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The Quality of This Reproduction Is Dependent Upon the Quality of The INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscripthas been reproducedfrom the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertationcopies are in typewriterface, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The qualityof this reproductionis dependentupon the qualityof the copy submitted. Brokenor indistinctprint, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs,print bleedthrough,substandard margins. and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikelyevent that the authordid not sendUMI a completemanuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials e.g., maps, drawings, charts! are reproduced by sectioningthe original,beginning at the upperleft-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sectionswith smalloverlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 ECOLOGY AiID BIOLOGY OF THE ROI.'GH-TOOTHED DOLPHI> S TELO BRED.JIVE.%'SIS! A DISSERTATION Sl'Bil ITTE D TO TH F. GRADL ATE Dli'ISIO> OF TH F l:~IYERSITW OF HA~IAI'I l> PARTIAL FI;I.FILL~IE>T OF THF REQl'IREilE>TS FOR THE DEGRFE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BIOIIF.DICAI. SCIF.. IiCES PHYS IOI.OGY! DECEilBF.R 2002 By christi L. ll'est Dissertation Committee: G. Causey %'hitto», Chairperson Claude Payri, Co-chairperson! David Lally Alemandre Gannier John Claybaugh Jay Sweeney James Carpenter James ~lead referee! Yu-Chong Lin l'incent Ridouv referee! UMI Number: 3070732 UMI Microform 3070732 Copyright2003 by ProQuestInformation and LearningCompany. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ECOLOGIE ET BIOLOGIE DU DAUPHIN A BEC ETROIT STENO BREDA NENES'IS DISSERTATION CONJOINTEMENT PRESENTEE A L'UN[VFRSITE DE HAWAI'I ET L'UNIVERSITE DE I-A POLYNESIE FRANCAISE EN VUE DE L'OBTENTION DU DOCTO RAT F.N SCIENCF BIOMEDICALE ET FCOI OGIE MARINE DECEMBRE 2002 paf Kristi L. West Membresdu Jury: Causey G. Whittow, Co-Directeur Claude Payri, Co-Directrice David Lally, examinateur Alexandre Gannier, tuteur John Claybaugh,examinateur Jay Sweeney,examinatew James Carpenter, examinateur James Mead rapporteur! Yu-Chong Lin, examinateur Vincent Ridoux rapporteur! UNIVMQvt 0%LA University of Hawai'i at Manoa ~mksts rauocruss University of Hawaii at Manoa Universithde la Polynhsiefranqaise Associate Dean, Graduate Division La prbsidente The graduateChair of Departtnent of Physio ogy Consideringthe generalagreemcnt signed in 1994by the presidentofboth Universityde la PoIynbsic franchise ex University~isc du Pacifique!and The Universityof Hawaii at Manoa Consideringthe spo:ific letter of agreementsignod m I 997between the two Universities concerning the joint Ph.D dissertation for Ms Kristi WEST The two institutionsagree upoa the foilowiag committeel'or tbe Pb.D. viva voce czatlllnatlon: Article I The viva voce examination for thc PhD dissertation of Ms Kristi WEST will bc held Scptcmber30, 200' st the Vnivetsity of Hawat at Maooa ln the Pbysiology Coo fcrence room room T408 ln the Biomedical ScieaccsBuildiag!. ice dissertation title is: Ecol Biolo f the rou h-ooth d I hn rcno !~rrrlantnsi Article 2- Thc viva voce committee includes: David Lally, Professor,UH, reader Yu-Cbong Lia, Professor, UH. reader J nhaClaybaugh, Professor,UH, reader James Carpenter, Professor, UH, reader Causey Whittow, Professor,co-advisor Claude Payri, professor oo-advisor Alexaodre Gaaaicr, PhD, reader Jay Sweeney,Dr VeterinarianDolphin }vest, reader ViaceatR!BOUX, ProfessorUniversity of La RochclleFrance, referee JamesMEAD, MarineMammal Curator, Smithsonian Institution Washington DC, referee Article3 The universitiesinvolved arc responsible for the application of thisde:ision. For Universityof ldawaii For Universityof FrenchPolynesia The Associate Dean, Gmluntc Division Peter V. GARROO III DUAL PH.D. PROGRAM BETWEEN THE UMVERSITY OF HAWAI'I AND LVNIVERSITE DE LA POLYNESIE FRANQAISE This dissertationis part of a dual Ph.D. program under a joint agreementbetween the University of Hawaii at Manoa and LVniversite de la Polynksie Franqaise.The dissertationcommittee is composedof an equal number of membersto representboth Universities. Although the format of the dissertationdocument is not traditional,each of the threechapters follows similar formatting for journal submission. An overall abstract. introduction and discussion are also included in the dissertation document that follows more traditional formatting. 