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Changes in Body Weight, Hematology and Serum Chemistry in Captive Plains Viscachas (Lagostomus Maximus) with Presumptive Diabetes Type II After a Diet Change

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Changes in Body Weight, Hematology and Serum Chemistry in Captive Plains Viscachas (Lagostomus Maximus) with Presumptive Diabetes Type II After a Diet Change Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk. C. J. Wenker, M. Clauss, D. Besselmann, W. J. Streich, H. Lutz, Band 151, Heft 2, Februar 2009, 61–68 © 2009 by Verlag Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG, Bern DOI 10.1024/0036-7281.151.2.61 Originalarbeiten 61 Changes in body weight, hematology and serum chemistry in captive plains viscachas (Lagostomus maximus) with presumptive diabetes type II after a diet change C. J. Wenker1, M. Clauss2, D. Besselmann2, W. J. Streich3, H. Lutz4 1Zoo Basel, 2Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, University of Zurich, 3Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wild- life Research (IZW), Berlin, 4Clinical Laboratory, University of Zurich Summary Veränderungen nach Futterumstellung in Körpergewicht, Hämatologie und Serologie We report body weights (BW) and blood and serum bei Flachland-Viscachas (Lagos tomus maximus) analyses for 6 fully mature and 8 not-yet-mature cap- in Menschenobhut mit vermutetem Typ II tive plains viscachas before and 3, 6 and 9 months af- Diabetes ter switching from a low-fi ber, high-energy diet to a high-fi ber, low-energy diet. Initially, body weights, se- Es wird über Veränderungen in Körpergewicht (KG), rum glucose, fructosamine and cholesterol levels were Hämatologie und Serologie bei 6 voll ausgewachsenen above the reference range in the fully mature animals. und 8 noch nicht ausgewachsenen Viscachas, vor – Furthermore, 4 of these animals had bilateral cata- und 3, 6, und 9 Monate nach – einem Futterwechsel racts. After the diet change, these parameters dropped von einer faserarmen, energiereichen – auf eine faser- into the reference range. However, 9 months later, a reiche, energiearme Futterration berichtet. Zuerst la- slightly increased BW became evident again. The fi nd- gen bei den adulten Tieren das Körpergewicht (KG) ings are consistent with a type II diabetes mellitus and sowie die Serumwerte von Glucose, Fructosamin und underline the importance of dietary prevention. Cholesterolwerten oberhalb des Referenzbereiches; zusätzlich zeigten 4 dieser Tiere bilateral Katarakte. Nach der Futterumstellung sanken diese Parameter in die Referenzbereiche. Neun Monate später allerdings stieg das KG wieder leicht an. Die Befunde deuten auf einen Typ II Diabetes hin und unterstreichen die Be- deutung einer diätetischen Prävention. Keywords: hematology, blood chemistry, diabetes, Schlüsselwörter: Hämatologie, Serologie, Diabetes, cataract, rodent Katarakt, Nager Introduction suspicion that – like some other rodents (Besselmann and Hatt, 2004), the plains viscacha might be particularly The plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus) is a social prone to diet-induced diabetes. However, it was only un- rodent that inhabits the pampas grasslands of Paraguay, til blood reference values, in particular for fructosamine, Bolivia, and Argentina. Despite its comparatively large for free-ranging viscachas were established (Wenker et al., size (for a rodent) and its attractive fur coloration, it is 2007), that an actual clinical diagnosis based on serum rarely kept in zoological gardens (ISIS, 2001). These ani- chemistry became possible. The purpose of this study was mals have been kept and bred successfully at Zurich Zoo to investigate blood analytes in a group of captive plains since 1964 (Rübel et al., 1989). A comparatively frequent viscachas with presumptive diabetes type II from the Zu- clinical occurrence of bilateral cataracts, glucosuria, and rich Zoo in comparison with the data of free-ranging ani- elevations in glucose, cholesterol and fructosamine lev- mals, and to observe levels from repeated blood samples els, as well as necropsy fi ndings of fatty livers, led to the after a diet change. P14135_061_068.indd 61 20.01.2009 11:42:37 Uhr C. J. Wenker, M. Clauss, D. Besselmann, W. J. Streich, H. Lutz, Band 151, Heft 2, Februar 2009, 61–68 Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk. © 2009 by Verlag Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG, Bern 62 Originalarbeiten Animals, Material and Methods available) and not-yet-matured individuals (up to 1 year of age). The mature viscachas comprised 4 males and 2 females (total 6), the not-yet-matured viscachas com- Animals and husbandry prised 2 animals that had just reached maturity (male and female), 2 subadult females, and 4 juveniles (male Fourteen plains viscachas were available for this study. and 3 females). They were weighed and bled four times: The animals were classifi ed into mature individuals (old- before the diet change (0), and 3, 6 and 9 months after. er than 1 year of age, exact birth data and age were not The viscachas were housed indoors at two different loca- Table 1: Body weights of the viscachas (Lagostomus maximus) used in this study before (0) and 3, 6, and 9 months after the diet change. Animal