forced to order his rected against the progressive forces guerrillas to pull back from the front in the region. The MIT closely collaborat lines. An Iraqi offensive caught the Kurds ed with SAVAK before the fall of the Shah very badly off guard in one of the coldest of Iran, and with the Mukhabarat, the se months of the year. The human cost of the cret police of Iraq. war was very high. Close to 700,000 people were either displaced, killed, or deported ------THE CIA AND THE KUB.DS to forced settlements guarded by Iraqi soldiers, where many remain to this day. The CIA itself has committed atrocities This is not the first tragedy the U.S. against the Kurdish autonomy movement. As government has set up in the Middle East. will be remembered, Kurds in Iraqi Kurdi The Palestinian revolution received a sim stan waged a guerrilla struggle against ilar blow from the Jordanian-CIA joint op the Ba'ath regime from 1960 to 1975. By eration in September 1970. The liberation the early 1970s, the number of Kurdish war of the Dhofari people in Oman was set fighters reached 100,000. The Shah of back by the massive invasion of the Shah's Iran, involved in a border dispute with troops backed by the U.S. fleet in the Iraq, sought to aid the Kurdish rebels to Indian Ocean. In Pakistan, the Baluchi create trouble for the Ba'ath government. uprising of 1973-77 was put down in a Kurdish rebel leader Mustafa Barzani, a similar manner. feudal chief, lacked confidence in the Nevertheless, things are changing. Shah, but was willing to accept the offer Kurds, Palestinians, Dhofaris and Baluchis if the U.S. could guarantee the future are increasingly questioning the acts and flow of aid. Following a private meeting intentions of the "bast ion of freedom" - between Henry Kissinger and the Shah, U.S. the U.S.A. These days one can hear people aid amounting to $16 million began. De saying: "If America is for freedom, then tails of this operation, carried out by how come it helps these corrupt occupiers the CIA, were released in the Pike Report kill our children?" They know that the to the House of Representatives, which was bullets and the M-16 rifles carried by the reproduced in the February 23, 1976 Vil Blue Berets are made in the U.S.A. The lage Voice, almost a year after Barzani's Voice of America radio distributes chills, movement was defeated. not smiles. From a distance, the land of From the very beginning, "neither the the oppressed seems to lie under snow and Shah nor ••• Dr. Kissinger desired victory" frost. But does not spring follow winter? for the Kurds. "They merely hoped to in sure that the insurgents would be capable FOOTNOTES of sustaining a high level of hostility, just high enough to sap [Iraq's] re 1) Calculated from News from Turkey, no.1-10, 1980- sources." The plan proceeded nicely along 81; Turkei Information, Hamburg, no.1-6; and Cum th,ese lines. The feudal leader obtained huriyet, Oct.1980-Aug.1981._ some out-of-date anti-aircraft guns and 2) New York Times, 3/27/81. 3) CounterSpy, vol.4 no.3, pp.22-25. low-power artillery, and.launched a con- 4) ibid. (cont. on pg. 59) 30 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Libyan Witch-Hunt: The War at Home by Jeff McConnell
On December 18, 1981, Attorney General cans are reluctant to let their presidents William French Smith addressed the Los An go to war, even after massive campaigns geles World Affairs Council on the need to such as the fairly successful one waged by rebuild U.S. intelligence agencies to the Carter administration to create hyste counter the "threat to our government and ria against Iran for fourteen months. How its citizens from hostile intelligence ever, the campaign against "international services and international terrorist terrorism" and the effort to build a "stra groups." Although he concentrated on what tegic consensus " in the Middle East, which he said was the growing number of Soviet both center on Libya, must, if they are to spies in the U.S. he remarked that the succeed, enlist the loyalties of individu most serious threat is international ter al Americans. During the hostage affair, rorism. "As all of you know from press re the Carter administration did this in part ports, the threat is real today. Libya's by manipulating concern over threats to capability of sponsoring an effort to as the safety of the hostages, and in part by sassinate high U.S. government officials mobilizing public anger against Iranians provides a sobering example." living in the U.S. So far, the Reagan ad It was to counter this threat and the ministration has limited itself to the one from the Soviet Union, Smith said, first kind of effort, portraying Reagan as that President Reagan had signed Executive a "hostage" to the threat of Libyan "hit Order 12333, legalizing domestic opera squads" - unable even to leave the White tions by the CIA for the first time, and House to light the Christmas tree. This has supported legislation to increase gov has been a moderately successful effort, ernment secrecy by restricting the Freedom apparently assisted and perhaps orches of Information Act and criminalizing the trated by the CIA and MOSSAD (Israeli in disclosure of the names of CIA agents. The telligence). Now the second kind of effort executive order, Smith said, does not au· may be just around the corner. thorize the surveillance of "purely domes tic dissent groups." But where there is a AN IMPORTANT PRECEDENT: ORCHESTRATING "foreign connection," he went on, "efforts HYSTERIA AGAINST IRANIANS to gather information and affect the ac tivities of domestic dissident groups" can One of the "lessons of Iran" was that proceed without a court order and with on outrageous actions by the U.S. are more ly the authorization of the Attorney Gen acceptable to the American public if they eral. Already, Smith said, he had �ade a can be framed as "humanitarian." Jimmy number of such authorizations.1 Carter learned early on to manipulate con On the very day Smith asserted that cern for the safety of the hostages. What these extraordinary measures were needed ever policies the government had actually to counter the "Libyan threat," CBS corre adopted, the way to sell them to the pub spondent Fred Graham reported that federal lic was to portray them as reactions to investigators had become increasingly some threat menacing the hostages. On each skeptical about the story of their infor of the three occasions that the U.S. in mant concerning the Libyan "hit squads," creased its military presence in the Per because the informant "kept adding to his sian-Arabian Gulf area during this period story."2 lfieanwhile, Philip Taubman of the - late 1979, April 1980, and September New York Times reported that a "senior Ad 1980 - Carter falsely represented the hos- ministra-tion official" had told him that the administration "was trying to exploit" (Jeff McConnell is a political activist the Libyan "hit squad" stories to "lay the living in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is groundwork for imposing sanctions against the author of "Libya: U.S. Propaganda and Libya.113 Covert Operations," published in the last Every war needs an enemy within. Ameri- issue of CounterSp11.) Counterspy -- Feb. - April 198 2 -- 31 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 tages as being in increasing physical dan U.S. government, sources said." 7 Not to be ger. ou�done, the New York Times ran the even At the same time, and for the first time more sensational story the next day that since the 1972 crackdown on Arabs living the money was to help "foment civil in the U.S. and the 1973 oil embargo, the disturbances and recruit imprisoned Ameri U.S. government had a chance to "personal can Muslims as members of terrorist ize" an int�rnational campaign, to involve squads.11 8 the public at large in its costs and exe· Aside from the suspicious timing of cution� On the one hand, the hostages and these articles, and the curious shift of their families were the objects of great blame away from the police and onto the sympathy. On the other hand, Iranians liv injured Iranians, the reports are problem ing in the U.S. were the objects of great atic on other grounds. It is well-known anger. Many were intimidated into silence, that substantial Iranian government money while others were physically and verbally was already in the U.S. to finance legal assaulted. One episode provides an impor efforts to regain the impounded Iranian tant example of how the media and the gov assets, the operations of Iran Times, cul ernment cooperated to exploit this hyste tural activities, and so forth. It is hard ria. On July 27, 1980, during demonstra to see why more money would need to be tions by both pro- and anti-Khomeini brought into the U.S. if the Iranian gov groups in Washington, D.C., 192 Iranians ernment were intent on financing demon of the pro-Khomeini group were arrested. strations here. Moreover, most Iranians in The arrests provoked a chorus of interna the U.S. did not need to be given travel tional indignation. News footage shot by expenses out of such a clandestine fund to local D.C. television stations clearly entice them to take part in demonstra showed police brutality against the demon tions. This is evidenced by the fact that strators.4 Between 35 and 50 Iranians were the anti-Khomeini Marxist Iranian Students hurt badly enough to require hospitaliza Association (ISA) outnumbered the pro tion while only two policemen were slight- Khomeini demonstrators two-to-one during ly injured.5 the July 27 demonstrations, although ISA For several days after the demonstra members clearly did not receive money tions, the press and government officia�s from Khomeini's government. engaged in rather incredible speculation Both the Post and the Times subsequently printed interviews with Iranians in which that the Iranians themselves had conspired 9 to create an international incident by some of these points were made. Still, provoking a confrontation with the police. both papers concealed what was perhaps the One report stated: "The Administration has most contrary piece of evidence - an ex no proof that the Iranian demonstrators plicit denial by State Department spokes were directed from Teheran, but several person David Passage: "We've gone about as far and wide as we can and we have nothing officials said circumstantial evidence 1 suggested that the Iranians were highly to substantiate it. 110 But the damage was disciplined and that their refusal at done. One U.S. Representative asked for first to identify themselves and the deci heariQ.gs to investigate "possible subver sion of some of them to begin a hunger sive actions" by Iranian students,11 And strike seemed to be coordinated.116 the Post editorially parroted its report Then on August 7, just after the Irani ers: "For many Americans - maybe all of us ans had been released, the Washington Post - outrage will be the immediate response claimed to have evidence "beyond any rea to any suggestion of Iranian-directed spy sonable doubt" to back up'the speculation. ing, 'destabilization' and murder. Fine. "Law enforcement investigators," the Post But outrage can hardly be the only re reported, "say at least $5 million ha_s__ sponse•••• What should be done? The answer been funneled into the United States from is diligent, effective counterintelligence Iran to support Iranian Moslem revolu and police work within the framework of tionary protest and propaganda efforts the law. Our sense••• is that at various here•••• The money sent from Iran is part levels the U.S. government has been slow of an effort to export Ayatollah••• to credit the possibility that the ayatol Khomeini's revolutionary Islamic ideology lah may be cranking up something devious to other Moslems, defend Khomeini's regime and nasty inside the United States•••• The and embarrass his critics, such as the resources of government.•• have to be con- 32 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 centrated and focused in particular on the said that they are "fishing." thousands of Iranians ••• who are in this Shadyac suspects that a Libyan task country as aliens, and on certain natural- force has been formed in the federal gov- ized Americans of Iranian origin ••.•11 12 ernment, and that it has been actively monitoring Libyans in the U.S. since early LIBYAN WITCH-HUNT November, long before the December hyste ria over the alleged "hit squads." ABC Recall that the story of the govern News reported on December 4 the existence ment's informant on the Libyan "hit of such a "secret federal task force." sqoads" was that they were trained inside Among the techniques being used by this Libya and would attempt to infiltrate into task force, according to ABC, are mail the U.S. through Canada or Mexico. The day openings, vehicle tracking, physical before it reported the growing skepticism searches, and the use of closed-circuit' toward the informant's story, CBS reported cameras in buildings.17 The New York Post that since no "hit men" had been seen en wrote that this task force is a "rare- tering the U.S. and there in fact was not joint operation of CIA, FBI and Secret 1 even any concrete evidence that they ex Service agents.11 8 The ABC report came the isted, the investigation was changing same day that Reagan signed Executive Or gears on the assumption that Qaddafi might der 12333, which Smith later praised in be considering using persons already liv Los Angeles. Whether the new order was ing in the U.S. Thus, said CBS, the in signed at this time to facilitate particu vestigation was now centering on Qaddafi lar operations of the task force, or to supporters in the U.S., radical Palestin capitalize on the press hysteria over Lib ians, and radical Islamic groups.13 ya, or whether this was all coincidence is Already before this CBS report there not clear. But an interview with H. Stuart were many indications that a "witch-hunt" Knight, retiring director of the Secret might be underway. Sources told the New Service, in which he stated that legal York Post in early December that the "hit limitations on the FBI had reduced "the squad" investigation focused on "radical amount of intelligence we'd like to see elements in the Libyan student community vis-a-vis domestic security," had re here" and claimed that a "well-orchestrat ceived some publicity the week before. ed" plan was being carried out involving U.S. citizens are also targeted by the not just the "hit teams" but "mysterious investigation. "Top federal law-enforce 'support teams' as well.11 14 Similarly, ment officials" told the New York Times the Hartford Courant reported in late No that the "nationwide manhunt" was direct vember that "law enforcement officials ed both at "the potential assassins" and said the [Libyan] agents could count on at "Americans to whom they might turn for substantial assistance from Libyans al assistance." "Intelligence sources" said ready in this country. There is a partic their informant told the U.S. that the ularly large Libyan community in the Dis "hit squads" may "try to recruit Americans trict of Columbia and, during the past to help them." FBI officials stated that week, D.C. police have increased their federal agents had been sent out to find surveillance of suspected [Qaddafi] sup and question "Americans who have past porters in the nation's capital, according links to Libya," including former Green to police sources." [Emphasis added.] 15 (A Berets who have worked for Edwin Wilson high-ranking police officer, though, had and "other military veterans who had work said of a recent similar investigation ed overseas in mercenary operations and were skilled in the handling of weapons that: "I am not going to talk about intel 1 ligence gathering when we're not supposed and explosives.11 9 One report, carried on to do it."16) CBS, stated (rather incredibly) that there Richard Shadyac, a lawyer for Libyan was already evidence that "the potential students in the U.S., claimed that many assassins" had turned to the (now defunct) Libyans have had their phones bugged since Weather Underground for assistance. CBS early November 1981. He also said that credited this information to "congressio many Libyan students are being approached nal sources" citing "intelligence by law enforcement officials for question sources.1120 ing. Asked if he thinks these officials The Reagan administration is now also are after specific information, Shadyac interfering with free movement between the Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 33
