Fracture Toughness Data for Brittle Materials
R. G. Munro, S. W. Freiman, and T. L. Baker Ceramics Division Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory
United States Department of Commerce NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
QC 100 .056 NO. 61 53 iQq«
NISTIR 6153
Fracture Toughness Data for Brittle Materials
R. G. Mimro, S. W. Freiman, and T. L. Baker Ceramics Division Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
April 1998
U. S. Department of Commerce William M. Daley, Secretary
Technology Administration Gary R. Bachula, Acting Under Secretary for Technology
National Institute of Standards and Technology Raymond G. Kammer, Director Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this document to specify adequately the experimental procedures and conditions. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the
National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
National Institute of Standards and Technology NISTIR6153 Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. NISTIR6153 153 printed pages (April 1998) Fracture Toughness Data for Brittle Materials R. G. Munro, S. W. Freiman, and T. L. Baker Ceramics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899
ABSTRACT
Fracture toughness data, as represented by the critical stress intensity factor, and the fracture energy, y, have been compiled from publicly accessible sources for a wide range of brittle materials with an emphasis on structural ceramics and closely related materials. The results are organized according to the material designation and are presented in annotated tables.
Key Words
Brittle materials; ceramics; data; database; fracture toughness; structural ceramics
Table of Contents
Abstract 1
Table of Contents 1
1. Introduction 2
2. Organization of the Data 4
3. Notation and Conventions 4 3.1 Measurement Methods 4 3.2 Property Symbols 7 3.3 Units 7 3.4 Uncertainties 7
4. Index of Materials 8
5. Tables of Data 11 1. Introduction
= YOfcl'^ (2) Brittle materials are subject to rapid crack extension upon the application of tensile stresses. The capacity of a material to resist the extension of a crack is called fracture where 7 is a dimensionless numeric factor toughness. that depends on the test configuration and the shape of the initial crack.^ Numerous Analytical descriptions of fracture behavior experimental designs have been developed in are commonly based on linear stress analysis. attempts to minimize the uncertainties in the
In this approach, the focus is on the stress in value ofi^ic arising from the geometric the vicinity of a crack tip where the curved uncertainties of the test configuration and the boundaries lead to an enhanced stress state. initial crack. A parameter, K, called the stress intensity factor, is introduced as a measure of the The present report presents a compilation of enhanced value of the stress. The symbol fracture toughness and fracture energy Ki, called the Mode I stress intensity factor, (y) values for a wide range of brittle is used for the particular case of tensile crack materials determined by a variety of test extension. The critical value of the stress methods. The results are obtained primarily intensity factor, commonly called the from publicly accessible published sources; in fracture toughness, is defined as the value at all cases, the sources of the data and the which bond rupture occurs at the crack tip. methods used in the measurements are cited Linear stress analysis for tensile cracks leads explicitly. The measurement methods are to the relation described in Section 3.1.
Overviews of the data are provided by = = 1 kI VE' 2yE' ( ) Fig. 1, which shows a distribution of all the fracture toughness values reported in the
compilation, and Fig. 2, which shows a where E' = E for plane stress and distribution of the fracture energy values. It E’ = £7(l-v^) for plane strain; E is the elastic can be seen that most of the toughness modulus; v is Poisson's ratio; F is the values are less than 8 MPa-m^^^. The mechanical energy release rate for fracture; smallest reported value is 0. 16 MPa-m^^^ for and 2Cq is the initial crack size. The quantity, cracks parallel to a cleavage plane of a Y = r/2, is often called the fracture energy sodium P-alumina single crystal.'* Normal to and is reported more commonly than F. that plane, the toughness for this crystal is Values of and y are given in the present 2.0 MPa-m*'^^. The unusual toughness values compiliation. greater than 10 MPa-m*^ were reported for various stabilized tetragonal zirconia Several procedures for estimating fracture polycrystals. toughness involve measuring the fracture strength, of a cracked specimen and then evaluating the fracture toughness in the form
- 2 - Referencesfor the Introduction
1. A. A. Griffith, "Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 221, pp. 163-198 (1921). 2. G. R Irwin and P. C. Paris, “Fundamental Aspects of Crack Growth and Fracture” in
Fracture, An Advanced Treatise, Vol. Ill, edited by H. Liebowitz, Academic Press, New York (1971), pp. 1-46. Fracture Toughness Value, MPa 3. J. B. Wachtman, AfecAan/cr?/ Properties of
Figure 1 : Distribution of Fracture Ceramics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Toughness Values York (1996). 4. D. C. Hitchcock and L. C. De Jonghe, "Fracture Toughness Anistropy of Sodium Beta-Alumina," Journal of the American
- Ceramic Society, Vol. 66, No. 1 1, pp. C-204 C-205 (1983).
