Weber Stateuniversity 155Th Commencement — August 29, 2020
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On the First Electromagnetic Measurement of the Velocity of Light by Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch
Andre Koch Torres Assis On the First Electromagnetic Measurement of the Velocity of Light by Wilhelm Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch Abstract The electrostatic, electrodynamic and electromagnetic systems of units utilized during last century by Ampère, Gauss, Weber, Maxwell and all the others are analyzed. It is shown how the constant c was introduced in physics by Weber's force of 1846. It is shown that it has the unit of velocity and is the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge. Weber and Kohlrausch's experiment of 1855 to determine c is quoted, emphasizing that they were the first to measure this quantity and obtained the same value as that of light velocity in vacuum. It is shown how Kirchhoff in 1857 and Weber (1857-64) independently of one another obtained the fact that an electromagnetic signal propagates at light velocity along a thin wire of negligible resistivity. They obtained the telegraphy equation utilizing Weber’s action at a distance force. This was accomplished before the development of Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of light and before Heaviside’s work. 1. Introduction In this work the introduction of the constant c in electromagnetism by Wilhelm Weber in 1846 is analyzed. It is the ratio of electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge, one of the most fundamental constants of nature. The meaning of this constant is discussed, the first measurement performed by Weber and Kohlrausch in 1855, and the derivation of the telegraphy equation by Kirchhoff and Weber in 1857. Initially the basic systems of units utilized during last century for describing electromagnetic quantities is presented, along with a short review of Weber’s electrodynamics. -
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title E.E. REVIEW COURSE - LECTURE VIII. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/733807j5 Authors Martinelli, E. Leppard, J. Perl, H. Publication Date 1952-04-21 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UCRT. 1888 Radiation Laboratory Berkeley, California ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW COURSE LECTURE VIII April 21, 1952 E. Martinelli (Notes by: J. Leppard, H. -Perl) I. MAG1TETIC FIELDS A. Electrostatic Case Coulomb's Law which is given for th~ electrostatic case can be stated thus~ 2 ~ F = f e1 e2 / r in which F is in dynes, r in centimeters, f = 1 (dimensionless}j'l-gives the value of the charge e, in electro static units (ESU). B. Magnetic Case The magnetic case has an equivalent which was first determined "experi mentally by Ampere. Given two closed loops of wire of length~. Using electromagnetic units (EMU) i is measured in ab amperes = 10 amperes. r is measured in centimeters.· C = 1 (dimensionless). DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. -
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) m kg s cd SI mol K A NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Ambler Thompson and Barry N. Taylor NIST Special Publication 811 2008 Edition Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Ambler Thompson Technology Services and Barry N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, April 1995) March 2008 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology James M. Turner, Acting Director National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition (Supersedes NIST Special Publication 811, April 1995 Edition) Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Spec. Publ. 811, 2008 Ed., 85 pages (March 2008; 2nd printing November 2008) CODEN: NSPUE3 Note on 2nd printing: This 2nd printing dated November 2008 of NIST SP811 corrects a number of minor typographical errors present in the 1st printing dated March 2008. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Preface The International System of Units, universally abbreviated SI (from the French Le Système International d’Unités), is the modern metric system of measurement. Long the dominant measurement system used in science, the SI is becoming the dominant measurement system used in international commerce. The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of August 1988 [Public Law (PL) 100-418] changed the name of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and gave to NIST the added task of helping U.S. -