9'e certify that we haveread this thesisand that. in our opinion.it is satisfactoryin scopeand quality as a dissertationfor thedegree of Doctorof Philosophyin BiomedicalScience Physiology!. DISSERTATION COMMI I I I I: ~Ne certiti tnat ice haie reai thi' tl esis and tiiat. in our opinion. it sat,stactor in scopeand quality zs a dissertationtor th" degreeot Doctor DIS>ER I A Tl Ct'iliXIITTEE Greater knowledge of the rough-toothed dolphin..S'Ieno bredanensis, is needed to effectively contribute to conservationand managementefforts for this species. 1he primarypurpose of this researchwas to describeecological and biological parameters for X bredanensis that will be useful in future assessmentsof population stress. Several approacheswere usedto studyX bfedanensis,including investigations of free-ranging populations.dead specimens,and captive individuals. Free-rangingrough-toothed dolphinsdistributed near small oceanicisland environmentswere found to be more commonly sightedin-shore than off-shore. fn the Windwardislands of FrenchPolynesia, this speciespreferred water depths of 1000to 2000m anda distanceof 1.8to 5.5 km from the barrier reef. Group sizesof rough-tootheddolphins sighted in FrenchPolynesia rangebetween 1 and35 individualswith a meansize of 12.1. Fndocrinologydata for 5 bredanensiswas establishedin captive healthy and strandedindividuals. Rangesand means were provided for progesterone,testosterone, cortisol and thyroid hormones. Changesin thyroid hormone concentrationswere reflective of health status and testosteroneappeared to be suppressedin ill individuals.Reproduction in X bredanensis wasinvestigated by determiningthe size and age range that this species attains sexual and physicalmaturity. Femalerough-toothed dolphins attain sexual maturity by 9 to 10years of ageand malesbetween 5 and 10 yearsat a similarlength of approximately216 cm. Physicalmaturity is generallyreached at an olderage and larger size for bothmales and females. Ecologically healthy and unhealthypopulations of S. bredanensiswere describedin this investigationand these finding will beuseful in assessingfuture threats to this species. Une meilleure connaissancedu dauphin a bec etroit. S en' bredanenvis.semble cruciale pow ameliorer1'impact des efTorts de conservationet de protectionde cetteespece. Le but principalde cette etude est de decrire les parametres ecologiques et biologiques du dauphin Steno bredanensis, afin d'avoir dans le futur une meilleure evaluation du niveau de stress de cette population.Plusieurs approches ont et' utiliseesdans cette etudedu dauphin..S.bredanensis, incluant des observationsen mer, desechantillons prelevessur animauxdecedes et des animaux vivant en captivite.Les populationssauvages etudiees dans un environnementinsulaire ont ete plus &equemmentobservees pres des cotes qu'au large.Dans les Iles du Vent en Polynesie franqaise, cette espece semble se situer preferentiellementdans des eaux presentant une profondeurde 1000a 2000metres et dansune zone distante de I.S i 5,5 kilometresde la barriere de corail. La taille des groupesde dauphinsa becetroit observesen Polynesic fran>;aiseva de 1 a 35 individus avec une moyennede 12,1par groupe. Desmesures de taux d' hormonespour Steno bredanensisont ete etablies a partir de prdlevementsfaits sur dauphins en bonne santeen captivite et sur dauphinsechoues. Les valeurs et leurs moyennessont donneespour la progesterone,la testosterone,le cortisolet les hormonesthyroidiennes. Les variationsdes taux d'honmnesthyroYdiennes sont correlees avec 1'etat de sante de I'animal; la testosteroneapparait ge&ralement bassechez les animaux malades.La physiologic reproductricedes .Cteno bredanensisa eteetude: en detertnittantla taille et 1'age moyena laquellecette ence atteintsa maturitesexuelle et morphologique.Les femelles atteignent la maturitesexuelle entre 9 et 10ans, lesmiles entre5 et 10ans, leur longueurcorporeHe ayant alors ete evaluee a approximativement 216 cm. La maturitephysique est logiquementatteinte plus tardivement, la taille desanimaux etant alors superieure,aussi bien chez les malesque chez les femelles. La comparaisonde I'ecologic des populationsde Stenobredanensis en bonne ou mauvaisesante, decrite dans cette etude.sera tres utile pour evaluerles menacesfutures qui pesentsur cetteespece. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract. .Vl Resume. List of Tables...... List of Figures Xt Introduction. .1 Chapter I: Distribution of the rough-tootheddolphin Steno bredanen»i»!around the Windward Islands French Polynesia! Abstract. 73 Introduction. 74 Methods. ~6 Results. 30 Discussion 33 References 37 Chapter2: Reproductionin the rough-tootheddolphin. Stenohredanen»i»: Attainment ot sexualand physical maturity. Abstract. 50 Introduction. 51 Methods. 5'7 Results. 58 Discussion 66 References. 71 Chapter3: flormone concentrationsduring rehabilitationand
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