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U.S. and Libya in much the same way the the FBI and the INS, have been used to Carter administration did last year with stifle opposition from Arab-Americans to travel into and out of Iran. In an effort U.S. policies in the Middle East.24 to force Americans working for oil compa There has also been speculation that the nies in Libya to return to the U.S., the "hit squad" stories are being exploited to administration invalidated passports for justify the gathering of intelligence travel to Libya. Deputy Secretary of State against Arab groups in the U.S. for use at William Clark, making the announcement, a later time. Military action by the U.S. said there was "an imminent danger to the against Libya, for example, could provoke physical safety of Arnericans, 112 1 echoing strong opposition in the U.S. It would the words �f the Carter administration to not be surprising that American officials, justify its ban on travel to Iran several if they are contemplating military action, weeks prior to the unsuccessful military would want to be well prepared on the home raid into I�an. Despite Clark's words, front, just as Clark's statement that however, many Americans leaving Libya bit Americans are not safe in Libya indicates terly said they felt safer in Libya than a concern for the foreign front.25 in the U.S. Memories linger among Arab-Americans of At the same time, Libyan nationals in the "anti-terrorist" campaign ordered by the U.S. are increasingly having immigra Richard Nixon in late 1972 in the after tion problems, and it has been reported math of the seizure of Israeli athletes at that one of the options actively consid the 19i2 Munich Olympics by a Black Sep ered against Libya during the NSC deliber tember unit and the failed attempt by Is ations on Libya in early December was the raelis and Germans to rescue them by kill ·expulsion of all Libyan nationals from the ing their captors. The Nixon administra U.S. A strong argument against this ac tion established a cabinet-level committee tion reportedly grew out of concern for on terrorism, including the directors of anti-Qaddafi Libyans among them. It is the CIA and the FBI. Nixon also issued an probably true that there is reason to wor execut:Lve order which included five "anti ry about the freedom and safety of some terrorist" measures. The first was "Opera Libyans if they. were forced back to Lib 22 tion Boulder," according to scholar ya. But there is also an awareness that Mohammed Shadid, orderi_ng "the CIA to car these Libyans are a group that the U.S. ry out a security check ori any Arab trav government can work with in overthrowing eling to the United States," leading to Qaddafi. Qaddafi, in fact, recently ac "weeks and months of delay for those seek cused the CIA of recruiting thirty Libyan ing visas." The other four �easures were: students to return home to spy for the 2 "Special postal checks of mail from sus u.s. 3 The CIA has been doing exactly that pect areas, tightening of the anti-hijack with foreign student groups in the U.S. ing program ••• , doubling of the number of since its inception. wiretaps, and a nationwide surveillance Many Arab-Americans are convinced that and. investigation campaign o� politically the "hit squad" stories, like the "big Red active Arabs in general and Palestinians scare" of the 1950s, could "turn into a in particular." witch-hunt - and that it could be directed Describing activities that bear some re against them. From Los Angeles to Detroit semblance to those endured by Iranians af to Washington, Arab-Americans [in mid-De ter November 1979, Shadid wrote: "The FBI cember] were accusing the Reagan Adminis and immigration officials frequently ab tration of cynically creating a climate of used, intimidated and harassed individuals fear that could only increase the isola- investigated•••• During the first two tion felt by many immigrants and Americans months of this investigating campaign," of Middle Eastern descent." One man inter Shadid said, "125 Arab students were de viewed, head of a conununity center in ported, most of them without due process. Michigan, said that the "hit squad" About seventy students were arrested, but stories would cause "real problems" in the they were later released and acquitted of. Arab-American conununity: "It strengthens all charges. nZ6 It remains to be seen if the preconception that all Arabs are ter the present campaign now, or at some fu rorists." Arab-American organizations have ture time, will take on the dimensions of long charged that manipulation of that the domestic campaign against Iranians preconception as well as harassment from throughout 1980. There is concern among �q -- Counterspy -- Feb. - ApriZ 1982
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some Arab-Americans and Arab nationals in now it has been disclosed that "a high an the U.S. that it will. ranking French official" also "brought assassination plan to the Reagan Adminis PLOTS AND COUNTERPLOTS tration last February [1981]." The offi cial is said to have been present at a and There has been great concern inside Lib White House meeting with Richard Allen ya over possible plots by Western powers assistant secretaries of state Nicholas for a number of months. On several occa Veliotes and Chester Crocker. The French sions, the Free Unionist Officers (the official reportedly "proposed that the progressive group in the military that killing be done by a group of Libyan ex overthrew the monarchy in 1969 and brought iles and controlled by the French," and Qaddafi to power) in Libya issued threats asked for a "general expression of admin that Reagan would be killed if the CIA istration support for the venture and as caused Qaddafi's death. It is conceivable sistance in the aftermath of the coup. that the reports presently circulating re Specifically, he wanted the U.S. to give flect preparations by Libya for this con quick diplomatic recognition to tingency. The Free Unionist Officers made [Qaddafi's] successor. He also sought as their first counterthreat just after News surances that the U.S. would be prepared week's report in July 1981 that the CIA's to interdict Libyan harbors and airfields Max Hugel had briefed the Senate Intelli in the event of a move by Moscow to pro gence Committee on a plot to assassinate tect the vast supply of Soviet weapons in Qaddafi. The White House quickly denied the country." The scheme, the official that there was a direct assassination plot explained, would have to await the anti but remained silent about the rest of the cipated re-election of Giscard in May) story - that the CIA planned to destabi "but he suggested that the planning begin. lize Libya and ultimately to overthrow ••• U.S. officials agreed to keep the Qaddafi with the help of Libyan exiles and talks going. The venture came to an abrupt Egypt. A Daily News article of May had halt when Giscard was unexpectedly defeat earlier reported that "senior Administra ed at the polls by••• Mitterrand.1130 tion officials" were saying that the U.S. Mitterrand's inauguration occurred at would "encourage" conservative Arab states about the same time that the alleged plot that feel threatened by Qaddafi, "most ters were arrested in Libya, and French notably Egypt, to take action of their intelligence has since reportedly main own, either through direct invasion or tained a policy toward Libya at odds with sponsorship of a coup. 1127 The Daily� the Mitterrand government. These differ item appeared ten days after the State De ences came to a head in late October when, partment ordered Libyan diplomats out of unknown to Mitterrand, French intelli the U.S. and asked Americans to leave Lib gence, in an effort perhaps to provoke a ya for the first time, and about a week French-Libyan confrontation, fed AFP the before Libya arrested a grou� it claimed false report that Libya was staging a coup was planning a coup. Journalist Claudia in Chad. The report was publicized world Wright later noted that the U.S. secretly wide and caused some of France's 1,700 lent Anwar Sadat an AWACS plane about this troops stationed in the Central African time and speculated that the U.S. might Republic to go on alert.31 have done so in order to watch for possi The recent U.S. "Bright Star" military ble Soviet and Syrian military moves to maneuvers in Egypt have caused consider save Qaddafi from a coup attempt against able alarm in Libya as well. An indication him.28 of the extent of concern was a Voice of During August 1980, French intelligence Arab Homeland broadcast of November 3. It allegedly cooperated with Egypt and the cited information from diplomatic circles CIA in an unsuccessful plot to overthrow that an offensive against Libya, to begin Qaddafi.29 This failure and the upcoming with B-52 raids into Libya, would be French elections supposedly kept former mounted at the same time as the Bright French President Giscard from opposing St ar maneuvers. The plan was said to be Libya militarily when it aided the govern aimed at Qaddafi, targeting "all the nent of Chad in late 1980. Giscard report places where the leader of the revolution �dly ordered a batter, of sanctions is believed to be. 1132 More credible and �gainst Libya after the assistance; and more frightening is a recent Washington Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 35 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
Post report that Reagan has given Egypt However, the report was denied by a Secret assurances that the U.S. would block Sovi Service spokesperson.42 On October 19, et involvement if Egypt should attack Lib Newsweek reported that after the Gulf of ya.33 The Soviet Union in the meantime is Sidra incident, "U.S. intelligence••• planning maneuvers off Libya to practice picked up evidence that [Qaddafi] had protecting Libya from external attack.34 hatched yet another assassination plot - Even Washington's denials have a disturb this time against President Reagan.1143 ing sound to them. One report is that al This "plot" was perhaps the one reported though officials assert that it would be by Jack Anderson on October 13. He alleged illegal for the U.S. directly to assassi that in a telephone conversation between nate Qaddafi, they "openly admit that they Qaddafi and Ethiopian leader Mengistu, would be delighted if someone else killed purportedly intercepted by the U.S. Na [him] - and at least one Administration tional Security Agency (NSA) the weekend insider has been in direct contact with following the Gulf of Sidra incident, Libyan exiles in Western Europe who are "Qaddafi vowed that he would go ahead with determined to oust" him.35 There is evi dence of other contacts as well, and Haig has called Qaddafi "a cancer that has to be removed. 1136
ALLEGATIONS ABOUT LIBYAN PLOTS AGAINST U.S. OFFICIALS
Since Sadat's assassination on October 6, there has been an intensive U.S. effort to pin assassinations and assassination attempts on Qaddafi. The morning after Sadat was killed, Henry Kissinger said that "if Libya had been taken care of two years ago, last year, this year Sadat would probably be alive today.1117 General plans to have Reagan assassinated." Haig told a closed briefing that the (Anderson said he had been given the promptness and intensity of reaction by translation by the NSA,44 but he did not Radio Tripoli after Sadat was shot indi explain under what conditions he got it.) cated that Libya at least had advance In its report, Newsweek stated further 1 warning.38 (One report even claimed that that Maxwell Rabb, U.S. Ambassador to Ita Hosni Mubarak three days before had ly, was also the target of a Libyan plot - "warned the White House of what he feared "a plot that was aborted when Italian po was a Libyan-financed, Soviet-backed plot" lice deported ten suspected Libyan hit against Sadat.39) Along with increased men.1145 Nearly two weeks later, the New military readiness for U.S. forces in the York Times reported that Rabb was hastily region, it was announced that Reagan had flown out of Italy October 21 after the responded immediately with "heavier secu discovery of•� Libyan plot to assassinate rity ••• on U.S. diplomats in the re-- him," according to "a diplomatic source" gion. 1140 (presumably in Washington). The plot al Despite extensive efforts, the U.S. legedly emerged while Rabb was visiting could find no Libyan link to the assassi Milan; "a heavy cordon of police protec nation. Eg�pt, too, later exonerated •�ut tion" was promptly thrown around him, and side powers." On October 9, however, in he was "put on an early flight to Washing the midst of the tensions on Egypt's bor ton.•.• The source said that about ten ders after Sadat's death and the propagan people, including some top Libyan intelli da campaign against Libya, NBC reported gence officers, were implicated in the plot and that several had been expelled that the FBI and Secret Service were in 11 46 vestigating the possibility that "hit from Italy as a result. squads," trained and manned by ex-Green On October 26, however, the Washington Berets and hired by Libya, were plotting Post reported that Rabb had had lunch with to kill Reagan, and that for that reason Senator Larry Pressler in Washington on Reagan did not attend Sadat's funerai.41 October 15, and had been there at least 36 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 since that time. State Department sources and of Middle Eastern origin," and went reportedly "confirmed" they had reports of on: "We have no other information, exceot a threat against Rabb, but said "the prin to underline once again that we do have ciple reasons for his return were a combi repeated reports that come to us from re nation of personal business and use of his liable sources that Mr. Qaddafi has been assistance in lobbying" for approval of funding, sponsoring, training, harboring the AWACS sale. These Department sources terrorist groups who conduct activities said the "Newsweek report was the object against the lives and well-being of Ameri of extensive attention in the Italian can diplomats.11 52 press" and believed that this was the ba As with the Rabb story, the details of sis of the rumors. They did say, however, this episode are contradictory. Chapman that the rumors "were being pursued" by claims that he saw the man approach as he Italian authorities and that Rabb's trip left his home. He heard shots, ran to the home "was arranged partly as a precaution back of his car and ducked down. Investi ary measure.1147 But Newsweek earlier had gators later found that three bullets had reported that a number of Libyans had al entered the rear end of the car. The Post ready been deported, and in another arti report stated that "the gunman appeared to cle, that the plotters had been "inter have drawn his weapon and started firing cepted" in September. 48 before he got close enough to be sure of A careful analysis of the reporting on hitting his target••.. The gunman's action the threat against Rabb shows - in addi seemed to suggest a lack of professional tion to numerous contradictions - that all ism or training•..• 1153 Richard Eder of the articles on the issue, even those in the New York Times was even more skepti the Italian press, only repeated News cal:"The fact that the assailant was week's original story, adding very little alone, was armed only with a pistol, began new information.49 Later recapitulations firing at perhaps 30 to 40 feet away and of this story during the period of media had no escape vehicle" - witnesses, in hysteria about "hit squads" in the U.S. fact, say he "walked off" - led to "sug continued to be mutually inconsistent on gestions that someth-i.ng less than an orga the crucial points: wh�n Rabb returned to nized assassination attempt might have the U.S.; when and if any.Libyan plotters been involved. 11 54 were picked up or deported from Italy; the The French Foreign Ministry said that order of these events; and the strength of Chapman had "informed the government of a the evidence that there was a plot against threat against U.S. diplomats in Paris." Rabb. SO Moreover, as of December 22, the His fears allegedly grew from "U.S. intel State Department still declined to confirm ligence reports that Libyan agents were that there actually had been a Libyan plot planning attacks on American diplomats" in against Rabb. An official stated that so Europe to avenge the Gulf of Sidra inci far as the Department was concerned the dent. The credibility of Chapman's report, reports about the plot were "just rumors." however, was somewhat undermined by his A week after the October 25 Times arti failure to take up the police protection cle, a new "threat" report surfaced. "U.S. offered him; protection the former U.S. 55 intelligence," said Newsweek 1 believes that ambassador had had until his departure. [Qaddafi] is planning terrorist attacks on The day after the Chapman episode, one four American embassies in Western Europe network reported that customs agents had •••• [Qaddafi] wants to avenge the Gulf of 1:ieen alerted to watch for Libyan "hit men" Sidra incident, say senior Washington of trying to en½er the u.s.56 Just over a ficials, and they claim to have 'credible week later, Newsweek reiterated the Octo evidence' that his new targets are not in ber 9 NBC report about a threat to Reagan dividual ambassadors but the American dip with slightly different details. 57 When lomatic compounds in London, Paris, Vienna the report surfaced on ABc58 and in the and Rome. 11 51 Then, on November 12, a gun Hartford Courant59 several days later, a man reportedly fired six or seven shots in period of hysteria started that has led to the vicinity of charge d'affaires the present U.S. campaign against Libya. A Christian Chapman as he was leaving his number of assassins trained in Libya - home in Paris. Alexander Haig reported variously reported as from five to around that he had been told that the gunman was fifteen - were said to be either inside "a young man in his early 30s, bearded the U.S. or waiting in Canada, Switzerland Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 37 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