The Meaning of the Constant C in Weber's Electrodynamics
Proe. Int. conf. "Galileo Back in Italy - II" (Soc. Ed. Androme-:ia, Bologna, 2000), pp. 23-36, R. Monti (editor) The Meaning of the Constant c in Weber's Electrodynamics A. K. T. Assis' Instituto de Fisica 'Gleb Wat.aghin' Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brasil Abstract In this work it is analysed three basic electromagnetic systems of units utilized during last century by Ampere, Gauss, Weber, Maxwell and all the others: The electrostatic, electrodynamic and electromagnetic ones. It is presented how the basic equations of electromagnetism are written in these systems (and also in the present day international system of units MKSA). Then it is shown how the constant c was introduced in physics by Weber's force. It is shown that it has the unit of velocity and is the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic Wlits of charge. Weber and Kohlrausch '5 experiment to determine c is presented, emphasizing that they were 'the first to measure this quantity and obtained the same value as that of light velocity in vacuum. It is shown how Kirchhoff and Weber obtained independently of one another, both working in the framev.-ork of \Veber's electrodynamics, the fact that an electromagnetic signal (of current or potential) propagate at light velocity along a thin wire of negligible resistivity. Key Words: Electromagnetic units, light velocity, wave equation. PACS: O1.55.+b (General physics), 01.65.+g (History of science), 41.20.·q (Electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields) ·E-mail: assisOiCLunicamp.br, homepage: www.lCi.unicamp.brrassis AA. VV•. -
Spitting in the Soup Mark Johnson
SPITTING IN THE SOUP INSIDE THE DIRTY GAME OF DOPING IN SPORTS MARK JOHNSON Copyright © 2016 by Mark Johnson All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or photocopy or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations within critical articles and reviews. 3002 Sterling Circle, Suite 100 Boulder, Colorado 80301-2338 USA (303) 440-0601 · Fax (303) 444-6788 · E-mail [email protected] Distributed in the United States and Canada by Ingram Publisher Services A Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-937715-27-4 For information on purchasing VeloPress books, please call (800) 811-4210, ext. 2138, or visit www.velopress.com. This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Art direction by Vicki Hopewell Cover: design by Andy Omel; concept by Mike Reisel; illustration by Jean-Francois Podevin Text set in Gotham and Melior 16 17 18 / 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Introduction ...................................... 1 1 The Origins of Doping ............................ 7 2 Pierre de Coubertin and the Fair-Play Myth ...... 27 3 The Fall of Coubertin’s Ideal ..................... 41 4 The Hot Roman Day When Doping Became Bad ..................................... 55 5 Doping Becomes a Crime........................ 75 6 The Birth of the World Anti-Doping Agency ..... 85 7 Doping and the Cold War........................ 97 8 Anabolic Steroids: Sports as Sputnik .......... -
Relationships of the SI Derived Units with Special Names and Symbols and the SI Base Units
