Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) and Alburnus caeruleus Heckel, 1843: New data on their distributions in Iran
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Authors Zareian, H.; Esmaeili, H.R.; Zamanian Nejad, R.; Vatandoust, S.
Download date 27/09/2021 05:56:07
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/36572
Caspian J. Env. Sci. 2015, Vol. 13 No.1 pp.11~20 ©Copyright by University of Guilan, Printed in I.R. Iran CJES
[Research] Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) and Alburnus caeruleus Heckel, 1843: new data on their distributions in Iran
H. Zareian1, H.R. Esmaeili1*, R. Zamanian Nejad1, S. Vatandoust2
1-Dept. of Biology, College of Sciences, Ichthyology Research Lab, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran 2-Dept. of Fisheries, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran
* Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] (Received: May. 15.2014 Accepted: Oct. 14.2014) ABSTRACT This paper provides information on the geographic distributions of two cyprinid species: Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) and Alburnus caeruleus Heckel, 1843, in the world and the entire drainage systems in Iran. The new distribution records were taken from Maroon River (Jarrahi River system) and Chardaval River (Karkheh river system), both in Tigris River basin showing wide and narrow distribution ranges of these two cyprinid fishes, respectively. The main introduction sites and distribution range of H. leucisculus is the south- ern parts of the Caspian Sea basin in Iran from where it has probably been translocated to other Iranian basins along with exotic Chinese carps. Although A. caeruleus is native to Tigris River basin, it had been already rec- orded only from Gamasiab and Doab rivers in 2009 in Karkheh River system (Tigris) and thus the present study extends its distribution range. In case of alien species, human-mediated fish introductions may increase faunal similarity among primary drainages due to a strong tendency for taxonomic homogenization caused primarily by the widespread introduction of cyprinid fishes. Fish faunal homogenization might be highest in drainages (e.g. Caspian Sea and Tigris basins) subjected to the greatest degree of disturbance associated with human settlement, infrastructure and change in land use. The provided data might be used in conservation program of freshwater fishes of Iran.
Keywords: Freshwater fishes, species invasions, translocation, biogeography
INTRODUCTION Similar to the trends observed in other coun- competition, suitable water temperature, tries, by dissolving physical barriers to changes in water flow, suitable habitat for movement and connecting formerly isolated spawning, number of release events, species- regions of Iran, human-mediated species level factors (such as diet, offspring per year, introductions have dramatically changed growth rate, body size, lifespan) and abun- and restructured the present-day biogeogra- dant food supply have been recorded to be phy of freshwater fishes. In the case of the main factors promoting establishment of freshwater fishes, the number of reported introduced fish species. Whether through alien and invasive ones has reached about 32 accidental introductions or intentional re- species in 10 orders and 12 families distrib- leases, many species attain distributions be- uted in almost all the drainage basins in Iran yond their natural ranges and form novel which is about 14.7% of the freshwater ich- interactions with native counterparts (Pater- thyofauna in Iran (Esmaeili et al., 2014a). Re- son et al., 2013; Esmaeili et al., 2014a). In this cent reports of new introductions and range study, we map and report the distributions extensions of exotic and native fishes which of two cyprinid species: Hemiculter leuciscu- has changed the distribution patterns of Ira- lus (Basilewsky, 1855) and Alburnus caeruleus nian inland fishes have well been document- Heckel, 1843 in Iran.The sawbellies, genus ed (see Esmaeili et al., 2010a, b, 2011a, b, Hemiculter Bleeker, 1859, belongs to the hemi- 2013, 2014a, b, c; Coad, 2014; Khaefi et al., cultrine group (middle-sized cyprinids). 2014). Fish behavior, minimal resource Eight species of this genus occur in Asia