information that "we don't know where it came from first - the FBI or the CIA.1162 But it appears that most of the substan tive leaks originated with intelligence officials. The October 9 report on NBC was not attributed, but the Newsweek article several days later said that "U.S. intel ligence" had picked up a plot against Reagan; Jack Anderson stated specifically that his information came from the NSA. It was "Washington officials" who talked about the Rabb affair to Newsweek. "State Department sources" on October 25 con firmed reports of a threat to Rabb but re fused comment on Libyan involvement; only in mid-November did a "U.S. embassy offi cial" in Rome allege "evidence" of Libyan involvement,63 and only in early December did "senior intelligence officials" claim it true without caveat.64 or Mexico to enter the U.S. Their object The campaign against U.S. embassies re was to kill Reagan or, if not him, other ported in Newsweek in early November was a important members of the administration. "belief" of "U.S. intelligence" and was The information was said to come from an described by "senior Administration offi- I informant who had heard Qaddafi give the cials." Haig himself insinuated Libya's order to kill the officials and later "de involvement in the attack on Chapman. Ten fected" to authorities outside the U.S. - days later, Newsweek reported "intelli the informant that the FBI has reportedly gence officials" confident that Qaddafi come to doubt. Soon, names and composite was behind the attack. Moreover, it was at photos of the alleged assassins were post this time that "U.S. intelligence sources" ed at ports of entry into the U.S. and also were responsible for reviving talk President Reagan was saying, ''We have the about a plot against Reagan for Newsweek, evidence ••••" and "senior American officials" added Bush, Weinberger and Haig to the hit list. MOSSAD PROPAGANDA AND OTHER LEAKS There appears also to be a MOSSAD (Is raeli intelligence) connection to the re There is much speculation that the leaks ports. The Los Angeles Times wrote on De about "hit squads" have been orchestrated cember 12 that MOSSAD was the major source by the government, as if, in the words of of several "dramatic" reports about the Washington Post columnist Haynes Johnson, "hit squads.11 65 On December 8, the New "public opinion were being prepared for York Daily News reported that the ominous dramatic action - say a strike against Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, known as "Carlos" Libya or Qaddafi.11 60 White House communi was leading one of the "hit squads." On cations director David Gergen, responding December 9, CBS reported that the "hit to Haynes Johnson and others, stated that squads" were waiting in Mexico, and the he found it "astonishing that people think Los Angeles Times said that "one investi we somehow would go through this exercise gative source identified the Israelis as unless we took it seriously•••• " He added: the distributor of the Carlos story." The "The White House has made it very clear to Los Angeles Times also reported that Isra the various departments that the president el was cited as the source for reports condemns these leaks.11 61 It was not clear about the "hi.t squads" being in Mexiao. 66 whether this was a signal for some orches Earlier, it had written that a "government trated campaign to cease (perhaps it was. source" had called the CBS report "whole 11 67 becoming counterproductive) or whether the cloth. Soc;>n an INS message to Mexican leaks were actually outside the control of border agents warning of Carlos' possible the While House. presence and of the possibility that the One "senior White House aide" told the "hit squads" might be illegally smuggled\ 12!, Angeles Times concerning the leaked into the U.S. became widely publicized. 38 -- CounterSpy -- Feb. - April 1982 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
never returned from Libya after a set-to About this time, Uri Dan reported from Je 1 rusalem that MOSSAD agents said that for with [Qaddafi]. 1 70 On December 7, in the mer CIA officers Wilson and Terpil had midst of the hysteria over the Libyan "hit trained the "hit squads and that Qaddafi squads," three men who claimed to be mem had recruited them because of their knowl bers of the Amal Movement, a Shi'a group, edge of Western security procedures.68 The hijacked a Boeing 72 7 en route to Tripoli Los Angeles Times was told by an "informed from Zurich, demanding an investigation source" that Israel has "wanted an excuse into the disappearance of Mousa Sadr. The to go in and bash Libya for a long time," timing of the hijacking and a denial by and other sources said that Israel "might Nabih Birri, leader of the Amal Movement, be trying to build public support in the that it was involved71 along with the United States for a strike" against Libya. Anderson report, at least make for an in The llartford Courant's U.S. "intelli teresting coincidence. Libya denounced the gence sources" also leaked rather sensa hijacking as a terrorist act of the CIA. tional stories. They said that all U.S. Canadian border agents had been alerted, THE CREDIBILITY OF THE "HIT SQUAD" STORY that Qaddafi was responsible for plots in Rome and Paris, and that the American plot The sources of the reports; the incon was aimed at Reagan, Bush, Haig and sistencies among them; and the increasing Weinberger. A "ranking intelligence expert doubts about them among federal investiga with a background in terrorist tactics" tors; all of these undermine the credibil said: "This would not be a lone gunman ity of the "hit squad" stories. There are style assault, the kind we're used to also pieces of counterevidence, although [sic] in this country. We're talking these are not always made available to the about an all-out attack by people who U.S. public. On December 4, for example, a don't care if they get away." A "high UPI story from Beirut quoted "Lebanese se ranking CIA official directly involved curity forces" reporting that U.S. envoy with intelligence on international terror Philip Habib was being stalked by "hit ism" said: "There is a very strong feeling squads." The report was printed throughout that [Qaddafi] would like to strike be the u.s.72 What was not reported, however, fore the end of the year, during the holi was the denial of the report by Lebanese days. In his mind, assassinating a U.S. Prime Minister Shafiq al-Wazzan, in his leader during the Thanksgiving-Christmas capacity as interior ministe�.73 Similar season would give it maximum impact." Two allegations of Libyan plots in Turkey74 "ranking intelligence officials" said and Greece75 cannot be confirmed. there was already "substa,ntial" evidence As for the stories about the '�it that "up to six Libyans" had entered the squads" allegedly stalking Reagan, there U.S. One of these officials said: ''We're have been reasons for skepticism from the fairly certain that [the assassins] are very beginning. Many FBI agents assigned here, but we haven't been able to pick up to the case were skeptical even early on 1 their trail. 1169 The New York Times, how about the "hit squads, 176 and customs of ever, claimed a week later that officials ficers at many border crossings treat�d were still skeptically debriefing their the matter in a very low-key fashion.77 informant. Canadian Immigration Minister Lloyd It is unclear how much mere publicity Axworthy said that in late November, at there is here and how much outright disin the time when the U.S. press was reporting formation. In September, Jack Anderson re increased vigilance along the U.S.-Canadi- ported that the CIA was preparing a cam an border, 78 he had not received any paign to discredit Qaddafi through disin notification of concern from the U.S. gov formation. Anderson also reported a plan ernment. 79 that sounded rather unlikely at the time The Washington Post wrote on December 7, but sounds less so in light of subsequent 1981 that there were even doubts "within events: "The agency has even considered the global U.S. intelligence and security arranging the disappearance of a moderate network: "some analysts" doubt that Moslem leader after a visit to Libya. This Qaddafi "would put his name to an assassi could revive the outrage against Qaddafi nation plan which, whether [successful or in the Moslem world that followed the dis not], could lead to an incendiary after appearance of a holy man, Mousa Sadr. He math." If such an assassination plan "ac- CounterSpy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 39 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
tually were in effect, it likely would be On the home front, intelligence gather a most closely guarded secret, and the ing on Libyans and others in the U.S. con ability of an informant to obtain the kind tinues. Executive Order 12333, unleashing of detailed information on each squad mein the CIA domestically, was signed with very ber, as is now circulating, is viewed as little public reaction. And the spectre of highly unlikely." Some specialists believe terrorism in the U.S. has been created. In th� reported ten-man squad is too large the long run, it could be this spectre and doubt that the team members were that most benefits Reagan administration trained in Eastern Europe because of the plans. The terrorism threat can be mani "volatility of the mission and the feeling pulated in a variety of ways to intensify that no nation in Eastern Europe would repression at home and militarism abroad. take a chance on being associated with Only by fighting the administration's it." plans on both fronts can this spectre be A.P. destroyed. FOOT}TOTES
1) � � !!:!!!!!. (NYT), 12/19/81, p.A-32, 2) CBS Evening News, 12/18/81. 3) NYT, 12/18/81, p.B-7. 4) Washi ton Post (WP), 7/30/80, p,B-1 • � ._ ':- - 5) �. 728/80, p.A-1; and � Stemming from I:canian ::·-::: Students Demonstrations in Washington, .!?.!£:_, July 27- ;.�.� August 81 1980, Coalition for U.S.-Iran Understanding, _--:}.{:': Minneapolis. ::::� 6) NYT, 8/7/80, p.A-3 • . . - .,, ,:'-., ·>:'::·. 7) WP, 8/7/80, p.A-1. �-:-; '� ... ��- ;:.,,:;.;·.:: - j:?.::i?-f"?-��, .,i:;'."'·, •_-._. 8) NYT, 8/8/80, p.A-1. '"•,;,;�. ,,' 1:ti.�;':-;:- 9) .!!!:_, 8/10/80, p.A-18; fil , 8/10/80, p.A-16. ·--- i, -�% � ·" 10) -- ,. Los Angeles Times (LAT), 8/8/80, p.8. 11) NYT, 8/10/80, p.E-3. 12) WP, 8/10/80, p.C-6 13) CBS Evening News, 12/17/81, --THE SPECTRE --OF TERRORISM 14) New York Post, 12/5/81, p.2. 15) &rtford Courant, 11/27/81, p.l. 16) WP, 7/27/80, p.!-1. The attempt by the administration to 17) World News Tonight (ABC), 12/4/81, bring the campaign against Libya home to 18) cf supr4, #14. Americans has not been a huge success as 19) NYT, 12/4/81, pp,A-1, A-27. 20) CBS Evening News, 12/9/81. ------Boston Globe (BG),- 12/10/ of late December 1981. Skepticism grows 81, p,18. and the "hit squads" remain as elusive as 21) NYT, 12/11/81, p.A-12, ever. Still, the Reagan administration has 22) Chicago Tribune (CT), 12/10/81, p.4; 12/13/81, p,13. 23) Boston Herald American, 12/7/81, p.3 obviously exploited the public hue and cry 24) Phiiade�Inguirer (PI), 12/13/81, pp,A-1, A-19, to take certain actions against Libya and 25) Similar concerns were registered in the planning be its opponents here at home. "One senior fore the August 1981 Gulf of Sidra maneuvers; -WP, 8/20/ 81, p.A-16. White House aide" admitted to Time tha.t 26) M. Shadid, � � � � the Palestinians, the publicity led the government to "speed New York, 1981, pp.124-125. up" its deliberations about sanctions 27) New York Daily News, 5/17/81, p.2. SO 28) The Middle East, September 1981, p,16. against Libya. It is generally believed 29) The Middle East, August 1981, pp.34-36. that economic sanctions will follow the 30) Time, 11/23/81, p.51, withdrawal of Americans .from Libya. Month 31) !!_ Days, 12/5/81, pp.18-19; .!:!, Monde, 11/18/81, p.36; Economist, 9/19/81, p.44. ly U.S. oil purchases from Libya were 32) Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), 11/4/ halved from April to August, contributing 81, p.Q-1. to the havoc threatening the Libyan econo 33) WP, 11/8/81, pp.A-1, A-4. 34) San Francisco Examiner (SFE), 12/10/81, p.10. my; the hope is that this disruption can 35) Newsweek, 11/30/81, p.51. be increased. The possibility of freezing 36) New Statesman, 8/28/81, p.11. 37) Good Morning America (ABC), 10/7/81; -BG, 10/7/81, p.l, Libyan assets in the U.S. has been ex �)�id. plored, but Libya, it was discovered, 39) Boston Herald American, 10/7/81, p.4. keeps little money in U.S. banks.Bl Fur 40) NewYorkPo°st, 10/7/81, p.3. ther military pressures are also under 41) mcMigaziiie." 10/9/81. 42) i3G;° 10/10/81, p.12. ,consideration. More maneuvers off the Gulf 43) Newsweek, 10/19/81, p.43. of Sidra are likely for early 1982, per 44) WP, 10/13/81, p.D-17. haps as soon as February .82 45) cf supra. 1143. 40 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 Appmve_g_F9r Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
46) NYT, 10/25/81, p.A-1. 65) LAT, 12/12/81, p.l 47) WP, 10/26/81, p.A-5 66) ibid. 48) cf supra, #43; and cf supra, #35. 67) cf supra, #62. 49) Corriere della Sera, 10/12/81, p.l; 10/13/81, p.l. 68) New York Post, 12/10/81, p.l. 50) cf supra 1115; 1119; #30. 69) cfsupra, 1115. 51) Newsweek, 11/19/81, p.29. 70) WP, 9/22/81, p.!-17. 52) NYT, 11/13/81, p.3. 71) see FBIS, 12/9/81, p.G-1. 53) WP, 11/13/81. 72) BG, 12/5/81, p.l. 54) cf supra, 1152. 73) see FBIS, 12/7/81, p.G-1. 55) cf supra, #53. 74) LAT, 12/6/81, p.l. 56) PI, 12/13/81. 75) Time, 12/21/81, p.18. 57) cf supra, #35, 76) �upra, #24; NYT, 12/8/81, p.A-7. 58) World News Tonight (ABC), 11/26/81; UPI dispatch, 77) Burlington Free Press, 11/28/81, p.lA, 2A. Portland Herald, 11/27/81, p.l. 78) Dallas Morning Herald, 11/28/81, p.A-1. 59) cf supra, 1115. 79) The Gazette (Montreal), 11/28/81, p.l; -,--Globe and - 60) WP, 12/8/81, p.A-15. Mail(Torouto) 11/28/81, p.1. 61) WP, 12/9/81, p.A-6. 80) cf supra, 075. 62) LAT, 12/10/81, p.l. 81) cf supra, #22. 63) cfsupra, #30. 82) Chicago Tribune, 12/13/81, p.l. 64) cf supra, #19.