No. Cataract? Stage Body mass (g)* (sex) 0 3 6 9 1 (m) yes adult, matured 9050 7600 6400 6650 2 (m) yes adult, matured 8700 7600 6800 7450 3 (m) no adult, matured 7500 6550 6500 7600 4 (m) yes adult, matured 6300 5900 5850 6600 5 (f) yes adult, matured 4900 4100 3950 3800 6 (f) no adult, matured 4200 4200 3600 3950 7 (m) no adult, just-matured 4000 4000 4300 4500 8 (f) no adult, just-matured 3400 3300 3650 3400 9 (f) no subadult 2900 2680 2700 2800 10 (f) no subadult 2500 2650 3100 2850 11 (m) no juvenile 1600 1800 2200 2500 12 (f) no juvenile 1500 1700 2100 2400 13 (f) no juvenile 1400 1500 1700 1900 14 (f) no juvenile 1300 1600 2000 2100 Mean 1 – 6 6775a 5992a 5517b 6008ab SD ±1989 ±1567 ±1388 ±1702 Mean 7 – 14 2325a 2404a 2719b 2806b SD ±1031 ±911 ±904 ±828 different superscripts within a row indicate signifi cant differences between the time periods; for all time periods, the diffe- rence between the two groups (animals 1– 6 vs. animals 7–14) was signifi cant * reference body weights for free ranging viscachas from Wenker et al. (2007) are, for males 4600 (range 2900-6600) g and for females 3100 (range 1800-4200) g Table 2: Red and white blood cell count of captive plains viscachas (Lagostomus maximus) as compared to the reference range established for free-ranging individuals before (0) and 3, 6, and 9 months after the diet change. Reference Parameter Fully mature adults (n=6) range 03 69 Hematocrit (%) 34 – 42 39aA ±4 34b ±3 34b ±3 38aA ±3 RBC (106/μl) 4.44 – 5.64 4.79ab ±0.46 4.34ac ±0.42 4.33cA ±0.36 4.81b ±0.40 WBC (103/μl) 8.2 – 17.8 18.0A ±6.6 25.5 ±16.0 23.7 ±20.2 30.5 ±28.0 Neutrophils (/μl) 6384 – 13667 8332 ±2405 8801 ±2912 8537 ±3365 9485 ±2110 Monocytes (/μl) 196 – 865 1712A ±1362 1215A ±656 1669A ±1187 959A ±485 Lymphocytes (/μl) 532 – 4049 7449 ±4245 14876 ±15518 13142 ±16210 19734 ±26462 different small superscripts (abc) within a row indicate signifi cant differences between the time periods in a group; different captial superscripts (AB) indicate signifi cant differences between the two groups P14135_061_068.indd 62 20.01.2009 11:42:37 Uhr Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk. C. J. Wenker, M. Clauss, D. Besselmann, W. J. Streich, H. Lutz, Band 151, Heft 2, Februar 2009, 61–68 © 2009 by Verlag Hans Huber, Hogrefe AG, Bern Changes in body weight, hematology and serum chemistry in viscachas 63 tions, with the 6 adults in one and all the other animals tent of the fi rst ration was estimated at 12.5 MJ/kg DM, in the other group. The animals were kept in indoor en- and of the second ration at 10.3 MJ/kg DM. closures of 23.9 m2 and 20.1 m2 for the mature and the other animals, respectively. Enclosures had a concrete Blood sampling fl oor covered with gravel and sand, and were furnished with artifi cial rocks containing artifi cial burrows as well At each sampling interval, the animals were anaesthetized as artifi cial hollow logs, offering the animals a variety of by mask induction and maintenance with isofl urane in opportunities to hide, climb, and dig. oxygen. They were weighed, and a complete physical and ophthalmologic examination was performed. Blood sam- Feeding ples taken from the medial branch of the saphenous vein were subject to complete hematology counts and serum Study animals were fed as a group, not individually. Drink- chemistry profi les following the standard procedures ing water was available at all times. The diets used were re- outlined in Wenker et al. (2007) for the samples analyzed corded and analyzed for proximate nutrients (Naumann at the Clinical Laboratory of the University of Zurich in and Bassler, 1988) in the course of a dissertation project Switzerland. (Besselmann, 2005). The original diet consisted of apples, carrots, bread, a commercial mineral/vitamin supple- Statistical analysis ment (Multiforsa M21, Multiforsa AG, 6312 Steinhausen, Switzerland), and rye grass hay and local browse branches For each group, a repeated measurements-ANOVA, with ad libitum; however, the apples, carrots and bread alone subsequent Tukey-Kramer post hoc tests, was used to were provided in amounts theoretically large enough to compare the time points. Furthermore, for each time meet the animals’ estimated energy requirements without point, a t-test was used to compare the two groups. Statis- any additional hay intake. This ration, the intake of which tical analyses were carried out using Instat 3.0 (GraphPad was not actually determined, contained, calculated with- Software Inc.) and SPSS 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL), re- out intake of additional hay or branches, in dry matter: spectively. The signifi cance level was set to 0.05. 9.0% crude protein, 5.2% crude fi ber, 1.0% ether extracts, 3.9% crude ash and 80.8% nitrogen-free extracts. After the diet change, the diet consisted of a 1:1 rye grass hay Results and straw mixture, a mineral/vitamin supplement (Mul- tiforsa M21, Multiforsa AG, 6312 Steinhausen, Switzer- Matured adults were signifi cantly heavier than growing land) and a pelleted feed based on alpine meadow hay and recently-matured animals, and before the diet change (PRE ALPIN Lepo, Agrobs GmbH, 82541 Degerndorf, had almost consistently higher body weights than the ref- Germany).
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