Online version is available on http://research.guilan.ac.ir/cjes
12 Hemiculter leucisculus…
(Coad, 2014), representing one of the six val- In this study, the distributions of Hemiculter id genera of the subfamily Cultrinae that are leucisculus and Alburnus caeruleus in the known only East Asia, including China, far- world and in the entire drainage basins in eastern region of Russia, Northern Korean Iran were mapped. Materials for this study peninsula, and Northern Vietnam (Dai and are resulted from (a) available data in Yang, 2003; Nelson, 2006). Hemiculter leucis- fishbase (Fishbase, 2014); (b) available pub- culus (Basilewsky, 1855), commonly called lished data (Abdoli, 2000; Abbasi, 2009; sawbelly, or _tizeh kuli_ in Persian (=sharp Esmaeili, 2011a; Coad, 2014); (c) extensive or spiny fish, _kuli_ being any small fish), is fieldworks that provided the geographic co- the only sawbelly that was accidentally in- ordinate datasets for theirs distribution troduced into Iran. The native range of this (mainly from ZM-CBSU data bank provided species is from maritime south Russia by H.R. Esmaeili); (d) new samplings using through China to Korea and Vietnam electrofishing device, cast net, beach seine (Esmaeili and Gholamifard, 2011). It has and hand net (scoop net). Distribution maps been probably introduced into Iran by acci- of the Hemiculter leucisculus and Alburnus dent along with commercial shipments of caeruleus were constructed with DIVA-GIS Chinese major carps from Central Asia in the (7.5.0) software (Hijmans et al., 2012) in former U.S.S.R. and/or Rumania in 1967 which the new records for their southern (Esmaeili and Gholamifard, 2011; Coad, distributions were shown. Newly collected 2014). The Chinese major carps in Central specimens by the authors were preserved in Asia came from the Amur River basin in the 10% formalin in the field and were deposited Far East and sawbellies were accidentally in the Zoological Museum, Collection of Bi- transferred with them in the 1950s-1960s ology Department, Shiraz University (ZM- (Holčík and Razavi, 1992). Hemiculter leucis- CBSU). culus was reported for the first time in Iran from the Anzali Wetland by Holčík and Ra- RESULTS zavi (1992), and apparently was not uncom- Global (world) distribution maps of the H. mon there (Jolodar and Abdoli, 2004). Based leucisculus and A. caeruleus based on availa- on the works of Bogutskaya (1997), Bogut- ble data provided by Fishbase (2014) are skaya and Naseka (2004) and Kottelat and shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Hemiculter leucisculus Freyhof (2007), the Alburnus and Chalcalbur- is native to Asia such as China, North and nus genera were merged into single genus, South Korea, Hong Kong, Japan and Amur Alburnus with about 38 species, among them, River basin (Berg, 1964) to Red River drain- 7 species occur in Iran including Alburnus ages in Mongolia (Kottelat, 2006). It has been atropatenae Berg, 1925; Alburnus caeruleus introduced to Iran, Afghanistan and Uzbeki- Heckel, 1843; Alburnus chalcoides Gülden- stan (Fig. 1). Fig. 3 shows distribution map of staedt, 1772; Alburnus filippii Kessler, 1877; H. leucisculus in Iran based on prior data col- Alburnus hohenackeri Kessler, 1870; Alburnus lections till 2012 and new collections made mossulensis Heckel, 1843 and Alburnus zagro- by the authors by electrofishing and by using sensis Coad, 2009 (Esmaeili et al., 2010a; Co- hand net and hook, during field work on ad, 2014).Alburnus caeruleus Heckel, 1843, the October 2012. Two specimens of H. leuciscu- black spotted bleak, is found in the Tigris- lus were collected in Maroon River, Behba- Euphrates and Quwayq River systems han (30 40 2.5N., 50 16 17.8E., alt. 320 (Freyhof, 2014). In Iran, it has been recorded m), Khouzestan Province (Fig. 3). Results by Abbasi (2009) from the Gamasiab and revealed that at the present, H. leucisculus is Doab rivers (34º 22' 16" N., 47º 54' 51" E., alt. found in three basins (e.g. Caspian, Urmia 1412 m and 34º 27' 11" N., 47º 39' 34" E., alt. and Tigris) with doubtful record from Hari 1322 m) where he collected