Deuxi Eme Partie Structure Des ^ Les De Polyn Esie Fran Caise

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Deuxi Eme Partie Structure Des ^ Les De Polyn Esie Fran Caise Deuxi eme partie Structure des ^ les de Polyn esie Francaise Chapitre 4 Les chambres magmatiques fossiles des ^ les Qui serait assez insens epour croire qu'il puisse exister des hommes dont les pieds seraient au-dessus de la t^ete, ou des lieux o u les choses puissent ^etre suspendues de bas en haut, les arbres pousser a l'envers, ou la pluie tomber en remontant ? Ou seraient les merveil les du jardin de Babylone s'il nous fal lait admettre l'existence d'un monde suspendu aux Antipodes ? Lactance Sommaire 4.1 R esum e etendu de \ Size and depth . gravity studies" .. ... 76 4.2 Size and depth of frozen magma chamb ers under atolls and islands of FrenchPolynesia using detailed gravity studies, Clouard, Bonneville and Barsczus, 2000, J. Geophys. Res., v 105, pp 8173-8191 . .... .... .... .... .... ... 78 4.3 Compl ements...... .... .... .... .... .... ... 97 4.3.1 Contr^ole des donn ees gravim etriques terrestres utilis ees .. .. 97 4.3.2 D etermination des masses volumiques ... ... ... ... .. 98 4.3.3 La loi de Gauss appliqu ee aux champs de gravit e ... ... .. 99 4.3.4 Choix de la loi liantchambre et ^ le.. ... ... ... ... .. 101 Nous avons r ealis e une etude gravim etrique des ^ les et atolls de Polyn esie francaise qui a donn e lieu a une publication dans le Journal of Geophysical Research vol 105, pp 8173-8191. Apr es un r esum e etendu en francais, ce chapitre repro duit la publication, et nit par un compl ement concernant certains calculs. 76 Les chambres magmatiques fossiles des ^ les 4.1 R esum e et principaux r esultats de \ Size and depth of frozen magma chambers under atol ls and islands of French Polynesia using detailedgravity studies" R esum e De nouvelles connaissances de l' evolution tectonique et structurale des ^ les et atolls de Polyn esie francaise sont obtenues a partir de l'analyse de donn ees gravim etriques. Des cartes de l'anomalie a l'air libre ont et er ealis ees avec les donn ees acquises a terre sur 25 ^ les, combin ees aux donn ees d eriv ees de l'altim etrie satellitale et aux donn ees acquises par bateau. Les anomalies r esiduelles isostatiques sont alors calcul ees suivantunmod ele crustal en 3D et 4 couches. Ce mo d ele prend en compte la bathym etrie, la top ographie des ^ les et la exure de la lithosph ere sous la charge des edi ces volcaniques. 20 des 25 ^ les etudi ees pr esentent une anomalie r esiduelle p ositive, allantde9 a 60 mGal, qui p eut ^etre reli ee alapr esence de chambres magmatiques fossiles et des circuits d'alimentation les plus imp ortants de l'ancien volcan. Des anomalies r esiduelles n egatives sur 4 ^ les corresp ondent probablement soit a des d ep^ots coralliens soit a des r esidus fragment es des derni eres phases du volcanisme a erien. Les anomalies p ositives mettenten evidence l'existence d'une chambre magmatique fossile en profondeur sous chacune des ^ les de Polyn esie francaise. De plus, une relation lin eaire entre l'amplitude de l'anomalie p ositiveetlevolume de l'^ le existe. Elle implique une relation entre la taille de la chambre magmatique qui induit l'anomalie et celle de l'^ le. La mo d elisation de la forme de ces chambres par un mo d ele g eom etrique simple un corps dense ellipso dal en 3D conduit a une estimation de la taille et de la profondeur des chambres magmatiques. Une relation lin eaire entre le volume des chambres et le volume des ^ les est ainsi obtenue et p eut ^etre utilis ee p our d'autres volcans intraplaques eteints e.g. La R eunion. Par ailleurs, la comparaison entre les diam etres obtenus p our chaque chambre et leur pro jection a la surface avec l'emplacement et le diam etre des caldeiras implique que la plupart des e ondrements consid er es jusqu'alors comme des caldeiras au sens strict sont en fait des glissements des ancs des edi ces. Principaux r esultats Les ^ les etudi ees sont Manuae, Maupiti, Tupai, Bora-Bora, Tahaa, Huahine, Maiao, Tetiaroa, Mo orea et Tahiti sur la So ciet e, Nuku Hiva, HivaOaetUaPou aux Marquises, Maria, Rimatara, Rurutu, Tubuai, Raivavae et Rapa aux Australes, Moruroa et Gambier de l'alignement Gambier-Pitcairn et Mataiva, Manihi, Makatea, Rangiroa aux Tuamotu. 