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Türbe Mekâni, Türbe Kültürü

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Türbe Mekâni, Türbe Kültürü T.C. MALTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI TÜRBE MEKÂNI, TÜRBE KÜLTÜRÜ: İSTANBUL’DA ÜÇ TÜRBEDE YAPILAN NİTELİKSEL ARAŞTIRMA, 2013 YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ AYŞE AYSUN ÇELİK 10 11 27 207 Danışman Öğretim Üyesi: Prof. Dr. Emine İNCİRLİOĞLU İstanbul, Ekim, 2013 ÖNSÖZ Öncelikle İstanbul şehrine duyduğum merak, ilgi ve sevgi araştırma konumun seçiminde önemli bir rol oynadı. İstanbul’un zengin kültür yapısıyla sosyoloji alanını nasıl bir araya getirebileceğimi düşünürken İstanbul türbelerinin zengin bir araştırma sahası olarak bunu sağlayabileceğine karar verdim. Aziz Mahmut Hüdayi, Eyüp Sultan ve Telli Baba türbelerinde ziyaretçilerin duygu dünyaları üzerinden, türbe mekânına yüklenen anlam ve bu mekânda oluşan kültürü ortaya koymaya çalıştım. Araştırma, türbe mekânlarında sürekli bir hareketlilik ve yaşayan bir kültür olduğunu ortaya koydu. Bu çalışmanın oluşmasında emeği geçen, ders aldığım değerli yüksek lisans hocalarıma, tezimi onaylayan değerli jüri hocalarım Prof. Dr. Bahattin Akşit, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erkan Çav ve bilhassa tezimin hem yazım hem de saha çalışması olmak üzere her aşamasında her an yanımda olan değerli danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Emine İncirlioğlu’na teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Verdikleri her türlü destek için sevgili anne ve babam Meryem-Aziz Partanaz’a, eşim Zekeriya’ya, evlatlarım özellikle saha çalışması ve diğer aşamalarda yardımlarıyla yanımda olan sosyoloji öğrencisi kızım Sena’ya, Eren’e ve Revna’ya çok teşekkür ediyorum. ÖZET Türbe mekânı incelenerek orada oluşan kültürü anlamak bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturdu. İstanbul’un türbe zenginliği ve çeşitliliğinden yola çıkılarak belirlenen Aziz Mahmut Hüdayi, Eyüp Sultan ve Telli Baba türbeleri araştırma sahası olarak seçildi. Her türbede 10’ar olmak üzere toplam 30 derinlemesine görüşme yapıldı. Araştırma türbelerde yapılan gözlemlerle zenginleştirildi. Yapılan görüşme ve gözlemlerde; katılımcıların kişisel özellikleri, türbe ziyaretleri, türbe algıları üzerinden türbe mekânıyla ilişkilerini ortaya koymaya yönelik bir çerçeve çizildi. Çalışmanın giriş bölümünde, mekân teorileri, türbe kültürü ve bağlantılı olduğu yapılar, araştırma yapılan türbelerin tanıtımı, tezin amaç ve önemi anlatılarak kavramsal çerçeve ve sorunsal ortaya kondu. Yöntem bölümünde, araştırmada kullanılan katımcı gözlem, derinlemesine görüşme ve gömülü teori yöntemleri görüşme süreciyle birlikte ele alınarak anlatıldı. Araştırmanın zorlukları ve etik sorunlar da bu bölümde verildi. Bulgular bölümünde, ziyaretçiler, esnaf ve türbe görevlileriyle yapılan görüşmelerde öne çıkan konular yine onların ifadeleri eşliğinde yorumlandı. Tartışma ve Sonuç bölümünde ise, elde edilen bulgular araştırma konusu bağlamında değerlendirildi. Araştırma, üç türbede ve niteliksel yöntemlerle yapıldığından sonuçlar genellenmedi fakat türbe kültürü ve mekânını anlamaya yönelik açıklayıcı bilgilere ulaşıldı. Bulguların kutuplaşmaları desteklemediği, kamusal-özel, modern-geleneksel, sıradan-kutsal mekân pratiklerinin bir arada yaşandığı görüldü. “Sıradan” ve “kutsal” olanla iletişimin sağlandığı yerler olarak görülen türbeler, türbe algısı birbirinden farklı kişilerce ziyaret edilmekte, bu farklılıklar ziyareti çeşitlendirmekte, şekillendirmekte ve dönüştürmektedir. Zaman zaman formel bakış açılarının eleştirilerine hedef olsa da, türbe ziyaretlerine toplumsal ilgi sürmekte, “türbe mekânı” yaşayan bir mekân olmayı sürdürmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Türbe, Kamusal-Özel Alan, Modern-Geleneksel-Dini Pratikler, Kutsal Mekân, Ziyaret Kültürü ii ABSTRACT Understanding the culture around visiting tombs by examining the tomb site created the core purpose of this study. Considering the richness and diversity of tombs in Istanbul, Aziz Mahmut Hüdayi, Eyüp Sultan and Telli Baba tombs are chosen as fields of the research. Thirty interviews are conducted in total, with ten interviews at each tomb site. The study is enriched with observations. In the interviews and observations, the aim is to reveal the participants’ relationships with the tombs through the impersonality traits, patterns of tomb visits, and perceptions. In the introductory part of the study, the conceptional framework and research questions are presented by discussing relevant spatial theories, tomb culture, the constructions it is attached, the presentation of the researched tombs, and the purpose and importance of the thesis. In the method part, the participant observation, in-depth interview and grounded theory methods are explained by contextualizing the interviewing process. The challenges of the research and ethical problems are also presented