5. J. Wang, W.M. Rainforth, T. Wadsworth, and R Stevens, "The Effects of Notch Width on the SENB Toughness for Oxide Ceramics," Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 10, pp. 21-31 (1992). 6. K. Tsukuma and M. Shimada, "Strength, Fracture Toughness and Vickers Hardness of CeOj-Stabilized Tetragonal ZrOj Polycrystals (Ce-TZP)," Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 20, pp. 1178-1184 (1985); andK. Tsukuma, "Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stabihty of CeOj -Containing Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals," American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 65, pp. 1386-1389 (1986).
Figure 2: Distribution of Fracture Energy Values 2. Organization of the Data SEPB = Single-Edge Precracked Beam SR = Short Rod Results are grouped by the material TDCB = Tapered Double Cantilever Beam designation (a chemical formula, a common WOF = Work of Fracture name, or a commercial name). A list of designations is given in section 4. Each Extensive discussions of measurement
material designation is presented separately. methods and their relative merits are given Therefore, each table begins with a brief by S. W. Freiman, American Ceramic description of the material, starting with the Society Bulletin, Vol. 67, pp. 392-402
material designation . The references for the (1988); S. W. Freiman xn Fracture data are given in each case after the material Mechanics of Ceramics, Vol. 6, edited by R. is defined. Each table ends with an C. Bradt etal. Plenum, New York (1983),
annotated summary of the numeric data pp. 27-45; and J. B. '^zchtvazxx. Mechanical which are presented in a fixed format. In all Properties of Ceramics, John Wiley & Sons, cases, the column headers clearly define the Inc., New York (1996), chapter six. A content. summary of the methods noted in the present
compilation is given here, along with additional references, as needed. 3. Notation and Conventions Many of the test methods involve a notched A small number of conventions, specimen. To unify the summaries of those abbreviations, and special symbols are used methods, let us assume that the specimen.
in this report so that the space allocated for Fig. 3, is a parallellapiped whose pairs of comments within the data tables can be used opposite faces may be referred to as (top and efficiently. For example, abbreviations and bottom), (front and back), and (left side and acronyms are used to indicate the measurement methods used in determining the property values.
3.1 Measurement Methods
AMDCB = Applied Moment Double Cantilever Beam CF = Controlled Flaw CNB = Chevron Notch Beam DCB = Double Cantilever Beam DT = Double Torsion HI = Hertzian Indentation Side ICS = Indentation Crack Size IS = Indentation Strength = NDC Notched Diametral Compression Figure 3 : Schematic of a notched specimen SCF = Surface Crack in Flexure SENB = Single-Edge Notched-Beam
- 4 - right side). The notch can then be assumed the loads are normal to the top and bottom to be cut into the top surface towards the surfaces. In four-point bending, the central bottom surface, parallel to the sides, and load point on the bottom surface is replaced extending completely across the specimen by a pair of load points, one on each side of from the front surface to the back surface. the notch. The depth of the cut, % is less than the distance, h, from the top surface to the 3.1.4 DCB = Double Cantilever Beam bottom surface. The specimen is notched, and the load is applied normal to the crack plane on each arm of the specimen at the top surface of the 3.1.1 AMDCB = Applied Moment Double specimen. Cantilever Beam This method is also known as the constant 3.1.5 DT = Double Torsion moment double cantilever beam method. In the DT method, a notched specimen is The AMDCB method is similar to the DCB loaded at four points. Two of the loads are method, but the applied load is replaced by applied normal to the front surface at the top an applied moment, M, applied to the top of the specimen, one load point next to each surface. If a load P is applied at a distance s side of the notch. The other two loads are from a fulcrum, then a moment M = Ps\s, applied normal to the back surface at the top generated. A moment, M, is applied to each of the specimen, one load point near to each arm of the notched specimen. Then, = side of the specimen. Evaluation of
where I is the moment of inertia of requires the additional knowledge of the a single arm and d is the distance from the value of Poisson's ratio for the specimen. front surface to the back surface. The applied stress intensity factor is independent 3. 1.6 HI = Hertzian Indentation of the initial crack length. [P. D. Warren, Determining the Fracture Toughness of Brittle Materials by Hertzian Indentation, Journal of the European
3. 1.2 CF = Controlled Flaw Ceramic Society, Vol. 15, pp. 201-207 The name "controlled flaw" has been (1995)] superseded by the name "surface crack in A hard sphere is pressed into the surface of flexure" although the older name still enjoys the specimen to generate ring cracks some usage. The controlled surface flaw and initiating at the edge of the contact zone. controlled microflaw methods are equivalent Fracture toughness is related to the radius of also. See SCF for further discussion. the ring cracks. Additional knowledge of the
elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio is 3.1.3 CNB = Chevron Notch Beam required.