Book Review Inside BOSS
Gordon Winter, Inside BOSS: South Afri is why he left and wrote Inside BOSS. But ca's Secret Police, Penguin Books, Har why didn't he leave earlier? Some aspects of these questions may re mondsworth, Middlesex, England (or 2801 John St., Markham, Ont., Canada), 1981, main unanswered. To his credit, however, 640 pages, index; �3.95 (England); $8.95 Inside BOSS: South Africa's Secret Police (Canada). does not spare Winter (unlike books and articles by some former U.S. government and intelligence officials who wrote "If only a quarter of the facts aUeged in about their careers). He takes personal this book are shoum. to be true a most responsibility for monstrous actions, for grave state of affairs is revealed." betrayals, and for his spying on hun Former British Prime Minister dreds of opponents of the apartheid regime Harold Wilson, The Sunday Times, which led to their arrests, torture, and London, June 7, 1981 in some cases deaths. Winter does not gloss over his atrocities. Clearly, Inside "They say once you have dined with the BOSS is not a self-serving book. It gives devil it-is difficult to leave the ban astounding insights into the workings of quet. My answer to that is that it's not South African intelligence: its methods, hard when the people at the table start to its infiltration techniques, its successes make you vomit. That is how I feel about and failures. Winter also describes BOSS's South Africa." With these words, Gordon close collaboration with the CIA in spite Winter begins the story of his servic� of some tactical differences. For these with South African intelligence from 1963 reasons, Inside BOSS should be read by op to 1979. From the very beginning, he an ponents of apartheid and other progressive guishes over important questions: Why.did activists. The BOSS described in Winter's he defect from BOSS (Bureau of State Secu book is vicious and frighteningly re rity) at the height of his spying career? sourceful, but not invincible, as evi Why should we believe him now after a life denced by Winter's defection itself. of crime, betrayal, lies and spying? Gordon Winter, a British citizen, went Winter answers that he was disgusted with to South Africa in January 1960 after a himself, his work, and with the South Af short career as a petty thief (in 1955 he rican apartheid regime. This, he states, was sentenced to 22 months in prison) and Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 41
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arms smuggler. As he tells it, he wanted out his career which were intended to to start a new life and became a crime counter anti-apartheid articles, to reporter for the anti-apartheid Johannes praise foreign supporters of South Africa, burg Sunday Express. Winter's opportunism to create mistrust among opponents of the ("All I really care about is making top regime, or to take the heat off the South contacts in government that I can get good African government when it found itself stories.... ") was clear from the means he attacked by the media. used to make inroads into South Africa's (Even though Winter wrote these propa Justice Department. He informed on a young ganda stories carefully to avoid tarnish couple - he Black, she White. The fact ing his liberal image, his dual role pre that they were in love constituted a crime vented him from carrying out his spy as in racist South Africa. The two were ar signment to the fullest. For example, dur rested, but both managed to jump bail. To ing his stay in London he refused to in cover up his role in the arrests, Winter filtrate the South African Communist Party put out the story that his own woman (SACP) there. "The SACP is the oldest and friend had informed on the two. He then most important Communist Party in the wrote a sympathetic story about their es whole of Africa. •.. They were far too cape to enhance his liberal credentials. disciplined and security conscious for me. His betrayal of that couple, Winter • •. I accidentally discovered that the writes, "certainly helped to convince se SACP subscri1bed to all major newspapers in nior police officers that I was a valuable South Africa and madP a careful analysis informer who was 'well in' with Blacks and of every political story in them. Clearly, liberals. That is how I first made' top then, they would have noticed some of the level contacts at Police Headquarters in cunnfogly angled stories I had written for Pretoria - which started me on the path John Vorster and H.J. van den Bergh and towards becoming a full time spy for South drawn their own conclusions.") African intelligence." Winter also managed Winter writes that RI was a great suc to build up a close relationship with then cess. At first, RI hired only White jour Minister of Justice John Vorster: the Min nalists since van den Bergh considered all ister gave Winter valuable tips, and in Blacks to be "very unreliable and mostly exchange the Sunday Express, usually crit inveterate liars." Out of necessity, how ical of the government, built up Vorster ever, RI was soon forced to hire Blacks as as a competent man. Winter was hired by well. It was Winter's special assignment South Africa's Security Police in 1963 af to "vet Blacks who were being considered ter he informed Vorster about explosives for recruitment." The method was simple. A belonging to the African National Congress uniformed Security Police officer would (ANC). Vorster was so excited about the approach the person to be recruited and information that he told Winter he had to ask him or her to become a spy. Often the meet the "Tall Man" - Hendrik J. van den officer would give the recruitee a few Bergh, the head of the Security Police. days to think about it. Here is where In June 1963, van den Bergh was prepar Winter says he came in: "Off I would go ing to create a top secret special intel and interview the man under the pretext ligence force, Republican Intelligence that I was a journalist compiling a big (RI). Its specific aim, according to story which would expose the fact that the Winter, was to enlist journalists as se Security Police were trying to recruit cret agents. Preferably, these journalists Black spies and informers. Explaining that were to have liberal credentials. They the editor of my anti-apartheid newspaper would write anti-apartheid articles to was full of indignation about this, I build their credibility and to obtain ac would ask the man if he knew any Blacks cess to progressive movements. Van den who had been approached and asked to spy. Bergh and Winter agreed, though, that I would .•• promise that his name would not Winter was to have a slightly different be published in the paper." \ cover - becoming known as a liberal but at If the person did not tell Winter that the same time keeping his reputation as an they had just been approached by Security opportunist ready to use Vorster's tips. Police, he or she was considered trustwor This van den Bergh plan allowed Winter to thy. If the re�ruitee informed Winter be used as a propagandist. Indeed, Winter about the recruitment effort by the uni did occasional propaganda stories through- formed Security Police officer, the person 42 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 would be dropped or, in many cases, van and three men attempted to strangle her. den Bergh would switch tactics, as in the Eventually, Winnie Mandela was exiled to case of Richard Triegaardt. the town of Brandfort, which is a five Triegaardt told Winter that the Security mile drive from Johannesburg, to live in a Police was trying to recruit him. Winter small concrete house without water or informed van den Bergh, and soon after electricity. wards, Triegaardt was served with a 24- Winter describes all these events in a hour house arrest order. Another person cold tone - what he did, what van den van den Bergh tried to recruit was William Bergh did, and what happened to people on Letlalo, an old ANC activist who lived in whom he spied. As Winter writes it, he was a tiny house in Soweto. Letlalo's only never committed to the cause of the South comment was: "They must be mad." He told African regime. Eis motivations appear to Winter, and in return was placed under have been opportunism and ambition. No house arrest; after eight years of living thing could stop him, even what he calls in such a confined area he lost the abili "friendship" between himself and his tar ty to use his legs. gets. He says he "liked" Winnie Mandela, Between 1963 and 1966, Winter checked out about 30 such Black recruitees. To maintain his liberal credentials, he aided families of persons who had been arrested (sometimes after he had informed on them); helped one young Black man escape from South Africa (with van den Bergh's aid); and wrote anti-apartheid articles. By leading this double life, Winter developed his usefulness as a spy and retained the trust of anti-apartheid activists, includ ing even Winnie Mandela. Mandela's husband - ANC leader Nelson Mandela - is serving life plus five years on Robben Island, one of South Africa's most notorious prisons. In fact, Winter writes, he got so close to Winnie Mandela that he was able to gather information that led to show trials or in another instance writes: "I •.• against her and some twenty others in May found out that Peter Magubane, one of 1969 and then again in August 1970. All of South Africa's famous Black photographers, the defendants were seriously tortured; was helping [Mandela] in her secret anti two of them, Caleb Mayekiso and Michael apartheid activities. I knew Peter quite Shivute, died under torture. One of Winnie well and liked him. But that didn't stop Mandela's associates, Paulus Mashaba, me b�traying him to Pretoria. He spent a cracked under torture and signed a state total of 586 days in detention, much of it ment incriminating her. Despite this ''con in solitary confinement." fession," all of the accused had to be ac Eventually, to preserve Winter's cover quitted in both trials. Mashaba subse as a liberal, van den Bergh arranged his quently had a complete nervous breakdown imprisonment (Winter had gotten into a as an aftereffect of torture, and has sticky situation anyway when his gun was since been unable to speak coherently. used in a murder) and subsequent deporta Shortly afterwards, however, the govern tion to England in 1966. His cover there ment placed most of the acquitted under was that of a "freelance journalist spe house arrest or banning orders. In addi cializing in South African affairs" and tion, van den Bergh unleashed the dirty "Black affairs in Britain." His intelli tricks department against Mandela. A rumor gence contact was Piet Schoeman, "who was planted that she was an agent since posed as a First Secretary [in the Embas she had gotten off twice, Security Police sy] but in fact was the head of South Af visited her employer, and BOSS launched rica's intelligence network in Britain." terror attacks against her. A petrol bomb Another contact was Charlotte Hamilton who was thrown into her apartment, "someone" was officially listed as Schoeman's secre broke into her home, her car was stolen, tary. Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 43
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(Inside BOSS gives the names of several atives to Pretoria." He also spied on other South African intelligence officers journalists who were about to travel to hiding under diplomatic cover: J. Fourie South Africa and informed van den Bergh (in London in 1976), A.H. "Alf" Bouwer, about their politics. A number of them one of Winter's superiors in London (today were then barred from entering South Afri he is the head of BOSS in the Transkei), ca. Marie Joubert (now married, Moshoff), One of the organizations Winter was in Brian Campbell, Vlok Delport (worked structed not to spy on was Amnesty Inter closely with BOSS as Chief Information Of national (AI). Van den Bergh told him that ficer at the South African Embassy in Lon BOSS's "American friends know most of Am don), Chris van der Walt, "a BOSS propa nesty's secrets .•.. If you think about it, gandist based at the South African Embassy the CIA would be stupid if they didn't [in London] as its press attache," and take advantage of an organization like Am Carl Noffke, BOSS "resident propaganda man nesty." Through van den Bergh, Winter reg in Washington under cover of being an in ularly received information on AI that the formation counsellor at the ••• Embassy CIA was sharing with BOSS. Some of it in there in 1978.") cluded "photocopies of documents which had While in London, among other things, clearly been taken from Amnesty's files in Winter became a regular contributor to Fo London." rum World Features (FWF), a CIA front BOSS was not officially founded until headed by Cecil Eprile. Winter is certain May 1969. However, Winter writes, from the that Eprile knew he was a South African beginning it was "just the old Republican agent. FWF's chairperson was Brian Crozier Intelligence network given a new name and who, Winter was told by van den Bergh, legalized by parliament." For Winter and "was a member of British intelligence." the other RI agents, the creation of BOSS Winter's description of FWF is interest didn't change much of their work. As in ing. "A lot of nonsense was published his "journalistic" career in South Africa, about Forum World-Features" when it was Winter quickly got to know many anti uncovered as a CIA front in 1975. "One fa apartheid activists and South African ex mous newspaper claimed that it had been iles in London. He sent hundreds of re set up solely to place 'rightwing propa ports to van den Bergh. One of the move ganda' all over the world. Nothing could ments he reported on was the "Stop the be further from the truth. Such activity Seventy Tour" (STST), an organization set would have immediately raised suspicion up to stop South Africa's Springboks rugby from the left and Forum's credibility team from playing in England. It was led would have dropped to zero. On the con by Peter Hain, a member of Britain's Young trary, Forum had sense enough to recruit Liberal Movement, and, as Winter describes dozens of well-known left-wingers ..• as it, it was a "phenomenal success'' in spite regular specialist writers, who gave Forum of a disinformation campaign well orches a balanced image." According to Winter, trated by BOSS. Winter, who emphasizes the the CIA used FWF once in a while for anti tremendous importance White South Africans Soviet propaganda, or for "articles de give to events like the Springboks tour, signed to test the attitudes and reactions went to all the rugby games to take pic of governments in various parts of the tures of the demonstrators. To cover up world." Primarily, FWF was formed "to act his own work, Winter told British newspa as an information-gathering network for pers that British intelligence was taking the CIA and act as a conduit which laun pictures, thus creating a national outcry dered money paid to the CIA's journalist against these police state measures. spies•••• Forum was also useful when the Winter drafted a 60-page report on STST CIA needed to get its top operatives to and Peter Hain for BOSS. Partly due to political hot-spots in a hurry with a tem Winter's efforts, Hain was brought to porary cover." trial in Britain for organizing a disrup Winter's task in London was to infil tion of the Springboks games, but was ac trate the anti-apartheid movement and try quitted. Later on, BOSS managed to have to find information embarrassing to South him arrested on a framed-up bank robbery Africa's opponents. "While in London from charge. According to Winter, South African 1966 to February 1974 I attended every ma intelligence also used rightwing Britons jor demo and submitted at least 4,000 neg- in their propaganda work, including MPs 44 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
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Enoch Powell, Harold Soref, John Biggs says he started ·to become aware of the Davidson, and Patrick Wall, and secretly living conditions of Blacks. It was a de funded pro-South Africa groups such as vastating experience. Winter's relation the Anti-Communist Movement and the Chris ship with BOSS came to an end when the tian League of Southern Africa. daughter of his maid was arrested. Winter Winter's biggest exploit described in claims he called the Security Police right Inside BOSS was the Jeremy Thorpe affair. away and was assured the woman would not Thorpe was the leader of the Liberal Party be tortured. After she was released, - hated by the South African regime. Winter learned that she had been brutally Winter ruined Thorpe's career by exposing tortured - at the very same time Winter his love affair with male model Norman was being assured that she would be well Scott. Winter first passed the information treated. to BOSS, and after several months leaked That was the last straw, says Winter. He it to the British media. The story had was going to defect. However, he almost wide reverberations, and Winter's work changed his mind about leaving ("Being the for BOSS was exposed during the revela kind of opportunist that I am .••. ") when tions in 1974. Winter had to go back to he got a chance to enter into a very prom South Africa. ising publishing venture, but his wife In 1976, he joined The Citizen, a daily told him: "Money will never buy you self created and owned by BOSS. "I was Preto respect. If you stay, I go." So they left. ria's number one hatchetman; a character Winter managed to smuggle out eight large assassin •.•• Not that I had to write lies filing cabinets with all his notebooks, a all the time when BOSS instructed me to card index of persons he had spied on, and smash or smear anyone. The unscrupulous dozens of secret BOSS documents. He set journalist••• can pervert the truth by tled in Ireland and began to write Inside concentrating on the negative and di BOSS. minishing the positive." Smearing people, By detailing his career and activities, says Winter, isn't very hard. For example, Winter illustrates the workings of BOSS as if you want to do in an author of a book a whole. But he does more. Inside BOSS in critical of South Africa: "There are so cludes chapters on the CIA, conditions in many ways a hatchetman can attack a book. South African prisons, torture, Military If the author had written anything unkind Intelligence, and BOSS's "Z" Squad, or controversial about anybody I tele founded in the late 1960s for assassina phoned them and got them to call him a tions. ("Z" assassinated Abraham Tiro and liar. If the author had used unassailable "Boy" Mvemve, among others.) facts I attacked his grammar to suggest he In his chapter on Military Intelligence was uneducated •.•. If the author used dam Winter writes that South Africa has sent aging statistics to prove his case con "demolition experts" into Zambia; in col vincingly, I pulled out the old cliche laboration with the CIA, then-Defense Min that statistics can be made to lie •... If ister P. W. Botha sent 200 troops to fight the book was written in a racy style I in the Biafra civil war in 1976; General called him a crude person •••• If the book Magnus Malan (now Defense Minister) set up was neither vulgar, sexy or racy then it a fake "liberation" movement in Mozam was stodgy and heavy to plough through .•.. bique; and South Africa is deeply involved If he took a reasonable stance on Russia in aiding Jonas Savimbi in Angola. (After ••• he was a crypto-Communist. That meant: the defeat of South African troops in An 'He's a Communist but I can't prove it ' gola, military intelligence quickly pro Any opponent of apartheid who was obv�ous duced a "pathetic documentary film" to ly not a Communist could be tagged 'a Com show that, of course, South Africa would munist dupe.'" Winter became a propaganda have defeated the MPLA if the U.S. had not master who, as he had done as a spy, dam ended its cooperation. According to aged the lives of numerous people. Winter, this film, "The Angola File," was At the end of Inside BOSS, Winter de-, written mainly by Brian Crozier.) scribes two events that�says made him Winter also describes relations between leave BOSS. He claims his turnaround · egan BOSS (now renamed Department of National when his son Guy was born in July 1976. Security) and British intelligence. The Holding his newborn son, he suddenly CIA's working relationship with BOSS (as thought, "Blacks have babies too." p, evidenced by, for example, their sharing Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 45