only 8 specimens River basin (Fig. 3). Fig. 4 shows distribution and gave low fishing effort of 0.02% at fish- map of A. caeruleus in Iran based on prior ing sites. The present study aimed at access- data collections till 2012 and new collections ing the spatial distribution of Hemiculter leu- made by the authors during field work on cisculus and Alburnus caeruleus and provid- October 2012. In this study one specimen of ing distribution map and new records for A. caeruleus was collected from Maroon Riv- these species in their entire drainage basins er, Behbahan (30 40 2.5N., 50 16 17.8E., in Iran. alt. 320 m), Khouzestan Province and four MATERIALS AND METHODS were captured from Chardaval River, Shir- Esmaeili et al., 13
van (33 41 38.1 N., 46 42 57.4E.), Ilam culus was first reported from Anzali Wetland Province, Karkheh River system, Tigris basin in 1992 and probably moved to western Cas- (Fig. 4). At the present, A. caeruleus is found pian Sea basin in 1999-2004 and towards the in Tigris River basin only (Fig. 4). Based on southern east of the Caspian Sea basin dur- our field work Alburnus mossulensis, Capoeta ing 2008. It seems that later, this fish has trutta, Chondrostoma regium, Carassobarbus translocated from the Caspian Sea basin to luteus, Cyprinion macrostomum and Garra rufa two other basins including Urmia and upper are species that co-exist with the two species Tigris basin and now it is recorded to be in above. Available data reveals that H. leucis- the lower part of Tigris.
Fig. 1. Global distribution map of Hemiculter leucisculus (Modified from Fishbase, 2014).
Fig. 2. Global distribution map of Alburnus caeruleus (Modified from Fishbase, 2014).
Fig. 3. Distribution map of Hemiculter leucisculus in Iran.
14 Hemiculter leucisculus…
. Fig. 4. Distribution map of Alburnus caeruleus in Iran.
DISCUSSION ties and suggested that this species may have There is a long history in the introduction of been introduced along with this exotic carps non-indigenous fishes in freshwater ecosys- (Esmaeili and Gholamifard 2011). tems, the rate of which has accelerated great- It seems that H. leucisculus is an ideal fish ly over time as methods of transportation model in representing successful introduc- have improved and trade barriers have re- tion, establishment and expansion of its dis- laxed (Copp et al., 2005), the same is true in tribution range. The natural distribution of the case of freshwater ecosystems in Iran. this species is in East Asia, but it has been Human-mediated movement of fish has a introduced outside this range (e.g. Iran, Iraq long history in Iran and probably has been and Afghanistan), usually incidentally with started with the introduction of mosquito Chinese major carps, which are important fish, Gambusia holbrooki (Poecilidae) in 1920s food fishes (Coad and Hussain, 2007). After (Esmaeili et al., 2010a; Coad, 2014). Since successful introduction and establishment of then, intentional, and accidental introduc- H. leucisculus in Anzali Wetland (Holčík and tion, translocation and also range extensions Razavi, 1992), it became widely distributed or new records of freshwater fish species are in other bodies of water in the southern Cas- being reported and discussed (see Esmaeili et pian Sea basin. Abbasi et al. (1999), Kiabi et al., 2010a,b, 2014a; Esmaeili and Ghola- al. (1999), Abdoli (2000) and Gasmi and Mir- mifard, 2011; Coad, 2014) causing major ich- zaei (2004) recorded this species from the thyofaunal changes in terms of number of lower Sefidrud, Anzali Wetland and in the species, distribution and biological impacts. middle Aras River from the southern Caspi- While new records of native fishes (e.g. A. an Sea basin. Patimar (2008) and Patimar et caeruleus) are good signs of biodiversity al. (2008) reported it from the International richness in the region; however, the move- Wetlands of Alma-Gol, Adji-Gol and Ala-Gol ment of fish species beyond their natural and in Aab-Bandans (an artificial pool, in range is potentially one of the most ecologi- Golestan Province) in the south eastern Cas- cally damaging of human activities and pian Sea basin of Iran showing its movement management of alien and