1. Il existe sur chaque ^ le une anomalie de gravit er esiduelle p ositive, circulaire et centr ee sur l'^ le. C'est en b on accord avec ce que l'on sait p our les volcans de typ e p ointchaud e.g. Rymer et Brown, 1986 : le syst eme d'alimentation magmatique 4.1 R esum e etendu de \ Size and depth . gravity studies" 77 fossile, dont le principal el ement est la chambre, corresp ond a une anomalie de densit e p ositive qui se traduit par une anomalie gravim etrique p ositive, une fois les corrections de Bouguer faites. ! il existe une chambre magmatique unique sous chaque ^ le etudi ee. 2. les atolls etudi es pr esentent les m^emes caract eristiques gravim etriques que les ^ les hautes, att enu ees en fonction de leur ^age, donc de leur subsidence. ! les atolls de Polyn esie Francaise, y compris ceux des Tuamotu, p oss e- dent les caract eristiques gravim etriques des volcans b oucliers. 3. L'emplacement du centre de l'anomalie p ermet de d eterminer si ce qui est app el e caldeira en est vraiment une ou corresp ond plut^ot a un e ondrement du anc du volcan. Une caldeira corresp ond a l'e ondrement du centre du volcan apr es la vidange rapide de la chambre magmatique p our en combler le vide. Les parois doivent donc ^etre quasi verticales, et se situer a l'aplomb des b ords de la chambre. A l'inverse, les e ondrements de ancs s'ouvrentvers la mer, leur diam etre et leur centre sont ind ep endants de l'emplacement de l'ancienne chambre. ! la plupart des caldeiras des ^ les etudi ees sont des e ondrements de ancs. 4. Des mo d eles directs de chambres rendent bien compte de l'anomalie gravim etrique. Que l'on utilise une sph ere ou un ellipso de de r evolution, on obtient des r esultats similaires qui p ermettent d'estimer le volume, le rayon et la profondeur de chaque ancienne chambre. ! les syst emes d'alimentation fossiles se mo d elisent bien par un ellipso - de de r evolution. 5. Les volumes des chambres magmatiques obtenus sont prop ortionnels au volume de l'^ le consid er ee. ! la taille de l'^ le p ermet de conna^ tre le volume de la chambre magmati- que fossile. 6. Le choix des masses volumiques utilis ees p ermet de v eri er l'existence d'un gradient de densit eentre la surface et le plancher o c eanique. La masse volumique moyenne des edi ces, dans leur partie sous-marine situ ee au dessus du plancher, est de 2700 3 kg:m , alors que le mat eriau de remplissage de la d epression cr e ee par la charge 3 du volcan sur la croute ^ est plut^ot autour de 2800-2900 kg:m . 3 ! la masse volumique moyenne des edi ces est de 2700 kg :m . 7. Le raccordement des donn ees terrestres avec les donn ees en mer n'a pas ab outi ala mise en evidence de vastes glissements sous-marins, comme celui cartographi e sur le anc sud de Tahiti voir Chapitre 5. Cela va a l'encontre de ce qui est parfois avanc e e.g. Rymer et Brown, 1986. ! les glissements de terrain en mer ne sont pas mis en evidence par l'analyse gravim etrique. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 105, NO. B4, PAGES 8173{8191, APRIL 10, 2000 Size and depth of ancient magma reservoirs under atolls and islands of FrenchPolynesia using gravity data Val erie Clouard and Alain Bonneville Lab oratoire de G eosciences Marines et T el ed etection, Universit edelaPolyn esie francaise, Pap eete, Tahiti, FrenchPolynesia 1 Hans G. Barsczus, GBE - UMR 5569 - CNRS and Universit e de Montp ellier I I, Montp ellier, France Abstract. New insights into the structural and tectonic evolution of islands and atolls in FrenchPolynesia are derived from the analysis of gravity data. Free-air anomaly maps were constructed using gravity data from land surveys of 25 islands combined with free-air anomaly data derived from satellite altimetry and shipb orne gravimeters. Residual isostatic anomalies were calculated using a three-dimensional 3-D, four-layer crustal mo del taking into account the bathymetry of the sea o or, the top ography of the islands, and the de ection of the lithosphere under the load of the volcano es. Twenty of the 25 islands yield a p ositive residual anomaly, ranging b etween 9 and 60 mGal. Negative residual anomalies over four islands probably corresp ond either to limestone dep osits or to fragmented material from aerial volcanism. The o ccurrence of a p ositive anomaly provides some evidence that there is a solidi ed magma chamb er at depth b eneath each of several islands in FrenchPolynesia. A linear relation b etween the amplitude of the p ositive gravity anomaly and island volume is also observed. Geological features which generate these p ositive anomalies are describ ed by simple geometric mo dels 3-D ellipsoidal dense b o dies which lead to a rough estimate of the size and depth of the magma chamb ers.
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