in this part. In the findings part, the points that were raised during the interviews with the visitors, shop keepers in the area and tomb attendants, are interpreted citing verbatim transcriptions of interviews. In the discussion and conclusion part, the findings are evaluated in the context of the research subject. The research results are not generalized as it was conducted using qualitative methods and only in three tombs, however explanatory information, which helped understand the tomb culture and the site, is presented. Tombs, which are seen as spaces in which communication between “ordinary” and “sacred” takes place are visited by people with different perceptions of a tomb and these differences diversify, shape and transform the visit. Although it is the target of formal points of view, the public interest in tomb visits persists and the “tomb site” continues to be popular among diverse populations. Keywords: Tomb, Public–Private Sphere, Modern-Traditional-Religious Practices, Sacred Space, Culture of Tomb-visitation iii İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ....................................................................................................................... i ÖZET......................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................. iii İÇİNDEKİLER........................................................................................................ iv KISALTMALAR..................................................................................................... vi TABLO.................................................................................................................... vii 1. BÖLÜM: GİRİŞ.................................................................................................... 1 1.1.Mekân.............................................................................................................. 5 1.1.1. Mekânın Üretimi ve Yeniden Üretimi.................................................. 5 1.1.2. Kamusal ve Özel Alan........................................................................... 8 1.1.3. Kutsal Mekân...................................................................................... 13 1.2. Türbe Kültürü......................................................................................... ... 17 1.2.1. Dünya Toplumlarında Türbe Kültürü................................................. 19 1.2.2. Türk Toplumunda Türbe Kültürü ve Tarihsel Süreci......................... 21 1.3. Geleneksel-Modern-Dini Pratikler ve Türbe Kültürü............................ 26 1.4. Tez Araştırmasına Konu Olan Türbeler................................................... 31 1.4.1. Aziz Mahmut Hüdayi ve Türbesi...................................................... 31 1.4.2. Eyüp Sultan ve Türbesi..................................................................... 32 1.4.3. Telli Baba ve Türbesi........................................................................ 33 1.4.4. Türbelere İlişkin Menkıbeler............................................................. 35 1.5. Tezin Amacı................................................................................................. 39 1.6. Tezin Önemi................................................................................................ 41 iv 2. BÖLÜM: YÖNTEM........................................................................................... 43 2.1. Katılımcı Gözlem........................................................................................ 43 2.2. Derinlemesine Görüşme............................................................................. 45 2.3. Gömülü Teori.............................................................................................. 48 2.4. Görüşmeler Sürecindeki Avantajlar, Sınırlılıklar ve Etik Sorunlar....... 50 3. BÖLÜM: BULGULAR...................................................................................... 55 3.1. Ziyaretçilere İlişkin Bulgular.................................................................... 56 3.1.1. Kişisel Bilgiler ve İnanç Dünyalarına İlişkin Tanımlamalar............... 56 3.1.2. Türbe Ziyaretinin Mekânla İlişkilendirilmesi...................................... 61 3.1.3. Türbe Ziyaretinin Kişisel ve Toplumsal Sebepleri.............................. 69 3.1.4. Türbe Ziyaretinin Sıklığı...................................................................... 80 3.1.5. Ziyaret Sıklığını Etkileyen Kişisel ve Toplumsal Faktörler............... 83 3.1.6. Ziyaretçilerin Türbe Mekânına Yüklediği Anlam.............................. 87 3.1.7. Ziyaretçilerin Türbe Ziyaretine Yüklediği Anlam.............................. 94 3.1.8. Türbe Ziyaretinden Beklentiler......................................................... 101 3.1.9. Başka Türbelerin Ziyaretine İlişkin Bilgiler....................................
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