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Terrorism and Lies
The Mozambican Resistance Movement 01RM) MRM. On June 3, 1980, in a joint operation set up by South African and Rhodesian in- by Zimbabwean and Mozambican security telligence to fight the Front for the Lib- forces in the PI'ovince of Manica (in Mo eration of !1ozambique (FRELIMO) is still zambique, 30 miles from the Zimbabwean active today. However, it has not acquired border) MRM headquarters in Mozambique was a popular base and depends solely on sup- destroyed and some 600 MRM supporters were port from South Africa and wealthy Portu- either captured or killed in the battle. guese who left Mozambique after the There are strong indications that South FRELIMO victory, and on assistance from African aid to the MRM was stepped up af- remnants of the Portuguese intelligence ter this defeat. MRM training camps and agency FIDE. Gordon Winter thinks the MRM its radio transmitter were moved into is the ''most successful clandestine opera- South Africa, and the MRM obviously has no tion ever mounted" by the South African shortage of weapons. It is sabotaging pow government: "I know all about this move- er Unes and port facilities, but its ac ment because I ms its number one propa- tivities are largely limited to the south- gandist from the start.... When I first ernmost part of Manica province, where it started glorifying its exploits in July is supplied by South Africa from the air. 19?? it existed in name only. The sabotage MRM's terrorism is often aimed at corrommal acts it was supposed to have made inside villages because these villages are creat ft1ozambique were secretly carried out by ing a new society and eradicating the rem the South African Army's 'Reconnaissance nants of the old colonialist power struc- Cornmando,' a crack unit of... speciaUy ture. MRM assassinates and mutilates trained corronandos." FRELIMO supporters and tries to "enforce a These commandos carried out hit-and-run complete separation between the local pop- terrorist actions inside Mozambique and ulation and the state trading circuits." Winter then propagandized that the MRM_ For example, ''use of salt and sugar in "consisted of many small pockets of si,x or cooking is punished because these products seven men who operated from secret... can only be obtained through government camps in rem�te areas deep in the Mozambi- channels." (Africa Now, Oct. 1981) This is can bush." W-z,,nter aleo wrote that the MRM the very same tactic used by Jonas had "hundreds of members" who were part of Savimbi 's UNITA in southern Angola. an "ever growing feeling of r>J?hellion South African units stiU apparently against PI'esident Samora Machel .... That take part in some MRM operations inside gave the impression that there ms wide- Mozambique. On October 14, 1981, for exam spread discontent amongst the Black civil- 11 ple, Mozambican armed forces killed three ian population. To explain where the MPM South African soldiers along with what Mo got their weapons, Winter told his readers zambique radio described as "three ... that they used "Russian AK.47 machine guns armed bandits" who were trying to sabotage and Chinese rocket launchers stolen during a railway line in Manica. The South Afri hit-and-run attacks on FRELIMO soldiers." can government denies that its troops are The BOSS-run newspaper Winter worked for, involved in sabotage and terrorism in Mo The Citizen, also published photos of the zambique, but at the same time South Afri MRM "training in Mozambique" which in re- can aggression, such as the raid into ality were taken by South African intelli- Maputo in January 1981, is a matter of gence a few miles outside PI'etoria. public record. Even-tu.ally, MRM ws extended to inelude To counter this aggression, Mozambique discontented Mozambicans, former FIDE m em- and Zimbabwe have signed a security pact hers and people opposed to the revolution. and announced that "an attack on Mozam MRM was also actively supported by 1?hode- ·bique shaU be an attack on Zimbabwe and sia 's Ian Smith and Abel Muzorewa, and had vice versa." At the same time, FRELIMO is training camps inside Rhodesia. With the training a peoplers militia as its most defeat of the White minority rule in Zim- important weapon against foreign subver babwe, things began to look worse for the sion. 46 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
or information about Amnesty Internation investments are concerned. '" And this is al) is a close one, but at the same time where the CIA and BOSS part company: "To their strategies are somewhat different, ensure there will always be their kind of as van den Bergh explained to Winter. BOSS stability, [the CIA has] tried to bring is absolutely committed to the apartheid the government down in a variety of ways - system and White minority rule, while "the mainly by building up Black leaders in CIA backs all the dark horses in the race South Africa who will toe the Washington so that, whichever mount wins, America line should they come to power." will have a share of the prize money - our The CIA tactic, writes Winter, has had strategic mineral deposits and, almost as limited success due to the fact that al important, our vast and cheap Black labor most all opponents of apartheid refuse to force." have anything to do with the U.S. So as of "The only language the moneybags in the now, the BOSS strategy of brutal repres West understand," van den Bergh continued, sion is the "going strategy" in South Af is for the South African government to rica. And this is where Gordon Winter has propagandize about the country's mineral performed an important service. As an in wealth being threatened by Communist in sider, he has exposed BOSS and South Afri surgency. Therefore, van den Bergh says, can repression as never before. the "moneybags" are trying hard to get the At the end of Inside BOSS, Winter raises South African government to change its an obvious question: Are the CIA and other policy on apartheid "as they could not be intelligence agencies "up to the same kind seen to be investing in a country which of tricks, smear techniques, lies, distor insisted on continuing such a policy. 'But tions, disinformation, and deceit as those they are hypocrites. They don't give a fig used by BOSS?" Winter answers that with about apartheid or the so-called plight of the favorite saying of his former "spy the Blacks. All they care about is ensur master and mentor," General H. J. van den ing political stability in South Africa, Bergh. "They'd be stupid if they didn't." the land of milk and honey as far as their - K.E. - British Right Censors for South Africa by M. Richard Shaw
At a time when the U.S. Congress is threatened libel suit. passing the so-called Intelligence Identi ties Protection Act to suppress revela "D" NOTICES tions of U.S. intelligence operations, it is of interest to observe how similar, po- "D" Notices were established in 1912 to litically ''unpalatable" items are sup- "guide" the press away from the pitfalls pressed in Britain. British censorship of the new Official Secrets Act, but they takes several forms. The chief means to be carry no legal force whatsoever. The pro examined in this article are "D" Notices gram is run by a committee of newspaper ("D" stands for Defense), the Official Se- editors and civil servants · (from Minis- crets Act; and libel laws. In additon, tries connected with defense) out of Room Counterspy is printing excerpts from Be- 6370, Ministry of Defense, Whitehall, Lon- yond the Pale by Derrick Knight, 1 a book don. 2 A "D" Notice begins by covering the about South African ties to the British distinction between D.I.5 and D.I.�, two Right, which was censored because of a British intelligence agencies. (D.I.5 ------(Mark Richa.rd Sha.w is a freelance jour- deals with "internal subversion" and nalist in Britain. Special tha.nks to hun "state security;" D.I. 6 with "foreign subversion.") The Notice continues: also for his assistance in preparing the Attempts are made by foreign powers to book review of Inside BOSS. J plant stories in the British Press. A variation of this technique, which must be Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 4?
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taken into account where the activities of Independent Television franchises - foreign intelligence services are con learned about the matter. It ordered cerned, is the planting in an overseas 4 newspaper or other publication of a piece Granada to cut the reference out. of information about ,British Intelligence matters with an eye to stimulating the THE OFFICIAL SECRETS ACT British Press not only to repoublish (sic) -- -- the story but also expand on it. You are requested not to publish anything about: The Act functions both as a powerful de a) secret activities of the British in terrent to investigations of the security telligence or counter-intelligence ser services, and as a threat to those em vices undertaken inside or outside the UK for the purposes of national security; ployed within the services who could pos b) identities, whereabouts and tasks of sibly reveal information about their work. persons of whatever status or rank who are After all, in order to get a job, all civ or have been employed by either Service; il servants have to sign the Act. c) addresses and telephone numbers used by either Service; The first Official Secrets Act, in 1889, d) organisational structures, communica dealt with people who passed on State se tions networks, numerical strength, secret crets, yet at the same time - unaccount methods and training techniques of either ably - imposed no penalties on anyone who Service; e) details of assistance given by the received them. The 1911 Act - rushed police forces in Security Service opera through Parliament during a bout of spy tions; fever in the run-up to World War I - f) details of the manner in which well blocked that loophole and did more be known intelligence methods (e.g. telephone sides. The Act prohibits any unofficial tapping) are actually applied or of their targets and purposes where these concern disclosure of information about the work national security. Reference in general ings of central government. Both the sup terms to well-known intelligence methods pliers and the recipients of such informa is not precluded by this sub-paragraph; g) technical advances by the British tion are liable to prosecution under Sec Services in relation to their intelligence tion 2 and face up to two years in prison. and counter-intelligence methods whether Section 1, normally called the "spying" the basic methods are well-known or not. clause, forbids the disclosure of informa You are also requested to use extreme discretion in reporting any apparent dis tion which "might be, directly or indi closures of information puublished (sic) rectly, useful to an enemy"S and provides abroad purporting to come from members or any lawbreaker with a penalty of up to former employees of either Service. If you fourteen years in jail. are in any doubt please consult the Secre tary. An "official secret" need have no mili You are also requested not to elaborate tary connection, need not be of interest on any information which may be published to a foreign power, need not even be par abroad about British intelligence. On all ticularly secret - just as long as it is these limitations some relaxation may be official information. Anyone holding an possible; please consult the Secretary. office under the Crown, whether a soldier, When Granada Television produced a docu sailor, Cabinet Minister, Social Security mentary about the Official Secrets Act, official, policeman or postman, could be the "D" Notice Committee requested that prosecuted for revealing information dis the address and function of the Government covered in the course of his or her work Communications Headquarters (GCHQ, roughly to anyone else - unless specifically au equivalent to the U.S. National Security thorized to do so. (This also applies to Agency) be deleted from the film, as this former .government employees, no matter how revelation was a breach of "D" Notice No. long ago they left their jobs, and to em 11, information regarding "Cyphers and ployees of any company that has a contract Communication. "(Other sections include in with any government department). formation on nuclear weapons, British in In Britain, it could be a crime for a telligence services, radio and radar journalist to receive - or try to receive transmissions, defense plans, weapons sys - information about river pollution, safe tems and aircraft engines). Granada re ty checks, equipment costs, prison condi fused and pointed out that the GCHQ's ad tions or the amount of tea drunk at the iress was publicly available in Whitaker's Foreign Office, just to give a few exam Almanac. Then the British Independent ples of information that is officially se Broadcasting Authority - which monitors cret. To quote a former head of D.I.5, all TV and radio programs, and allocates "It is an official secret if it's in an 18 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
11 official file. 6 Christian Aid, completed his book in early If an item is not covered by a "D" No 1981. A couple of days_prior to publica tice or the Official Secrets Act, there tion, his publishers, Kogan Page, received are "other means" by which censorship can six legal letters. The one from the ISC be effected: articles by investigative threatened a legal restraining order. It journalists can be suppressed; courageous charged that Knight's chapter on ISC was editors can be leaned on by management, or libelous, and initiated a protracted pro threatened by the local government, police cess to stop publication of the material. and companies and promised a future full All copies of the book were withdrawn from of non-cooperation; and management can be circulation pending receipt of a writ, threatened by the government with curtail which was served on July 6, 1981. ment of lucrative government advertising. Ironically, the text of the writ provid These "other means" have even included the ed a highly accurate description of the threat and actualization of physical vio ISC. It accused Knight of implying that lence.7 the ISC is "a covert political organiza tion merely masquerading as an objective LIBEL LAWS and impartial body of educational re search, in contravention to the laws of Libel laws are intended to protect the England and Wales relating to charitable innocent from inaccurate coverage in the trusts." (The ISC registered as a chari media and to provide for redress in a table trust in 1970, and not as a politi court of law. Something quite different cal group.) In addition, Knight had, they occurred in the case of Derrick Knight and claimed, called the ISC "extreme rightwing hJ.s book, Beyond the Pale, about links be and politically subversive" and "directly tween South Africa and rightwing groups in or indirectly a tool of the South African Britain. In this case the supposedly "in government and the CIA." According to nocent" party was the Institute for the Knight, the ISC "did not object to the Study of Conflict (ISC - a rightwing think quotations and references used .•. but to tank with intelligence links, comparable the overall implication of the ISC being a to the Georgetown University Center for 'political body,"' and not a charitable trust. Strate§ic and International Studies in the U.S.). Here are excerpts from the material Knight, an employee of the London-based which the ISC charged was libelous:
THE INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF CONFLICT Crozier, an Australian journalist who had l,)Qrked for Reuters, the News Chronicle and for the Econ The Institute for the Study of Confliat uia.s omist's confidential Eaonomic Report. was ap fou�.dcd in 1970 by Brian Crozier. It maintains a pointed to run it. FWF, as it became known, grew small staff and offiae at 12 Golden Square in into a large and highly professional news service London's West End. Its main l,)Qrk is the prepara which became an acaepted news source, especially tion of researah projeats and seminars, the pub for material on Third World countries. FWF also liaation of anda monthly journal, and the oaaasional sponsored books, one of which uia.s Chile's Marxist aorrmission publishing of speaial reports Experiment by Robert Moss, an outright condemna aalled 'aonfliat studies'. tion of the elected goveY'YllTlent of President ISC traaes its ancestry to the Congressand for AUende. Cultural Freedom whiah began in 1949 ws the The nominal owners of Forum were Kern House En US Central InteUigence Agency's major Cold War terprises in the United States whose chairman c:ultural effort. The Congress uia.s a grouping of ship devolved on Richard Mellon Scaife in 1973. mainly European intellectuals whiah the CIA man He is an American oil and banking magnate, heir aged to dominate through its Ameriaan Founda to the Gulf Oil family income, director of the tion's generous budgets. The literary magazine Mellon National Bank in Pittsburgh and thus an Encounter (not to be confused with the CLSA* En ideal figure to lend financial respectability to aounter) was the foc:us of the Congress's aativi Forum. He made reassuring announcements about ties in Britain. Enaounter also ran a small fea Forum's profitable future but in 1975 suddenly tuPe serviae caUed the Forum Serviae. In 1965 closed it down. The links between the CIA and this beaame Forum World Features and Brian the Congress for Cultural Freedom had been re Christian League of Southern Africa, a propa vealed by the Ameriaan magazine Ramparts in 1967. * probing ganda organization funded by the South African Afterand that several journalists started government and, according to Gordon Winter in In FWF it was only a matter of time before its (see book review in this issue), a cover was blown. Saaife appears later in anoth side BOSS in a front� South African military intelligence. er role, this time as partner to John McGoff South-Afriaa-financed attempt to buy the American Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 49 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
newspaper Saarcunento Union to give the National ist government a voice in the United States press ....