Relationships of the SI derived units with special names and symbols and the SI base units Derived units SI BASE UNITS without special SI DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES AND SYMBOLS names Solid lines indicate multiplication, broken lines indicate division kilogram kg newton (kg·m/s2) pascal (N/m2) gray (J/kg) sievert (J/kg) 3 N Pa Gy Sv MASS m FORCE PRESSURE, ABSORBED DOSE VOLUME STRESS DOSE EQUIVALENT meter m 2 m joule (N·m) watt (J/s) becquerel (1/s) hertz (1/s) LENGTH J W Bq Hz AREA ENERGY, WORK, POWER, ACTIVITY FREQUENCY second QUANTITY OF HEAT HEAT FLOW RATE (OF A RADIONUCLIDE) s m/s TIME VELOCITY katal (mol/s) weber (V·s) henry (Wb/A) tesla (Wb/m2) kat Wb H T 2 mole m/s CATALYTIC MAGNETIC INDUCTANCE MAGNETIC mol ACTIVITY FLUX FLUX DENSITY ACCELERATION AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE coulomb (A·s) volt (W/A) C V ampere A ELECTRIC POTENTIAL, CHARGE ELECTROMOTIVE ELECTRIC CURRENT FORCE degree (K) farad (C/V) ohm (V/A) siemens (1/W) kelvin Celsius °C F W S K CELSIUS CAPACITANCE RESISTANCE CONDUCTANCE THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE t/°C = T /K – 273.15 candela 2 steradian radian cd lux (lm/m ) lumen (cd·sr) 2 2 (m/m = 1) lx lm sr (m /m = 1) rad LUMINOUS INTENSITY ILLUMINANCE LUMINOUS SOLID ANGLE PLANE ANGLE FLUX The diagram above shows graphically how the 22 SI derived units with special names and symbols are related to the seven SI base units. In the first column, the symbols of the SI base units are shown in rectangles, with the name of the unit shown toward the upper left of the rectangle and the name of the associated base quantity shown in italic type below the rectangle. -
Mechanical Energy
Chapter 2 Mechanical Energy Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the motion of objects and the forces that affect that motion. Mechanical energy is similarly any form of energy that’s directly associated with motion or with a force. Kinetic energy is one form of mechanical energy. In this course we’ll also deal with two other types of mechanical energy: gravitational energy,associated with the force of gravity,and elastic energy, associated with the force exerted by a spring or some other object that is stretched or compressed. In this chapter I’ll introduce the formulas for all three types of mechanical energy,starting with gravitational energy. Gravitational Energy An object’s gravitational energy depends on how high it is,and also on its weight. Specifically,the gravitational energy is the product of weight times height: Gravitational energy = (weight) × (height). (2.1) For example,if you lift a brick two feet off the ground,you’ve given it twice as much gravitational energy as if you lift it only one foot,because of the greater height. On the other hand,a brick has more gravitational energy than a marble lifted to the same height,because of the brick’s greater weight. Weight,in the scientific sense of the word,is a measure of the force that gravity exerts on an object,pulling it downward. Equivalently,the weight of an object is the amount of force that you must exert to hold the object up,balancing the downward force of gravity. Weight is not the same thing as mass,which is a measure of the amount of “stuff” in an object. -
Weber's Law and Mach's Principle
Weber's Law and Mach's Principle Andre K. T. Assis 1. Introduction Recently we applied a Weber's force law for gravitation to implement quantitatively Mach's Principle (Assis 1989, 1992a). In this work we present a briefreview of Weher's electrodynamics and analyze in greater detail the compliance of a Weber's force law for gravitation with Mach's Principle. 2. Weber's Electrodynamics In this section we discuss Weber's original work as applied to electro magnetism. For detailed references of Weber's electrodynamics, see (Assis 1992b, 1994). In order to unify electrostatics (Coulomb's force, Gauss's law) with electrodynamics (Ampere's force between current elements), W. Weber proposed in 1846 that the force exerted by an electrical charge q2 on another ql should be given by (using vectorial notation and in the International System of Units): (1) In this equation, (;0=8.85'10- 12 Flm is the permittivity of free space; the position vectors of ql and qz are r 1 and r 2, respectively; the distance between the charges is r lZ == Ir l - rzl '" [(Xl -XJ2 + (yj -yJZ + (Zl -ZJ2j112; r12=(r) -r;JlrI2 is the unit vector pointing from q2 to ql; the radial velocity between the charges is given by fIZ==drlzfdt=rI2'vIZ; and the Einstein Studies, vol. 6: Mach's Principle: From Newton's Bucket to Quantum Gravity, pp. 159-171 © 1995 Birkhliuser Boston, Inc. Printed in the United States. 