translocated spe- to the eastern parts of this basin. It has also cies may be one of the biggest challenges that been reported to be in the Hari (=Tedzhen) conservation biologists face in coming dec- River, Karakum Canal and Kopetdag Reser- ades. It seems that most of the translocated voir of Turkmenistan (as H. eigenmanni) (Al- fish species are inadvertently moved with iev et al., 1988; Shakirova and Sukhanova, the Chinese carps as what happened in the 1994; Sal'nikov, 1995) and so may eventually case of H. leucisculus. Esmaeili and Ghola- be found in the Hari River basin of Iran ex- mifard (2011) reported that Carassius gibelio panding its populations in North Eastern coexist with H. leucisculus in different locali- part of Iran. Esmaeili et al. (2011a) and Esmaeili et al., 15
Esmaeili and Gholamifard (2011) also re- they are eaten in Iranian waters, and it be- ported it in two new basins in the North comes an environmental nuisance (Coad and Western of Iran including Zarivar Lake (Ti- Hossain, 2007). It is highly tolerant to water gris basin) and Zarrineh River (Urmia basin). pollution (Thinh et al., 2012). Coad and Hussain (2007) reported it from Despite wide distribution range of intro- Hawizah Marsh (31º38'30"N., 47º35'21"E. and duced H. leucisculus (Figs. 1 & 3), the native 31º36'02"N., 47º33'09"E.) in Iraq. fish A. caeruleus has narrow distribution After its first record in the upper part of Ti- range in the world and in Iran (Figs. 2 & 4). It gris drainage in Iran (Esmaeili et al., 2011a), it is distributed in Qweik, Euphrates and Tigris was speculated that this might be the start- drainages from Southern Anatolia to Iraq ing point of an invasion of the whole drain- (Freyhof, 2014). There are few records from age system by this species. Based on the pre- Iranian sub drainage of Tigris. This paper sent study, it seems that sawbelly has invad- reports for the first time, the occurrence of A. ed the other river system of Tigris basin (e.g. caeruleus in two new localities including Maroon, Jarrahi river system); although, H. Chardaval River (Figs. 8 & 9), Shirvan, leucisculus seems to be still very rare in this (Karkheh River system, Tigris River basin) body of water and only few individuals and Maroon River (Jarrahi River system). It could be recorded. was interesting that for a long time A. caer- The preferred habitat of this species are uleus was not reported from Iran. However, lakes, ponds, and backwaters of rivers; the Abbasi (2009) recorded it from the Gamasiab lower reaches of slow flowing large and me- and Doab rivers (Tigris River Basin). Similar- dium-sized rivers (Figs. 5 - 7); shallow water ity of this species to Alburnus hohenackeri and over sandy bottom rivers (Serov et al., 2006; its low population may be the main reason Coad and Hossain, 2007; Thinh et al., 2012), for these late records. Alburnus caeruleus in- which makes Mesopotamia area including habits in the streams, rivers and lakes with Jarrahi river system ideal. It is a probable moderate to slow current and reservoirs. competitor with native species for food. Most likely sensitive to low temperatures as Elsewhere, it is known to partially displace this species is, they are absent from the local species and shows more rapid growth northern headwaters of Euphrates in Turkey and higher fecundity than under native con- (Freyhof, 2014). Human-mediated fish intro- ditions (Rosenthal in: Welcomme, 1988). ductions may increase faunal similarity Young fish feed on zooplankton and adults among primary drainages due to a strong on plants, fish and insects. It is a predator on tendency for taxonomic homogenization fish eggs and young and it can easily switch caused primarily by the widespread intro- from a food to another as conditions war- duction of cyprinid fishes (e.g. Cyprinus car- rant. It is an 'r' strategist forming dense, pio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, H. nobilis, stunted populations in any new environ- Pseudorasbora parva, Carassius auratus), and ment. This limits its utility as food, although poecilid fish (Gambusia holbrooki).
Fig. 5. Hemiculter leucisculus from a canal that drains to Tajan River, Southern Caspian Sea basin.
