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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title E.E. REVIEW COURSE - LECTURE VIII. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/733807j5 Authors Martinelli, E. Leppard, J. Perl, H. Publication Date 1952-04-21 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UCRT. 1888 Radiation Laboratory Berkeley, California ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW COURSE LECTURE VIII April 21, 1952 E. Martinelli (Notes by: J. Leppard, H. -Perl) I. MAG1TETIC FIELDS A. Electrostatic Case Coulomb's Law which is given for th~ electrostatic case can be stated thus~ 2 ~ F = f e1 e2 / r in which F is in dynes, r in centimeters, f = 1 (dimensionless}j'l-gives the value of the charge e, in electro­ static units (ESU). B. Magnetic Case The magnetic case has an equivalent which was first determined "experi­ mentally by Ampere. Given two closed loops of wire of length~. Using electromagnetic units (EMU) i is measured in ab amperes = 10 amperes. r is measured in centimeters.· C = 1 (dimensionless). DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or the Regents of the University of California. UCRL 1888 dl is in dynes Using !\IlKS units Yis measured in Newtons i is measured in amperes 1. is measured in meters C = -'-'-' ~= permeability of free space) 4'11' = 41f x 10-7 Henries/meter = volt sec/amp. The relationship of these two systems of units is: 1 EMU of current = 3 x 1010 ESU charge/seco An expression for the magnetic field due to an infinitesimal current is: 2 dl = 12 dJ..2 x r/~ then dy =-il di.~ x-~ / Inte'grating yields an integral formula for calculating Jt. -t =fi d·-f.x ~·- r2 As shown, this formula gives an answer in EMU units. For MKS units in­ sert the constant The units of magnetic field are: MKS = Webers/meter2 ErVIU = Gauss and 1 Weber = volt second 1 Gauss = lo-4 Webers/m2 II. MAGNET DESIGN In the design of a small magnet with a small gap, analogous cases can be formulated using a more familiar group of functions. Consider a loop of copper wire about a dielectric (Fig. 1) with an impres­ sed voltage potential v1 and v2 as compared with a small electro-magnet (Fig. 2). - 3 - UCRL 1888 MAGNETIC I~~UCTION (assuming the divergence of the current in the conductor = 0) Expressed thus: \J•i=O ~ .-r= 0 then· t · J, = 4'11I (total J ~. · current) (differential form of Ohm's Law) assuming ..)J-7= P! 4'11" I = MMF (..u..is equivalent to conductivity) fAA I =..J i n ds (total current through N :fi· ~ds conductor) R = E/I R' =...11.. (R 1. = reluctance) N R1 = L ~A - 4- --.... ·. Having "defined the term reluctance (R'), consider an elecfro-magnet and its air gap of length L with cross sectional area A (Fig. 3} L. R1 Gap = L Gap (Neglect Fringe vo--.-:___r­ A Gap Effects) ,, R' Iron = L Iron '-A A IronJJ- ~/(3.,9 therefore, for an efficient magnet design: R' gap considering the flux (N) or· the gap: Ngap = Bgap Agap (in Gauss). = Jl.. R' = 4 '11'" n I Agap, when n I is ab ampere turns Lgap ~ Z Bgap Lgap (Lin inches) 1 B in Gauss ...... · These formulae assume no field outside the magnet and that ~ does not saturate the iron. - 5 ~. UCRL 1888 III. MAGNETIC SHIELDING The problem of m~gnetic shielding can be considered as follciws: Assume a uniform magnetic field (Figo 5) I I I CASE lo (P! l to the iron. Jt is continous) o Biron = Bair Hiron = Biron . '. -~ CASE 2o .(P! II to the iron). Bair = Hair From the above cases it is seen that the vertical shielding in Case 2 is unsatisfactory in that the iron becomes saturated. Consider again the iron in Cast L (Figo 6} . I'll ' I• <:.""' - 6 .. UCRL 1888 (a) ~ron =Jtole when hole is II to7, = Bair~ = Bhole (b) "1 =Btole when h~le is j_ to-/ (c) Binside hole= 2~ron~~~ 1 + 1 ;zr Therefore, magnetic shielding design criteria should include the following: · 1. Iron shielding mass large with respect to shielded mass. 2. An aperture in the iron shielding whose greater dimension is parallel to the magnetic field, (However, practical geometry dictates circular or elliptical openings). 3. A liner of additional shielding material can be included within these apertures. SYMBO!S ~ H = magnetic field intensity ~=magnetic flux density i or I = current J2 or L = length C = constant f = constant ~ = permeability R = resistance R' = reluctance -'L= magnetomotive force A = area d"'= conductivity N = flux (total) n = turns MMF = magnetomotive force .
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