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Preface Yves Van de Peer The study of polyploidy dates back more than 100 years to the work of biologists such as Hugo de Vries and G. Ledyard Stebbins Jr. It has since then been realized that polyploidy is widespread and commonplace in plants. Although polyploidy is much rarer in animals, there are also numerous cases of currently polyploid insects, fishes, amphibians and reptiles. For a long time, ancient polyploidy events, dating back millions of years, were much less well documented and it was not until the advent of genomic technologies that conclusive evidence of ancient whole genome duplications (WGD) events became available and we now have evidence for tens, or even hundreds, of ancient WGD events. Explanations of the short-term success of polyploids are usually centered on the effects of genomic changes and increased genetic variation, which are mediated by changes in gene expression and epigenetic remodeling. Increased genetic variation, together with the direct cytogenetic conse- quences of genome doubling, can potentially affect the morphology and physiology of newly formed polyploids and could lead to alterations of ecologically and envi- ronmentally suitable conditions. For instance, it has repeatedly been proposed that polyploids have increased environmental robustness than do diploids, potentially leading to evolutionary advantages during periods of environmental turmoil. More- over, polyploidy has also sometimes been linked with higher diversification rates. Long(er)-term implications of WGD might be evolutionary innovation and increase in biological complexity by the biased retention of regulatory and developmental genes, which, given time, might diversify in function or cause rewiring of gene regulatory networks. Lastly, the impact of polyploidy on the adaptive potential of clonal systems seems to be greater than was initially appreciated. Adaptive effects of polyploidy in prokaryotes might, through increased mutational robustness, contribute to the direct survival of the individual. In many multi-cellular organisms, polyploidy does not generally affect whole organisms but arises, as part of normal development, in the somatic cells of otherwise diploid organisms. Unprogrammed polyploidy also occurs and, for instance, characterizes a substantial proportion of human tumours. In short, polyploidy, or the duplication of entire genomes, has been observed in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and in somatic and germ cells. It is clear that the consequences of polyploidization are complex and variable, operate at different evolutionary time-scales and can differ greatly between systems and species. All this, and much more, will be discussed at this sixth International Conference on Polyploidy, where we welcome about 180 participants of more than 26 different countries. We wish you all a very inspiring and fun meeting! Yves Van de Peer VIB/GhentUniversity, BE on behalf of the scientific committee: Malika Ainouche { University of Rennes, FR Mike Barker { The University of Arizona, US Visnja Besendorfer { University of Zagreb, HR Andrew Leitch { Queen Mary University of London, UK Maurine Neiman { The University of Iowa, US Polina Novikova { VIB/UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, BE Eric Schranz { Wageningen University Research, NL Pamela S Soltis { University of Florida, US Jonathan Wendel { Iowa State university, US Arthur Zwaenepoel { VIB/UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, BE i ii International Conference on Polyploidy June 11th { 14th (Ghent, Belgium) Tuesday June 11(1) Registration and Poster set-up 15:30 - Welcome and Introduction 16:00-16:10 Plenary session: Jonathan Wendel - Iowa State University, US 16:10-17:00 The wondrous cycles of polyploidy in plants Poster set-up & Welcome reception 17:00-19:00 Wednesday June 12 Session 1: Evolutionary and ecological significance of polyploidy 09:00-12:30 Part 1: Short-term/micro-evolutionary Douglas Soltis - University of Florida, Florida MNH, Gainesville, USA 09:00-09:30 Is there a single polyploidy paradigm? Tia-Lynn Ashman - University of Pittsburgh, USA 09:30-10:00 Ecological and evolutionary advantages of polyploidy revealed by strawberries Coffee break 10:00-10:30 Justin Conover - Iowa State University, US 10:30-10:45 Deleterious mutation accumulation during cotton allopolyploidization, speciation, and domestication Polina Novikova - VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, BE 10:45-11:00 Polyploidy and adaptation in Australian burrowing frogs Neobatrachus Levi Yant - University of Nottingham, GB 11:00-11:15 Pervasive population genomic consequences of genome duplication in Arabidopsis arenosa David Sankoff - University of Ottawa, CA 11:15-11:30 Distinguishing successive ancient polyploidy levels based on genome-internal syntenic alignments Matthias Hartmann - Institute of Botany Czech Acedemy of Science, Pruhonice, CZ 11:30-11:45 When triploids take over: phylogeography of geographical parthenogenesis in Hieracium alpinum Filip Kol´aˇr - Charles University, CZ 11:45-12:00 Adaptation and genotype-environment interaction in polyploid populations: lessons from primary contact zones Lei Gong - Northeast Normal University, CN 12:00-12:15 Phylogenetic and population structural inference from genomic ancestry maintained in present-day common wheat Chinese landraces Kentaro Shimizu - University of Zurich, CH 12:15-12:30 Are homeologs redundant? Resequencing of the allotetraploid Arabidopsis kamchatica using subgenome classification approaches (1)Please find the complete abstract book on the USB flash drive in your conference bag. 1 Lunch 12:30-14:00 Session 2: Evolutionary and ecological significance of polyploidy 14:00-17:30 Part 2: Long-term/macro-evolutionary Martin Lysak - CEITEC, Masaryk