GORDON �!INTER - SPY AND REPORTER FOR FWF Before leaving the subject of FWF, Gordon Winter should be mentioned. He worked for Forum for seven years during which time he was, as he has subsequently confessed, an intelligence agent for South Africa's Bureau of State Security (BOSS). Winter first went to South Afri�a in 1960 and got a job as crime reporter on the Jo hannesburg Sunday Express. In an interview on television in 1979 he said that the country was the Department of Information. In the wake of good to him and he wanted to do something in re Mu.ldergate, he fled South Africa and went into turn. He beacune a spy. He 1,Jac deported from hiding. In a television interview on London South Africa in somewhat mysterious airawnstanaes Weekend TV on 29 June 1979 he told part of his and worked as a freelance journalist, which work story and hinted at more to come. included assignments for FWF. He specialized in stories about South African exiles and attended LINKS BETWEEN THE INSTITUTE --FOR THE --STUDY -OF many anti-apartheid meetings. He was a fcuniliar CONFLICT AND FWF and UnL)elaome figure. His camera recorded all personalities attending such meetings and, while The links between the new Institute for the suspected of being a South African agent, no one Study of Conflict and the old Forum World Fea had proof. As part of his journalistic work he tures were strong ones. Not only Brian Crozier beacune membership secretary of the National Union but Foy,,.mi's managing director Iain Hamilton left of JouPnalists' London freelance branch and as a to become ISC's Director of Studies and the Forum result had aaaess to the files and address lists Library went with them. ISC has a 10-man Council of well knOtJn opponents of apartheid. which includes Sir Robert Thompson, the aounter One of Winter's tasks was to discredit such insurgen�y expert, Vice-Admiral Louis de Bailly, people and especially the Liberal Party whose former D�reator-General of Intelligence at the members at the time (1969/70) were drcunatiaally Ministry of Defence 1972-1975, Sir Edward Peak, involved in the boycott of sporting links _with former ahaiI'man of the Joint Intelligence Commit South Africa and other anti-apartheid acunpaigns. tee, and Professors Max Beloff and Leonard It was Winter who, in 1971, somehow got hold of Sah4[}iro. The Institute 's full-time fund-raiser the story about Jeremy Thorpe's relationship with is another general who is described as a Defence NoI'man Scott and tried, unsuccessfully, to sell Services Consultant. He is Major-General Ling, it to Fleet Street. The South African covert op who has been on the staff since the early days. eration agains,t the Liberals intensified ::!::..ring According to a background paper prepared by State the run-up to the 1974 election. There were sus Research in Oatober 1977, the ISC operates by of picions that the arrest of Peter Hain for an al fering its 'technical expertise' on 'subversion' leged lxink robbery was an attempted frcune-up to and on 'communist influence' to official bodies - undeI'mine the work of the Young Liberals.* There including the military, the police, other govern ws also a broadsheet called The Hidden Face q_f_ ment bodies and business. Its contacts in the the Liberal Party which was widely distributeain public service and business have helped it re a number of constituencies� including that of the cruit the 2,000 or so subscribers who make up the Bodrnin Liberal Paul Tyler.1 Tyler said that bulk of the f.30,000-plus annual budget which it there was a lot of speculation at the time as to uses. However, ISC's technical expertise brings how the addresses were obtained. This broadsheet with it, says State Research, a highly political i.xzs published by Geoffrey Stewart-Smith's Foreign line. Its anti-communism extends not only to so Affairs F'ublishing Co.2 Its content ws mainly cialists and radicals, but to all social demo� - concerned with identifying the Liberals with var arots and liberals. Those who favour progressive ious foI'ms of political violence and terrorism changes or seem to be 'soft' on 'communism' are and proving that the driving forces behind the in their eyes fellow-travellers. In its own pro party were politically ultra-left-wing and not spectus the jargon used is 'the defence of free the moderate ones the Liberal manifesto ws pro industrial societies against totalitarian en moting. croachments' and the field covered includes 'sub Gordon Winter retuPned to South Africa the day version, particularly in industry and all system before the 1974 British General Election. The atic attempts to undermine society, in the uni airawnstanaes were as strange as those surround versities, Parliament, govePnment and other fields'. ing his deportation from that country in the 1960s. For a time he worked again on the Joha� One of the ISC's conflict studies in 1979 ws nesburg Sunday Express and then left to join The called 'World Council of Churches Programme to Citizen, the paper areated and funded aovertlyby Comlxit Racism'. It was commissioned from Canon George Austin, a member of the Church of England * According to Winter, Hain was indeed framed by General Synod since 1970. He has made at least South Africa's intelligence agency BOSS. two visits to South Africa as an official guest 50 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - An-y,,,,•7. 1 _q� 9.
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 of the goveY'?11Tlent, as he freely admits. In his Thatcher. He has written several books with anti essay on the wee he demands that 'it must turn communist .themes and contributed 'conflict stud with some urgency awa.y from the path of conflict, ies' for fellow Australian Brian Crozier's ISC. confrontation and non-acceptance of dissent and As a journalist he writes 'Foreign Report' for renew its ...ministry of reconciliation'. Canon the prestigious Economist and also contributes a Austin's analysis seems to have fallen on deaf Monday morning column to the Daily Telearaph. ears. It raised no significant debate and its Moss and Crozier are members of what the press conclusions have been overtaken by events. have come to regard as the New Right, along with 'Conflict Studies' are significant in that vir tually a whole edition will find its way onto the files of dozens of board rooms, ministries and information-gathering organizations, becoming perhaps the only reference work consulted. Thus a set of ready-made opinions or prejudices are ccnvenient!'j at h,::nd ."or> _"',c':ure decision-makers. The four-figure print r>un of each paper is auto matically distributed by subscription. THE FREEDOM ASSOCIATION The ISC has close ties with the Freedom Asso ciation. Brian Crozier was one of the people who sianed the National Association <2f.. Freedom (its fo�er n=e) articles of association when it was founded and he and Sir Robert Thompson are mem bers of their Council. Robert Moss, a former director of NAF, is a close associate of Crozier. Moss wrote recently in Free Nation that the ISC was 'the most valuable research centre on subver sion and communism in Western Europe'. Crozier Bill Kocher writes regularly for The Free Nation. _B�th or�a nizations maintain links with other s�m�lar-m�nd ed bodies such as Aims for Freedom and Enterprise - now Aims,3 the Economic League and Common Eduard Norman and other academics of the Peter Cause. house Set - the group of C=bridge scholars who The Freedom Association is a pressure group urge the virtues of possessive individualism and which sets out to ca7npaign on a non-party politi the gospel of anti-collectivism across a range of cal basis for the 'preservation of freedom in the disciplines, and the Milton Friedman school of economists known as the Chicago Boys, whose mone United Kingdom' but in effect plays exclusively on the instruments and with the tunes of the tary theories General Pinochet applied like a ultra-right. Its monthly (once fortnightly) pa scourge to the problems of post-Allende Chile a'4d per The Free Nation carries a regular feature which are now, in an adapted form, being applied Pulpit Watch and in the issue of 25 May 1979 car to Britain. Another former director of the Freedom Associa ried a mud-slinging article attacking Christian tion was J�hn Gouriet who, apart from supporting Aid, echoing the phraseology and arguments of the Christian Affirmation Campaign. the management of Gr>unwick in its struggle with The Free Nation has more than once carried ad the unions had previously challenged, in the vertisements for the Christian League of South courts, a boycott of the South African regime by ern Africa and these adverts have been photo the British Postal Workers Union. On 8 February statted by the CLSA and circulated in their own 197?, in the midst of this controversy, the Club of Ten, a mysterious group of South African busi mailings as warranty of their acceptability in nessmen, placed a quarter-page advertisement in respectable political circles. Earlier issues of the London Daily Telegraph which challenged Tom The Free Nation contained articles attacking the Jackson, the secretary of the Postal Workers ",-iorld Council of Chu.rches. The December 1978 is Union, to announce a boycott of postal and tele sue, for instance, included selected extracts graphic services to the Soviet Union, East Germa from the General Synod of the Church of England ny and Angola. The Club of Ten, which was later headed 'The Church is Condoning Murder'. There ws revealed as a front organization of the South Af also a review of The Bear at the Back Door, rican Government, occupied a suite of offices one of the publications of the Foreign Affairs (Suite 66) in the s07ne building as the NAF (Suite Publishing Co., an article on the 'leftwards 63). leaning' charity War on Want and a puff for the 1979 BBC Reith lectures by Edward Norman which THE FOREIGN AFFAIRS RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (FARI) attacked the politics of compassion. Previous di1'ector> of' the tl/..F ZJas Robert Moss, Both the Institute for the Study of Conflict who has spoken freque�tly in favour of authori 4 and the Freedom Association have links with the tarian dictatorship in Britain, is a staunch Foreign Affairs Research Institute (FARI). This supporter of the Chilean Junta Zed by General is the body founded by Geoffrey Stewart-Smith Pinochet and a former> speech writer for Margaret in -- Counterspy Feb. - April 1982 -- 51
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1976 with an office at No.27, Whitehall. Both mation slush funds in the wa.ke of the Muldergate Brian Crozier and Robert Moss are board members Scandals. and FARI's chairman is Sir Frederic Bennett, the In the Sunday Telegraph, 25 March 1979, Conservative MP who was host at the 1977 Bilder Steux:zrt-Smith said that FARI 'wa.s in contact with berg Conference in Torquay. Council members in many similar institutes in other countries' and clude several other stalwa.rts from the right wing added: 'Many of the institutes we deal with are of the Conservative Party such as Julian Amery, a govemment financed, and you can drca,J what con former junior Minister of Defence and outspoken clusions you like from that. We do not object to supporter of the South African status�- it, I FARI, like the other Stewa.rt-Smith interests, A conference arranged by the Foreign Affairs aims 'to inform cabinet ministers, leading poli Association of South Africa on the strategic role ticians, senior civil servants and other persons of minerals in Southern Africa wa.s held in SWazi of influence' about the dangers to the West. It land in June 1976. Speakers included Peter Janke mainly publishes abstracts, book reviews and of the ISC and the conference's principal short papers related to this theme. speeches were published in London by FARI. FARI has in the past arranged several visits of prominent people to South Africa on behalf of the THE BRIGHTON CONFERENCE, JUNE 1978 South Africa Freedom Foundation or the Foreign Affairs Association. According to the Sunday Another and important piece of collaboration Telegraph, 25 March 1979, Lord Chalfont 1Jas one ws the conference held at-Brighton in June 1978 of them. Sir Frederic Bennett, talking to Guard jointly sponsored by the ISC, FARI, Aims for ian journalists David Pallister and David- Freedcm and Enterprise and the American National Beresford, 24 March 1979, said he had been asked Strategy Information Centre. The South African many times by the South African Govemment to director of the Foreign Affairs Association, C.F. suggest names of MPs who might want to go to de Villiers, was present, as was Admiral James South Africa. He mentioned Dr. Denys Rhoodie as Johnson, a former head of the South African Navy, one of his contacts, and Professor Nie Rhoodie, plastic surgeon Dr. Jack Penn and Gideon Roos of who had invited him to lecture in South Africa at the South African Institute of International Af a conference. Both the South African Foreign Af fairs. Another important guest was Richard Mellon fairs Association and the South Africa Freedom Scaife. Association were closed down when they were re One of the main subjects of the Brighton Con vealed as the recipients of Department of Infor- ference wa.s a plan to set up a world anti-cormru-