16 Hemiculter leucisculus…
Fig. 6. Habitat of Hemiculter leucisculus, a canal that drains to Tajan River, Southern Caspian Sea basin.
Fig. 7. Maroon River new locality record for Hemiculter leucisculus.
Fig. 8. Alburnus caeruleus from Chardaval, Karkheh, Tigris River basin, Iran.
Fig. 9. Chardaval River (Karkheh River system), new locality record for Alburnus caeruleus. Esmaeili et al., 17
Fish faunal homogenization might be highest of disturbance associated with human set- in drainages (e.g). The Caspian Sea and Ti- tlement, infrastructure and change in land gris basins) subjected to the greatest degree use (Fig. 10).
Fig. 10. Anthropogenic disturbance in freshwater ecosystem in Iran (Talar River, Southern Caspian Sea basin).
The scenario which significantly changes the Scientific Translations Ltd, Jerusalem. present-day ichthyogeography in Iran. Un- (Russian version published 1949). derstanding the role of invasive species and Bogutskaya, N. G. (1997). Contribution to the also new records of native fishes in defining knowledge of leuciscine fishes of Asia patterns of present-day biogeography and Minor. Part 2. An annotated checklist of preserving the antiquity of Iranian’s fresh- leuciscine fishes (Leuciscinae, Cyprini- water biodiversity is highly recommended dae) of Turkey with descriptions of a new species and subspecies. Mitteilung- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS enausdem Hamburgischen Zoologischen We are thankful to M. Masoudi, H. Museum und Institut, 94: 161–186. Mehraban, R. Khaefi, A. Jouladeh, S. Babai Bogutskaya, N. G. & Naseka, A. M. (2004). for their help in fish collection and to Shiraz Catalogue of Agnathans and Fishes of Fresh and Brackish Waters of Russia University for financial supports. with comments on nomenclature and
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20 Hemiculter leucisculus…
داده های جدید از پراکنش دو گونه (Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855 و Alburnus caeruleus Heckel, 1843 در ایران
ح . زارعیان1، ح.ر. اسماعیلی1*، ر. زمانیان نژاد1، ص. و وطن دوست2
1- آزمایشگاه ماهی شناسی، بخش زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شیراز، 41717، ایران 2- بخش شیالت، دانشگاه آزاد اسالمی، واحد بابل، بابل، ایران
)تاریخ دریافت:21/2/39 - تاریخ پذیرش:39/4/22 (
چکیده در این پژوهش اطالعاتی از پراکنش جغرافیایی دو گونه از کپورماهیان (Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855 وAlburnus caeruleus Heckel, 1843 در سطح جهانی و در تمام حوضه های آبریز ایران ارائه شده است. نمونه هایی از .H leucisculus و A. caeruleus به ترتیب از رودخانه های مارون در بهبهان و چرداول در سیروان هر دو از حوضه تیگریس جمع آوری گردید. دامنه پراکنش اصلی برای گونه H. leucisculus در ایران ناحیه جنوبی دریای خزر می باشد و بنظر می رسد از این حوضه به همراه گونه های غیربومی نظیر کپور چینی به دیگر حوضه ها منتقل شده است. اگرچه گونه A. caeruleus بومی حوضه تیگریس می باشد اما تنها از رودخانه های گاماسیاب و دوآب در سال 2003 گزارش شده است و این مطالعه گستره پراکنش آن را وسیع تر معرفی می کند. معرفی وسیع گونه ها به وسیله انسان از حوضه ای به حوضه دیگر ممکن است شباهت فونی بین حوضه ها را افزایش دهد. همسان شدن فون ماهیان در حوضه هایی که متحمل درجات زیادی از تخریب های مرتبط با فعالیت های انسانی نظیر فعالیت های زیر بنایی یا تغییر کاربری اراضی شده اند بیشتر باشد. این داده ها می تواند در برنامه ریزی های حفاظتی ماهی های آب شیرین ایران مفید باشد.
*مولف مسئول