University, CZ 14:00-14:30 Post-polyploid diploidization and karyotype evolution Rie Shimizu-Inatsugi - University of Z¨urich,CH 14:30-15:00 From Genome to Ecology: niche separation in genus Cardamine through polyploidization Coffee break 15:00-15:30 Michael Barker - University of Arizona, US 15:30-15:45 Impact of polyploidy on the genetic diversity of vascular plants G¨okce Ak¨oz - Gregor Mendel Institute and Vienna Graduate School of Population Genetics, AT 15:45-16:00 The Aquilegia genome reveals a hybrid origin of core eudicots Rob Denton - University of Minnesota Morris, US 16:00-16:15 The evolutionary history of nuclear genomes trapped in a polyploid salamander lineage Kira Zadesenets - The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, RU 16:15-16:30 Genome reorganization after whole genome duplication in evolution of free-living flatworms of the genus Macrostomum R. Shawn Abrahams - University of Missouri, US 16:30-16:45 Gene Duplication in the Evolution of the Glucosinolate Biosynthesis Pathway Mathieu Rousseau-Gueutin - INRA, FR 16:45-17:00 Co-evolution of chloroplast and nuclear genomes in flowering plants and impact of allopolyploidy on fine-tuned cytonuclear interactions Jonathan Spoelhof - University of Florida, US 17:00-17:15 Does reproductive assurance explain the incidence of polyploidy in plants and animals? Victor Albert - University at Buffalo, Nanyang Technological University, US 17:15-17:30 Deep-time morphological stasis in the carnivorous plant genus Drosera despite different trajectories of genomic upheaval Poster session & networking reception 17:30-20:00 Thursday June 13 Session 3: Genetics, epigenetics, and physiology of polyploidy 09:00-12:30 Christian Parisod - University of Bern, CH 09:00-09:30 Integration of genomic and ecological changes in polyploids Maurine Neiman - University of Iowa, US 09:30-10:00 Does polyploidy influence genomic accumulation of repetitive elements? Coffee break 10:00-10:30 Mimmi Eriksson - University of Vienna, AT 10:30-10:45 Transposable elements and early stages of polyploid evolution. A perspective from sibling allopolyploid marsh orchids (Dactylorhiza). Ning Li - Northeast Normal University, CN 10:45-11:00 2 DNA methylation repatterning accompanying hybridization, whole genome doubling and homoeolog exchange in nascent segmental rice allotetraploids Clayton Visger - California State University Sacramento,, US 11:00-11:15 Integrating multiple RNA-seq normalizations to assess the impact of autopolyploidy and drought stress on gene expression in Tolmiea Guanjing Hu - Iowa State University, US 11:15-11:30 Chromatin structure and evolution of duplicate gene expression Armel Salmon - University of Rennes 1 - UMR CNRS ECOBIO, FR 11:30-11:45 Small-RNAs and PAH-stress tolerance in polyploid Spartina species (Poaceae) Eric Jenczewski - Institut Jean Pierre Bourgin, INRA, FR 11:45-12:00 Evolution by gene loss: meiotic recombination genes could have their say Anne-Marie Ch`evre - INRA, FR 12:00-12:15 A reshuffling machinery for generating new diversity in a polyploid context: Model Brassica napus Elvira Hoerandl - University of Goettingen, DE 12:15-12:30 The interplay of polyploidy, epigenetic patterns, niche shifts and apomixis in plants Lunch 12:30-14:00 Session 3: Genetics, epigenetics, and physiology of polyploidy 14:00-15:00 Simon Sandve - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, NO 14:00-14:30 Gene regulatory evolution following whole genome duplication Rebecca Heald - University of California, USA 14:30-15:00 Investigating the link between genome size and cell size and physiology using amphibian systems Coffee break & poster session (continued) 15:00-16:00 Boat tour & conference dinner (registration required) 16:15 - Friday June 14 Session 4: `Somatic' polyploidy
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  • Remarks on Brassica

    Remarks on Brassica

    International Journal of AgriScience Vol. 3(6): 453-480, June 2013 www.inacj.com ISSN: 2228-6322© International Academic Journals The wild and the grown – remarks on Brassica Hammer K.¹*, Gladis Th.¹ , Laghetti G.² , Pignone D.² ¹Former Institute of Crop Science, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany. * Author for correspondence (email: [email protected]) ²CNR – Institute of Plant Genetics, Bari, Italy. Received mmmm yyyy; accepted in revised form mmmmm yyyy ABSTRACT Brassica is a genus of the Cruciferae (Brassicaceae). The wild races are concentrated in the Mediterranean area with one species in CE Africa (Brassica somaliensis Hedge et A. Miller) and several weedy races reaching E Asia. Amphidiploid evolution is characteristic for the genus. The diploid species Brassica nigra (L.) Koch (n = 8), Brassica rapa L. emend. Metzg. (n = 10, syn.: B. campestris L.) and Brassica oleracea L. (n = 9) all show a rich variation under domestication. From the naturally occurring amphidiploids Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (n = 18), Brassica napus L. emend. Metzg. (n = 19) and the rare Brassica carinata A. Braun (n = 17) also some vegetable races have developed. The man-made Brassica ×harmsiana O.E. Schulz (Brassica oleracea × Brassica rapa, n = 29, n = 39), or similar hybrids, serve also for the development of new vegetables. Brassica tournefortii Gouan (n = 10) from another Brassica- cytodeme, different from the Brassica rapa group, is occasionally grown as a vegetable in India. Brassica has developed two hotspots under cultivation, in the Mediterranean area and in E Asia. Cultivation by man has changed the different Brassica species in a characteristic way. The large amount of morphologic variation, which exceeded in many cases variations occurring in distinct wild species, has been observed by the classical botanists by adding these variations to their natural species by using Greek letters.