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Iowa State Journal of Research 58.4 8 \ l o0.t C- oufiiil of Research ISSN0092-6345 May, 1984 1984 24 1984 anuary-March, 1983 'Polyploid Breeding" '· · ·, .. , ...... "'!TV from the.Editors.-.... ~v ·............................... 369 BRINGHURST, R. S. and V. VOTH. Breeding octoploid straw- berries . 3 71 DEWEY, D. R. Wide-hybridization and induced-polyploid breed- ing strategies for perennial grasses of the Triticeae tribe . 3 83 EINSPAHR, D. W. Production and utilization of triploid hybrid aspen................................................ 401 HERMSEN, J. G. Th. Nature, evolution, and breeding of poly- ploids . 411 HERMSEN, J. G. Th. Mechanisms and genetic implications of 2n-gamete formation.. 421 HERMSEN, J. G. Th. The potential of meiotic polyploidization in breeding allogamous crops.... 435 HERMSEN, J. G. Th. Haploids as a tool in breeding polyploids . 449 HERMSEN, J. G. Th. Some fundamental considerations on inter- specific hybridization . 461 Book Review. 4 7 5 Contents, Iowa State Journal of Research, Vol. 58 (August, 1983-May, 1984)........................... ... 477 IOWA STATE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH Published under the auspices of the Graduate College of Iowa State University EDITOR .......... ...................... DUANE ISEL Y (On Leave) ACTING EDITOR ........................... KENNETH G. MADISON BUSINESS MANAGER. ...................... .. MERRITT E. BAILEY ASSOCIATE EDITOR ... ..... ....................... PAUL N. HINZ ASSOCIATE EDITOR ........................... BRUCE W. MENZEL COMPOSITOR-ASSISTANT EDITOR ..........CHRISTINE V. McDANIEL Administrative Board N. L. Jacobson, Chairman M. E. Bailey, I.S.U. Press J. E. Galejs, l.S. U. Library Duane lsely, Editor W. H. Kelly, College of Sciences and Humanities W. R. Madden, Office of Business and Finance J. P. Mahlstede, Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station W. M. Schmitt, Information Service G. K. Serovy, College of Engineering Editorial Board G. J. Musick, Associate Editor for Entomology, University of Arkansas Paul W. Unger, Associate Editor for Agronomy, USDA, Bushland, Texas Dwight W. Bensend, Associate Editor for Forestry, Hale, Missouri L. Glenn Smith, Consultant for Education, I.S.U. Barbara E. Forker, Consultant for Physical Education, I.S.U. All matters pertaining to subscriptions, remittances, etc. should be addressed to the Iowa State University Press, 2121 South State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010. Most back issues of the IOWA STATE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH are avail­ able. Single copies starting with Volume 55 are $7.50 each, plus postage. Prior issues are $4.50 each, plus postage. Because of limited stocks, payment is required prior to shipment. The IOWA STATE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH (ISSN 0092-6345) is published quarterly in August, November, February, and May for $20.00 per year (Can­ ada, $21.00; other foreign countries, $25.00) by the Iowa State University Press, 2121 South State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010. Second-class postage paid at Ames, Iowa 50010. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to THE IOWA STATE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH, c/o Iowa State University Press, 2121 South State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50010. Printed by Graphic Publishing Co., Inc., Lake Mills, Iowa 50450. IOWA STATE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH I MAY, 1984 477-479 Vol. 58, No. 4 IOWA STATE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 58 (August, 1983-May, 1984) No. 1, August, 1983 From the Editors ..... ...................... .... ...... 1 ISEL Y, D. Astragalus (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) I.: Keys to United States Species ... ..... ........ .. ........ ... 3 * * * * * * * * * * No. 2, November, 1983 From the Editors. 17 3 PATTEE, P.A., C. J. SCHROEDER, and M. L. STAHL. Erythro­ mycin-sensitive mutations of transposon Tn551 in Staphylococcus aureus . 175 THIBODEAU, G. A. and P. A. HARTMAN. Selective medium for the isolation of streptococci from clinical samples . 181 SHIPP, J. L. and W. A. ROWLEY. Electrophoretic studies of Culex pipiens pipiens, Culex restuans, and Culex salinarius (Diptera: Culcidae) . 185 POHL, R. W. New records of Mesoamerican grasses . 191 HINZ, P. N. and G. B. PITMAN. Analyzing data on insect response to pheromones: From a field study of the western pine beetle . 19 5 DEVEY, M. E. and W. A. RUSSELL. Evaluation of recurrent selection for stalk quality in a maize cultivar and effects on other agronomic traits . 207 ARJMAND, 0. and R. H. SHAW. Irrigation potential on Iowa soils of low water-holding capacity as determined by computer simulation . 221 FOLEY, D. C. Mechanical properties of Zea mays stems. 235 GEORGE, J. R. and K. E. HALL. Herbage quality of three warm- season grasses with nitrogen fertilization. 24 7 WRAY, P. H. and D. R. PRESTEMON. Assessment of street trees in Iowa's small communities. 