inevitably mean the barbarization of the Reagan and FARI planet, it will be [the] Western campaign The Reagan administration has fairly of self-deception and evasion that will close ties to the Foreign Affairs Re more than anything else have contribut search Institute. When FARI held its ed to that••• outcome." Numerous other "First Annual World Balance of Power Con speakers, according to the memo, argued ference" in Kent, England from July 30 to for stepped-up efforts to counter Soviet August 2, 1981, it received a "message of propaganda, and called on the Reagan ad good will" from President Reagan himself. ministration to take the lead. The conference was sponsored by several Three representatives of the adminis "strategic studies institutes" including tration were in attendance: Richard Pipes the Heritage Foundation and the National of the National Security Council (he pro Strategy Information Center which are claimed that the Soviet Union is a "mis both close to the administration. begotten experiment based on 19th century According to a memorandum written by ideas"), J. William Middendorf, U.S. Am FARI Director Geoffrey Stewart-Smith and bassador to the Organization of American obtained by CounterSpy, the conference States (who gave a "very authoritative participants from 26 countries met "to statement on the U.S. Government's policy consider the need of the entire non-com towards its dependence upon external min munist world to respond to the Soviet eral and energy resources"), and Reagan's global political and military threat." troubleshooter General Daniel Graham, Midge Deeter of the New York-based Com former director of the Defense Intelli mittee for the Free World, the confer gence Agency. ence's "only lady speaker," warned that Stewart-Smith's memo concludes: "The .•• "if the Soviets should ever succeed in Conference certainly played a useful part their openly declared intention to subju in starting to try and formulate a global gate the world••• for which read: to collective security alliance adequate to bring to an end for a millennium the pos withstand the power of the largest mili sibility of political liberty .•. if the tary war machine the world had ever Soviets should ever succeed in what would seen." 52 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 nist organization to be financed by private com A background paper titled 'Labour's Transatlan panies. The strong participation of the South Af tic Links' in State Research Bulletin No.16, Feb ricans and their bacb:ng of at least one of the ruary 1980, shows that these influences have now conference sponsors was ained at influencing NATO been brought to bear on the right wing of the military personnel and governments to stand by British Labour Party, as part of a widespread co South Africa and harden their line on the Soviet vert campaign for greater arms spending and mili Union. In an attempt to make the occasion an his tant anti-communism. One of the chosen vehicles toric one, the conference issued The Brighton for this is a monthly newsletter, the Labour and Declaration, which stated: 'The destruction of Trade Union Press (LTUPS) u.lh,(,,ch is seen as eon the CIA and other assaults on Western intelli tinuing the old CIA-backed Congress oj' Cultural gence sources make it imperative that the US and Freedom and the work of the Forum World Features its allies should aaa1'.n take the initiative on in the 1960s. intelligence, info�a�ion and counter-intelli When State Research wrote its paper on the ISC gence.' in 1978 it concluded that it was easy to over-es timate the significance of the ISC since they THE NATIONAL STRATEGY INFORMATION CENTRE were only a small group of individuals, though with good connections. 'It is also easy', the pa The American sponsor of the Conference, the Na per continued, 'to dismiss them simply because tional Strategy Information Centre (NSIC),* has they are not part of the mainstream of the state since its foundation in 1962 been a key cold war and the economy. The ISC is important because of institution. It has supplied money and expertise the present political context. The liberalization to the extreme right in Britain. For instance, it of the sixties has now been overtaken by a gener provided money to enable the ISC to publish its al swing to the right, most clearly visible in Annual qL Power and Conflict. In addition, the the Conservative Party. The politics of the ISC, minutes of the ISC's council meeting of 21 Janu which would have been considered as extreme ten· ary 1972 noted that the NSIC was covering the years ago, today find a receptive ear.' salary of a research assistant plus advertising In 1980, however, it is clear that organiza and printing costs of the Annual. tions such as the NSIC in America and the people The NSIC committee is closely linked to the associated with it can no longer be treated as a Committee on the Present Danger (CPD),** an fringe. They play a major role in American poli American group of prominent supporters of an in tics and would like to extend their influence to terventionist US foreign policy which became ac Britain. The swing to the right has brought them tive very soon after President Carter's election once more to the centre of power. in 1976. The CPD has strong affiliations with American trade unions of the AFL-CIO persuasion, REFERENCES whose record is one of collaboration with the CIA in the development of trade unionism, in the 1) Paul Tyler in correspondence with the author. third l,)()rld especially, which would co-operate 2) See Chapter 2 for a detailed discussion of the with capital and provide a stable context for Foreign Affairs Publishing Co. American investment. Both the CPD and the NSIC 3) AIMS, founded in 1942, is a pressure group promote a tougher US stance towards the Soviet which organizes press campaigns on behalf of free Union, and lobby for the build-up of military enterprise, makes awards for 'services to freedom forces and the rapid development of new arms sys and enterprise' and is also an infoY'ITlation gath tems. ering centre. It is funded by block grants from * CIA Director William Casey is one of NSIC's industry, and individual businessmen. Its direc founders. tor Michael Ivens is active in many of the relat ** Paul Nitze, a prominent CPD member is now head ed groups of the political right. of the U.S. disarmament negotiation team in Gene 4) See The Collapse qL Democracy by Robert Moss, va. Temple-Smith, 1976. After reading these excerpts one is left By the time the Knight book was ready with the impression that this chapter is for publication, the ISC apparently had quite mild, particularly compared to mid- had enough. In an attempt to salvage what 1970s revelations about the ISC's South was left of an already tarnished reputa African and intelligence connections in tion, the ISC swiftly took action against Time Out, Searchlight, and The Guardian. Knight. Knight wanted to take the case to Journalists Andy Weir, Jonathan Bloch, and court, where he planned to provide his own Mike Rossiter revealed that their compila Gefense. He thought he could win, and tion of the Guardian articles on the ISC hoped that publicity about the case would had been "considerably aided" by "less re prompt an investigation of ISC's charity actionary members of the Conservative Par status. Knight estimates that dozens of ty who [were] anxious to see Mrs. Thatcher "charitable" schemes are killed off every distance herself from the councils of the year following complaints that they are extreme right [e.g., the ISC] ••.• " Sur actually political.9 However, his publish prisingly, the ISC took no legal action. ers, faced with sky-high legal fees, Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 53 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
called a halt and settled out of court. Pale is now being published by Caraf Publications. 2) See "the 'D' Notice Quangette," -New Statesman, The ISC initially wanted £3,500 plus costs 4/14/80, pp.502-503. but eventually they settled for i 1,500. 3) Brian Whitaker, News Ltd., Minority Press Group Even though he "lost" the case, Knight is Series, No.5, 1981, London, pp.70-71. determined to continue to challenge the 4) Ibid, charitable status of the ISC, with or 5) Quoted by Crispin Aubrey, Who's Watching You?, lo Penguin Books, London, 1981, p,19. without mass media assistance. 6) Ibid. See also cf supra, #3, pp.66-69. Had the case gone to court, the ISC 7) See Geoff Robertson, Reluctant Judas, Temple could have counted on bad publicity and Smith, London, 1976; and Geoff Robertson, "Lennon: possibly a consequent effect on their A Case to Answer," New Statesman, Nov. 1974, pp. 690-693. Kenneth Lennon had been employed by the funding. No doubt the ISC is highly Special Branch as an agent provocateur who tried pleased with the outcome. It is a result to recruit members for a new Provisional Irish Re that affects all investigative journal publican Army cell, offered to sell arms to local ists: even if they write fully factual, Republicans, and encouraged Sinn Fein members to join a plot to spring the "Luton Three" from jail. referenced articles, an overall article Two days after Lennon's confession to the National could be deemed libelous. Such an inhibi Council for Civil Liberties he was murdered under tion is of great use to rightwing bodies "mysterious circumstances." His murderer(s) was/ were never apprehended by the police. who want to stifle unfavorable articles 8) See M. Richard Shaw, "The British Right and In without attracting unwanted publicity. telligence," Counterspy, vol.6, no.l, pp,55-59. 9) The Leveller, 8/21-9/3/81, p.3. FOOTNOTES 10) Only one article of any substance appeared in the British mass media (David Pallister, "Chari ties' Role Before Courts Again," The Guardian, 1) Derrick Y-night is a researcher and writer for 8/21/81, p,3). Even then, the journalist, David Christian Aid in London. He has produced films for Pallister, had been highly circumscribed in terms the National Film Board of Canada, the BBC and the !!_ of what he could write. The legal department of United Nations. He is the co-author of Long Look The Guardian would not allow the ISC writ to be at Short Films (Pergamon Press, 1967), and wrote Gen� of Fortune (F. Muller, 1978), a history quoted, according to Pallister. (Conversation with the author.) of the exploitation of the West Indies. Beyond the India: Under the IMFs Thumb by Robin Broad
John Foster Dulles's cold war maneuvers The IMF and the World Bank, created from of the 1950s are being replayed by the the rubble of World War II, serve transna Reagan administration on several levels: tional interests by convincing - often co loud threats of armed intervention, even ercing - developing country elites to en louder denouncements of any and all popu act anti-labor, anti-protectionist and lar movements as Soviet-inspired, domestic pro-corporate legislation. Historically, witchhunts against leftists, and warm em the World Bank has accomplished this by braces for friendly dictators. Behind the advising national economic planners, con frontlines of the reemerging cold war tributing to actual development plans and rages a more subtle economic war -- a war financing projects which create business fought to subjugate Third World countries even more deeply to Western economic and (Robin Broad is a d.oatoral candidate at transnational corporate interests. The re Princeton University. She is co-author, cently.approved, but hotly debated, Inter with Walden Bello, Viator Bielski, David national Monetary Fund (IMF) superlo_an of Kinley and David O'Connor, of the forth $5.7 billion for India - the largest loan coming book, Development Debacle: The in IMF history - is part of this second World Bank in the Philippines, to be pub war. The loan will cost India dearly: its lished jointly by the Philippine Solidari hefty price tag includes economic surren ty Netu)()rk and the Institute for Food and der to transnational capital. Develo'[JfTlent Policy.) 54 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 for transnational corporations (TNCs). Its most recently incurred public wrath in a twin institution, the IMF, has exerted its given country can defer to the other.2 pressure through a more short-term role of Both have evolved to the point where their providing emergency loans to countries loans are accompanied by mirror-like con suffering balance of payments deficits - ditions to straitjacket a developing coun loans contingent on enactment of pro-TNC try. "reforms." In recent years, the roles of Capitalizing on its role as donor and the two have increasingly overlapped and bestower of the good-housekeeping seal of merged, with both offering badly-needed approval, without which India would be loans in exchange for economic dependency. virtually ineligible for Western private Among developing countries, India's bank loans, the IMF does not give its $5.7 World Bank-IMF dependency is one of the billion lightly. Indeed, the loan comes longest. "India will ... little tolerate replete with all the major caveats of the blackmail," screamed Indian newspapers transnational corporate-led, export-ori back in 1956, the heart of the cold war. ented development recipe that the IMF and Nor, the papers continued, would it accept World Bank dish out to their clients. "hidden threats" and "humiliating condi Paramount among these is that India's tions" attached to international develop strict curbs on foreign investments and ment loans. The outcry was provoked when a monopolies must end, opening the way for letter to the Indian finance minister from plunder of the economy by large, powerful the World Bank president, critically as corporate forces, both foreign and domes sessing India's industrial policies, was tic. Subsidies on vital foodstuffs, prin leaked. cipally aiding the urban poor (indeed, Once again, I wish to emphasize my con keeping many from starving) ,dll be liq viction that India's interest lies in uidated. Accompanying these will be a giving private enterprise, both Indian shift towards export-led growth, sending and foreign, every encouragement.... I the benefits of India's development to have the distinct impression that the Western TNCs and consumers. These are all potentialities of private enterprise part of the U.S.-dominated institution's are commonly underesti,mated in India rules for how to remake a borrower into a and that its operations are subjected better client state. to unnecessary restrictions .... [T]he This time, however, the game had a new respective roles of public and private twist: in the final moments before the enterprise should not be fixed ... not loan's approval, the United States played by any theoretical concept of the role dumb and took the opportunity of the well that each should play.1 attended and just as well publicized IMF Replete with the World Bank president's World Bank annual meeting in October to private directives for erasing any social register shock over the proposed Indian ist tendencies within the Indian economy, loan, calling for tighter conditions. This the communication earned the finance min was clearly a political ploy; a media ister the epitaph of "India's public enemy event set up to intimidate India's Indira number one." Gandhi. It was little more than a warning Twenty-five years have passed since that of what would ensue should India edge outbreak. But India's current struggle closer to the Soviet Union and socialism, with Western-dominated international in and a bit of blackmail to keep Gandhi's stitutions reveals that little has new international economic order demands changed. Now, India is suffocating under a muted at global meetings. current account deficit expected to top $4 The Reagan attack was transparent. To billion in 1981. This time the loan comes begin with, the U.S. government through from the coffers of the IMF. But even this its representative on the IMF board, had switch in chief disciplinarian from the seen the strict loan conditions long be Bank to the Fund tends to fade into irrel fore. Indeed, the U.S. had a full six evance on deeper analysis. As in almost months before the annual meeting to study all major current loans, there are strong the loan, as well as to register any pro indications of World Bank-IMF collabora tests. tion, and even stronger indications that Moreover, the U.S. government knows well these days it matters little which of the that these days the more controversial twins is the actual donor. Whichever has conditions - such as currency devaluation Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 55