160 Andre K. T. Assis radial acceleration between the charges is [VIZ" VIZ - (riZ "VIZ)2 + r lz " a 12J r" where drlz dvlz dTI2 rIZ=rl-rl , V1l = Tt' a'l=Tt= dt2· Moreover, C=(Eo J4J)"'!12 is the ratio of electromagnetic and electrostatic units of charge %=41f·1O-7 N/Al is the permeability of free space). -
Johnson Genealogy: Records of the Descendants of John Johnson of Ipswich and Andover, MA
JOHNSON GENEALOGY. RECORDS — — OF THE DESCENDANTS — OF— John Johnson Of Ipswich and Andover, Mass. 1635—1892. WITHAN APPENDIX CONTAINING RECORDS OF DESCENDANTS OF TIMOTHY JOHNSON, OF ANDOVER, /^^ ANDPOEMS OF JOHNSON DESCENDANTS. ( IPQC COMPILED Byn^' REV. WILLIAMwfJOHNSON, COMPILER OF "RECORDS OF THE DESCENDANTS OF DAVID*JOHNSON, OF LEOMINSTER, MASS." / AND "RECORDS OF THE DESCENDANTS .OF THOMAS CLARKE, PLYMOUTH,1623—1697." One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: Theae^vorda which Icommand thee tbia day ahall he in thy heart; aud thou shnlt teach them diligentlyto thychildren. Tell ye your children ofit,—and let yonr children tell their children, and their children' another generation. Bible. Published by the Compiler, NORTH GREENFIELD, WISCONSIN. 1892. PR.OV yxrt-6 I JOHNSON. PREFACE. From the summit of Sinai thousands of years ago, in the midst of thunderings and lightnings, Jehovah gave to the human race a moral code to be observed by the people of every land, and of every clime throughout all ages, and a part of this code proclaimed to every man and woman and child, "Honor thy father and thy mother that thy days may be long upon the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee." The duty enjoined in this commandment includes in its requirement not only respect, and kindness and honor to parents while living, but a kind and honorable remembrance also of ancestors who have departed. Hence it is becoming and appropriate in the members of a family line to collect and pre serve and transmit to posterity the history of their progenitors. The work of the genealogist is to trace ancestral lines, and to connect one generation withanother during a succession of years, to gather items ofinterest in connection with each family, and to preserve a correct and reliable history of the descendants of a remote ancestor. -
College of Wooster Miscellaneous Materials: a Finding Tool
College of Wooster Miscellaneous Materials: A Finding Tool Denise Monbarren August 2021 Box 1 #GIVING TUESDAY Correspondence [about] #GIVINGWOODAY X-Refs. Correspondence [about] Flyers, Pamphlets See also Oversized location #J20 Flyers, Pamphlets #METOO X-Refs. #ONEWOO X-Refs #SCHOLARSTRIKE Correspondence [about] #WAYNECOUNTYFAIRFORALL Clippings [about] #WOOGIVING DAY X-Refs. #WOOSTERHOMEFORALL Correspondence [about] #WOOTALKS X-Refs. Flyers, Pamphlets See Oversized location A. H. GOULD COLLECTION OF NAVAJO WEAVINGS X-Refs. A. L. I. C. E. (ALERT LOCKDOWN INFORM COUNTER EVACUATE) X-Refs. Correspondence [about] ABATE, GREG X-Refs. Flyers, Pamphlets See Oversized location ABBEY, PAUL X-Refs. ABDO, JIM X-Refs. ABDUL-JABBAR, KAREEM X-Refs. Clippings [about] Correspondence [about] Flyers, Pamphlets See Oversized location Press Releases ABHIRAMI See KUMAR, DIVYA ABLE/ESOL X-Refs. ABLOVATSKI, ELIZA X-Refs. ABM INDUSTRIES X-Refs. ABOLITIONISTS X-Refs. ABORTION X-Refs. ABRAHAM LINCOLN MEMORIAL SCHOLARSHIP See also: TRUSTEES—Kendall, Paul X-Refs. Photographs (Proof sheets) [of] ABRAHAM, NEAL B. X-Refs. ABRAHAM, SPENCER X-Refs. Clippings [about] Correspondence [about] Flyers, Pamphlets ABRAHAMSON, EDWIN W. X-Refs. ABSMATERIALS