261 478 TABLE OF CONTENTS Book Review . 269 * * * * * * * * * * No. 3, February, 1984 Introduction . 2 79 CALDWELL, E. M. Animating Word and Spectacle in the Masque Scenes of The Winter's Tale. 281 HIRVELA, D. P. Structural Unity in King john: A Stage History Perspective . 289 HUNT, M. The Three Seasons of Mankind: Age, Nature, and Art in The Winter's Tale . 299 IDE, R. S. Shakespeare and the Pirates . 311 SEUFERT, R. "The Decorum of These Daies": Robert Wilmot and the Idea of the Theater. 319 STROUD, T. A. Shake-speare, Fal-staff, and Hot-Spur. 329 THOMAS, P. R. Iago's Motivated Malignity . 335 WILSON, D. B. Euripides' Alcestis and the Ending of Shake- speare's The Winter's Tale . 345 DROMEY, M. J. S. When Coriolanus Reformed the Republic. ... 357 Book Review . 365 * * * * * * * * * * No. 4, May, 1984 From the Editors. 3 69 BRINGHURST, R. S. and V. VOTH. Breeding octoploid straw- berries . 3 71 DEWEY, D. R. Wide-hybridization and induced-polyploid breed- ing strategies for perennial grasses of the Triticeae tribe . 3 83 EINSPAHR, D. W. Production and utilization of triploid hybrid aspen.... 401 HERMSEN, J. G. Th. Nature, evolution, and breeding of poly- ploids . 411 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 79 HERMSEN, J. G. Th. Mechanisms and genetic implications of 2n-gamete formation.... 421 HERMSEN, J. G. Th. The potential of meiotic polyploidization in breeding allogamous crops. 4 3 5 HERMSEN, J. G. Th. Haploids as a tool in breeding polyploids . 449 HERMSEN, J. G. Th. Some fundamental considerations on inter- specific hybridization . 461 Rook Review... ... 475 IOWA STATE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH I MAY, 1984 369 Vol. 58, No. 4 FROM THE EDITORS The Plant Science Lectures have been presented annually since 1980 at Iowa State University. The lectures, each year, concern a topic that impacts on the success of research in plant breeding and ultimately to human welfare. The lectures are sponsored by the Departments of Agronomy, Botany, Forestry, Genetics, Horticulture, and Plant Pathology, Seed, and Weed Science. The theme for the Plant Science Lecture Series for 1983 was "Polyploid breeding." This issue of the Iowa State journal of Research is a compilation of the papers presented in this lecture series. Many of the plant species used for field crop, horticultural, and forestry production are polyploid. Most polyploid species of economic importance evolved naturally. Their domestication by humans, while followed only by gradual improvement for human needs, was limited by the conscious and unconscious selection. Examples are strawberries, wheat, and potatoes. How­ ever, some of our newer crops, including tetraploid rye and triticale, are man-made polyploids. Most plant breeding theory has been developed with diploid inheritance as the model. Such models, however, are not applicable to the more complex polyploid inheritance, and statistical models for polyploid breeding are difficult to derive. As a further complication, various genetic control systems have evolved to facilitate the survival of the meiotic and segregation patterns of polyploids. For example, hexaploid wheat carries a gene that suppresses pairing of homeologous chromosomes with the result that meiosis in the species is diploidized. On the other hand, in potatoes tetraploid genetic control is dir­ ected towards preservation, in the gametes, of combinations of alleles that give heterosis in the sporophyte. Thus, it may be perceived that the development of uniform theory for polyploid breeding is nearly impossible to achieve. Each polyploid species is unique and needs to be treated as a special case. Neverthe­ less, plant breeders have had marked success in improving polyploid species, such as wheat, alfalfa, and strawberries. The first three papers in our presentation provide case histories of success­ ful polyploid breeding of horticultural, field, and forest species. The latter five papers are concerned with the general theories of polyploid breeding and applicable derivative procedures. Thus, we have attempted, in this publication, to provide a reasonable balance of theory and practice. We believe it is a signif­ icant document because it presents the status of breeding polyploids to date (1983) and provides insight into areas of research that should challenge breeders in the future. Kenneth J. Frey, Coordinator Plant Science Lecture Series IOWA STATE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH I MAY, 1984 371-381 Vol. 58 , No. 4 BREEDING OCTOPLOID STRAWBERRIES R. S. Bringhurst and Victor Voth1 ABSTRACT. The California Agricultural Experiment Station has had a program for develop­ ing strawberry varieties for 3 5 years. During this period, eight very successful varieties have been released. All cultivated strawberries are octoploid and are self pollinating. All germ­ plasm used in breeding modern strawberries originated from Fragaria virginiana and F. cbiloensis. Much diversity exists in both of these
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