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 or lowering of domtatic industries' tariff 2) In the Philippines and most other developing countries, it is the IMF which has a history of protection - are seldom explicitly writ domestic intervention. In these countries, the ten into World Bank or IMF loan contracts. World Bank, capitalizing on its widely perceived Rather, compliance with such verbally ne clean slate, has recently assumed the dominant gotiated (but unwritten) conditions before role. India's case, with the IMF the less sullied of the twins, is somewhat unique. the final loan agreement is even signed has become pro forrna now for obvious rea sons. It enables the recipient government to display a facade of independence, and avoid domestic protests about external IMF Destabilizes control of the economy. At the same time, it lets the IMF or World Bank keep its Following his participation in-the annu hands unsoiled while pulling the purse al International Monetary Fund/World Bank strings even tighter; there is less oppor conference in October 1981, Zimbabwean Fi tunity for a developing country to receive nance Minister Enos Nkala accused the the money and then renege on the promised Reagan administration of trying to "dic policy changes. So, for instance, one is tate" internal economic policies of other left to conjecture about the coincidence countries through the IMF and the World of an 18 percent devaluation in the rupee Bank. "In many areas, the ugly American dollar exchange rate during the period hand is being seen as threatening to de when the IMF was weighing India's loan ap stroy the viability of the Third World plication. Likewise, the mid-1981 clamp _economies and their political institu down on strikes was carefully set up to tions," he said.1 The IMF's destabilizing give the illusion of a policy implemented power was attested to by Nkala's Pakistani on India's own initiative. counterpart, Finance Minister Ghularn Ishaq Continuing its charade of displeasure Khan. He told the Wall Street Journal that over the proposed loan up to the last mo if certain conditions had been placed on a ments of IMF deliberations, the U.S. ab recent IMF loan to Pakistan, there would stained on the final vote. Abstinence, have been political turmoil. "This govern however, holds little more than symbolic ment - or, at least, I - wouldn't have value; only a veto has teeth. But the veto been here," said Ishaq. 2 Even officials was avoided since the American rumblings generally supportive of the IMF told the over the loan were staged to generate Journal that IMF-imposed conditions could smoke, not fire. While certain Western "cause so much turmoil they might knock a TNCs might have preferred a larger share government out of power.113 of India's deficit met by private bank From the other side of the globe, the borrowing, U.S. state and corporate inter president of the Bank of Mexico, Gustavo. ests were uniformly behind the conditions Romero Kolbeck said that the IMF/World imposed via the IMF loan. Bank conference was a "tremendous disap Some twenty-odd years ago, Time magazine pointment." "Steps forward at the IMF are observed that the World Bank had proven seldom large,••• but from the perspective itself one of the most effective weapons of the developing countries, this meeting of the cold war. History has demonstrated represented a retreat," he told the New that the Bank's usefulness, and that of York Times. Moreover, "at the Fund meeting the Fund, outlived the cold war as the two it became clear that terms of loan condi institutions flourished in the 196Os and tions [to Third World countries] will in 4 197Os. Now, as Reagan beats the old drum crease_ in severity.11 of anti-communism, attention should not be The remarks of Nkala and Kolbeck suggest diverted from the economic subterfuge of that the IMF has responded to the bally the Bank and the Fund. They are as vital hooed Reagan administration charge that to larger U.S. corporate interests as the the IMF had become "seriously deficient" billions of dollars of defense contracts in its loan requirements. Just before the that fuel the cold war. IMF/World Bank conference, Beryl W. Sprinkel, U.S. Under-Secretary of the FOOTNOTES Treasury for Monetary Affairs told the Wall Street Journal: "For various reasons, 1) Quoted in Edward S. Mason and Robert E. Asher, The World Bank Since Bretton Woods, Brookings In there has been slippage in recent years. stitute, Washington, D.C., 1973, p,372. We want to push the IMF's conditionality 56 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982
Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 back to where it was. ("Where it was," ac "good faith" on human rights policy in an cording to the Journal, was demanding attempt to gain Congressional approval for "economy-wrenching prescriptions" before a $2.5 million sale of helicopter spare helpin3 countries finance their import parts sought by the Guatemalan military. bills. ) Around the same time, Treasury On November 13, the IMF approved a $110 Secretary Donald Regan told reporters that11 million loan to Guatemala without any ad 6 the IMF should "be a little more strict ministration criticism about its condi- in its lending policy. (Both Sprinkel and tions. - by John Kelly - Regan have also criticized World Bank pol icies.) IMF chief executive Jacques de FOOTNOTES La.rosier disagreed: "Rubbish..• if any thing, the situation is getting tougher, 1) As quoted in Washington Post(�), 10/10/81, p.A-19. and our programs reflect this. Even 2) As quoted in Wall Street Journal (WSJ), 9/21/81, Donald Regan later said that the IMF had p.l. recently tightened its lending condi 3) ibid., p.16. tions. 4) New York Times(NYT), 10/6/81, p.D-30. 5) cf supra, #2. The reason the Reagan administration is 6) As quoted in WP, 9/24/81, p.D-3. badgering the World Bank and the IMF does 7) cf supra, /12,p.16. not indicate a conflict of interests. It 8) cf supra, #6. stems from the administration's drive for even more political adherence from all in ternational financial institutions (IFis) to U.S. foreign policy goals. For in stance, the World Bank has suspended all VOA: Short of Hitler new loans to El Salvador, and the IMF has "He can have any ideas he wants short of indefinitely postponed a $110 million being Hitler," said Voice of America Di standby arrangement request from El Salva rector James B. Conkling of his appointee dor because of its war-like condition. De Philip Nicolaides, who recently complained spite these decisions, the administration that "only about 45 original minutes of got the Inter-American Development Bank [VOA] programming to the U.S.S.R. is reli
(IDB) to lend $30.8 million to the Salva gious in nature and content - and a11 lop doran junta to improve some 200 kilometers sided one-third of that is Jewish. 1 of roads in the northwest, an area of ex Nicolaides is the new deputy program di tensive guerrilla activity.* At the same rector for VOA's commentary and news anal time, the administration pressured Nicara ysis section, A former writer for both the gua into withdrawing its $30 millio� loan ultra-right Human Eventa and Conservative request for a fisheries development pro Digest, Nicolaides recommended the follow ject. ing in a September 21, 1981 memo to Most telling of the administration's Conkling: drive to harness the IFis to its policies In our recent discussions you reviewed a were its actions around a recent IDB loan number of problems at VOA and asked me to Guatemala. Because of a 197 6 U.S. law to come up with some considered recom requiring abstentions or "no" votes on mendations. That is a tall order on a non-basic human needs loans to consistent basis of my sketchy knowledge of VOA •••• human rights violators, U.S. executive di We must portray the Soviet Union as the rector Jose Casanova, under orders from last great predatory empire on earth •••• General Haig,abstained in the voting on a We must strive to "destabilize" the So $45 million loan for Guatemala. Prior to viet Union and its satellites by promot the vote, the U.S. organized support for ing disaffection between peopl�s and the loan which was approved on November rulers, underscoring the likes and deni 11, 1981. Subsequently, the administration als of rights, inefficient management of cited its abstention vote to prove its the economy, suppression of cultural di versity, religious persecution, etc.2 *In addition, the IDB is presently con In summary, Nicolaides said that "we are - sidering a special loan to the Salvadoran as all the world understands - a propagan da agency. Propaganda is a species of the junta for reconstruction of the Golden 113 Bridge which was destroyed by the libera genus advertising. . _ tion forces in fall 1981. Conkling responded to a Washington Post Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 -- 57 Approved For Release 2010/06/15 : CIA-RDP90-00845R0001Q_G_110004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
reporter·s questions about the memo by of VOA's parent agency from International saying that VOA is "not a propaganda agen Communication Agency back to its Cold War cy,114 The day after this denial, however, name, the United States Information Agen Conkling stated that he was considering "a cy, provides a telling symbol of the VOA's certain relaxation, or enhancement, of the current reversion to its hard-line past. foreign speaking activities, so that they Equally telling is the recent creation [VOA broadcasters] may have a little more of the New Directions Advisory Committee freedom to reach the people they under by ICA Director Charles Wick (whose office stand in selecting the items they want to employed Nicolaides just before he went to , talk with them about and in 'transcultu VOA). The new Committee is in addition to rizing' the way they talk with them.115 the statutory advisory panel, the U.S. Ad Conkling was advocating a return to the visory Commission on Public Diplomacy. practice of allowing broadcasters - par Wick did not consult with the Advisory ticularly Eastern European exiles - to in Comm�ssion before creating the new Commit fuse their broadcasts with their own stri tee. Its members are: Norman Podhoretz, dent, adversary attitudes. It was precise editor of Commentary magazine; Gertrude ly to curtail this practice that Congress Himmelfarb, Commentary contributor whose legislated in 1976 that the VOA was re husband Irving Kristol is also a Commenta quired to broadcast "accurate, objective .El. contributor; Evron Kirkpatrick, resi and comprehensive" news, dent fellow at the conservative American Conkling sought to minimize the impor Enterprise Institute and husband of Jeane tance of the Nicolaides memo, telling the Kirkpatrick; Robert Nisbet; Bayard Rustin; Post that: "I didn't buy any of that••• and Edwin J. Feulner Jr., president of the that is not the reason I hired him.116 Yet, ultra-right Heritage Foundation. All Com it is clear from the memo that Conkling mittee members share a staunch anti-commu solicited the recommendations from nism and Podhoretz, Kirkpatrick, and Nicolaides, and Conkling did appoint Rustin, willingly or unwittingly, were in Nicolaides after receiving and filing the volved in CIA-connected propaganda and la memo. Conkling also said that the memo was bor operations. Podhoretz and Kirkpatrick "stolen" from his office - reflecting the have been recipients of CIA money and prevalent attitude in the Reagan adminis Kirkpatrick's Operations Policy Research, tration that government information is Inc, was involved in the improper domestic private property. dissemination (through USIA) of CIA-con VOA employees are now circulating a pe nected publications. Podhoretz, Rustin tition asking Conkling to disassociate and Kirkpatrick have never disavowed or himself from Nicolaides' views and to can disassociated themselves from this opera cel his appointment. Recently-fired VOA tion, The purpose of the new Committee, Deputy Director William Haratunian circu according to Wick, is to "identify world lated a farewell memo saying that "the ab wide intellectual trends" and to evaluate sence of mutual trust between political private research on "long-term intellectu appointees and professional broadcasters al currents in the world.119 has created an adverse atmosphere at VOA. This risks damaging VOA's credibility, and FOOTNOTES therefore its ability to serve as a truly national voice of our country."7 1) New York Times (NYT), 11/14/81, p.5. Haratunian is being replaced by Conkling 2) �hington Post (WP), 11/13/81, p.A-2; and !!!,!, appointee Terrence Catherman, a National 11/14/81, p.5. War College graduate who served with the 3) WP, 11/13/81, p.A-2. U.S. Information Agency (now the Interna 4) ibid. 5) cf supra, #1. tional Communication Agency) at the height 6) cf supra, 113. of its Cold War propagandizing. Another 7) cf supra, #1. Clyde G. Hess, a public relations USIA careerist, Charles Courtney, has been consultant and former chief of VOA's news and cur appointed to the newly-created post of De rent affairs division when he retired in 1973 after twenty years of service also charged that VOA has puty Director for Policy and Programs, gone "strident" and implied that it was returning Courtney's role, according to Conkling, is to its McCarthy era format. to "judiciously apply the policy that ob 8) WP, 12/10/81, p.A-29, II 9) ibid. viously goes with our program. The re .. - - cently announced plan to change the name by John KeZZy 58 -- Counterspy -- Feb. - April 1982 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8 Approved For Release 2010/06/15: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100140004-8
(cont. from pg.30) 5) Richard F. Nyrop, Turkey: A Country Study, De partment of Army, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1980, p.276. 6) Ihsan Gurkan, NATO, Turkey, and the Southern Flank: A Mideast Perspective, National Strategy In 13UL1���1�IN formation Center, New York, 1980, pp.13,14. OF CO:'\CEIC\'LD ,\SL\:'\ SCI IOL.\l{S 7) The Comptroller General. Report !.£_ the Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, Sta tistical Data on Department £f_ Defense Training� Foreign Military Personnel, U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C., 1980, p.85. 8) cf supra, #5, p.275. CHINA AFTER MAO 9) ibid., p.280. Volume 13: $17.00/4 issues 10) ibid., p.288. A selection of contents 11) ibid., p.289. 12) ibid., p.286. 13) ibid., pp.287-288. Number I: lndi11, Laos 14) Rizgariya Kurdistan (Liberation of Kurdistan), Kulaks and Ad1va,i, in Maharashtra No.13, June 1981. Indian Defense Forces and Arms Production 15) Gerard Chaliand, People Without� Country: The Socialist Con,;;truct1on and National Sccurit\ in l.ao,;; Kurds and Kurdistan, Zed Press, London, 1980, p.186.- Number 2: China Special, Part One Mao Zedong and the Shanghai School Post-Mao Change, ,n a South China Produc1ion Rrigade Let"s Pull Together "The J.'our Modern11ation,· and Chinese Polin on Women
Number 3: China Special, Part Two Market. Maoism and Fconom1c Reform Read The l he Ori�1nal Chinese Re,olut1on Remain, 1n l'o"'er The Thorns Flo,..ers of 1979 Pnl11,,al Cannon,
Number 4: Bangladesh, North Korea ()11' \ (",II S8 (10, Rural Class Formation in Ranglade,h 2 \<",IIS SI .,.oo, I,,_,"' 111"1,· ,uh, Hfects of Rural Development 1n a Rangladc,h Village $7 •,o 1",H I,, 1 I"�� 111< "mr· S�J 00 Kimilsungism Pa1h to Snc1al1Sm· l·r("I" I<> .ill 1ir1,"11cr, SUBSCRIBE! Name 1982 Suhscriptions: $20 I IJ!-; I .1,1 l'd,1 An Index of available back issues is free. �, ,llli< \\,1,h111,:tun Address ______{)Kl 22 P.O. Box R, Berthoud, Colorado 80513
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