X-Refs. Clippings [about] Press Releases Web Pages ABU AWWAD, SHADI X-Refs. Clippings [about] Correspondence [about] ABU-JAMAL, MUMIA X-Refs. Flyers, Pamphlets ABUSROUR, ABDELKATTAH Flyers, Pamphlets ACADEMIC AFFAIRS COMMITTEE X-Refs. ACADEMIC FREEDOM AND TENURE X-Refs. Statements ACADEMIC PROGRAMMING PLANNING COMMITTEE X-Refs. Correspondence [about] ACADEMIC STANDARDS COMMITTEE X-Refs. ACADEMIC STANDING X-Refs. ACADEMY OF AMERICAN POETRY PRIZE X-Refs. ACADEMY SINGERS X-Refs. ACCESS MEMORY Flyers, Pamphlets ACEY, TAALAM X-Refs. Flyers, Pamphlets ACKLEY, MARTY Flyers, Pamphlets ACLU Flyers, Pamphlets Web Pages ACRES, HENRY Clippings [about] ACT NOW TO STOP WAR AND END RACISM X-Refs. -
More Than 200 Mourn Loss 2008
INSIDE: SPECIAL SECTION STILL STANDING TALL: 40 YEARS LATER SpartantheSpartanDaily.com Daily Volume 131, Issue 24 Serving San Jose State University Since 1934 13MONDAYOCTOBER MORE THAN 200 MOURN LOSS 2008 SPORTS PAGE 4 Spartan football routs Utah State 30-7 on Saturday OPINION ONLINE Dan Garcia, a communications major and external vice president of Pi Kappa Alpha, holds a candle during a vigil MIKE ANDERSON / Spartan Daily for his twin brother Matt at the Pi Kappa Alpha house last Thursday. ALLIE FIGURES “Even without the name, without had a respect for the organization.” bors from fraternity Delta Upsilon, the Staff Writer the lett ers, Matt was still a Pike,” he said. Immediately aft er hearing of Gar- Pi Kappa Alpha parking lot was fi lled A sea of candles fi lled the Pi Kap- At the vigil, members of Pi Kappa cia’s death, Perry said he began plan- with chairs, although not enough for pa Alpha house parking lot Th ursday Alpha presented the Garcia family ning the vigil. the number of people att ending. evening during the candlelight vigil with an offi cial badge and certifi cate “I never thought I would have to be Candles were handed out by for Matt Garcia, who died last Sunday. to induct Garcia into the fraternity a part of something like this,” he said. members of the fraternity and were Although more than 200 students, posthumously. Th e members of the fraternity lit from the single fl ame the Gar- friends, family and faculty were in at- Perry, a senior justice studies major, have been wearing black ribbons cia family lit on stage. -
Teacher's Guide
TEACHER’S GUIDE GRADES 6-8 © 2020 United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum All rights reserved. Except for educational fair use, no portion of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without explicit prior permission. Multiple copies may only be made by or for the teacher for educational use. Content created by TurnKey Education, Inc. for USOPM. TurnKey Education, Inc.: www.turnkeyeducation.net TABLE OF CONTENTS Starting Gate 2 Welcome to the United States Olympic & Paralympic Museum 3 What to Expect on Your Field Trip 4 Using this Teacher’s Guide 7 Tour of Champions: A Student Field Trip Activity 10 Journey to Excellence: STEAM Classroom Activities and Project-Based Inquiries 17 1. Global Geography: Social Studies, Fine Arts 18 2. Is Age Just a Number?: Math; Reading, Writing, & Communicating 26 3. Muscle and Mind: Math; Reading, Writing, & Communicating; Fine Arts 34 4. Ask the (Ancient Greek) Athlete: Social Studies; Reading, Writing, & Communicating 43 The Extra Mile: Additional Resources 51 When & Where: Timeline of the Modern Olympic & Paralympic Games 52 Team USA: Hall of Fame Inductees 55 Olympic Games: Puzzles & Challenges 61 Cryptogram: Voice of a Champion 62 Crossword: Paralympic Sports 63 Word Search: Host Countries 65 Beyond the Medal: Curriculum Correlations 67 National Curriculum Standards 68 Colorado Academic Standards 69 STARTING GATE USOPM TEACHER’S GUIDE GRADES 6-8 | PAGE 2 engaging. An experience that blends historic artifacts with state-of-the-art multimedia exhibits will captivate your students from start to finish. From the Opening Ceremonies to the medal podiums, your class will be part of Team USA like never before.