The notch is cut in the shape of a chevron, and the specimen is subjected to either three- 3.1.7 ICS = Indentation Crack Size point or four-point bending. In three-point In the ICS method, a diamond indentor is bending, the central load point is on the pressed into the surface of the specimen bottom surface under the notch, and the under a known load. The indentation latteral load points are on the top surface; produces radial cracks extending from the
-5 - vertices of the impression, and the resulting method, to create an initial crack (called a crack length can be related to the fracture precrack). The surface is then lapped to toughness of the specimen. Additional remove the residual surface impression knowledge of the ratio, E/H, of the elastic leaving only the precrack in the surface. The modulus, E, and the hardness, H, is required strength of the specimen is then determined for the evaluation ofKi^. in four-point bending. The size of the precrack is determined by post-test 3.1.8 IS = Indentation Strength fractography. is evaluated from the The IS method involves two parts. First, an measured strength, the size of the precrack, indentation is made in the specimen as in the and a geometric shape factor. ICS method. Then, the strength of the indented specimen is measured in four-point 3.1.11 SENB = Single-Edge Notched-Beam bending. The measured strength and the A straight notch is cut by means of a saw additional knowledge of the ratio, E/H, of blade or a wire, and the specimen is the elastic modulus, E, and the hardness, H, subjected to either three-point or four-point are required for the evaluation of Xj,.. This bending. In three-point bending, the central method has the advantage that the crack size load point is on the bottom surface under the does not have to be measured. notch, and the latteral load points are on the top surface; the loads are normal to the top 3.1.9 NDC = Notched Diametral and bottom surfaces. In four-point bending, Compression the central load point on the bottom surface
[D. K. Shetty et al., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., is replaced by a pair of load points, one on Vol. 68, pp. c-325 - c-327 (1985)] each side of the notch. SENB results may A specimen in the shape of a disk is used in overestimate and may have lower the diametral compression test. The load is reproducibility than other methods because applied along a diameter of the disk. The the notch tip is not sharp. maximum tensile stress develops transverse to the load axis. For the NDC, notches are machined through the thickness of the disk, 3.1.12 SEPB = Single-Edge one notch at each end of the load axis. The Precracked Beam diametral configuration has the advantage of SEPB is a variation on the SENB test. Prior simple specimen manufacture. Additionally, to testing, the specimen is stressed so that values for the elastic modulus and Poisson's the notch is extended in the form of a sharp ratio are required for the evaluation of crack. Additional post-test fractography is
required to assess the initial crack size. 3.1.10 SCF = Surface Crack in Flexure [C. A. Tracy and G. D. Quinn, Fracture 3.1.13 SR = Short Rod Toughness by the Surface Crack in Flexure [L. M. Barker, Engineering Fracture
(SCF) Method, Ceramic Engineering and Mechanics, Vol. 9, pp. 361-369 (1977)] Science Proceedings, Vol. 15, pp. 837-845 The SR method is a variation on the DCB (1994)] method. The SR specimen is a rod with a
In the SCF method, an indentation is made in diameter that is typically two-thirds the size the surface of the specimen, as in the IS of the length. A V-shaped notch is cut into
- 6 - one end of the rod. A pretest load creates an initial crack in the specimen in the region of 3.2 Property Symbols the vertex of the V-shaped notch. The The following symbols are used in the
precrack is stable if the crack length is less comments portion of the data tables. than a critical length, a^. A distinctive
feature of this test is that is essentially Kj^ = Fracture toughness independent of the material being tested if E = Elastic modulus (Young's modulus) the size of the plastic zone in the crack H = Hardness (Vickers, unless noted) region is small compared to the dimensions V = Poisson's ratio
of the specimen. Once is determined for a Tc = Superconducting critical temperature
given configuration, the fi-acture toughness is determined by the peak load at fi'acture. 3.3 Units SI units, unit symbols, and unit prefixes are 3.1.14 TDCB = Tapered Double used exclusively. For a comprehensive Cantilever Beam discussion of the use of SI units, see "Guide [C. St. John, The Brittle-to-Ductile for the Use of the International System of Transition in Pre-Cleaved Silicon Single Units (SI)," by B. N. Taylor, NIST Special Crystals, Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 32, Publication 811. pp. 1193-1212(1975).] The TDCB method is similar to the DCB 3.4 Uncertainties method except that the sides of the specimen No attempt has been made to assign are tapered such that the distance between uncertainties to the individual values
the sides at the top surface is less than the obtained fi'om the literature. A survey of distance at the bottom surface. The tapered data in the NIST Structural Ceramics configuration produces a higher stress Database [Standard Reference Data intensity for lower applied stress than in the Program, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland
DCB configuration; the result is a reduction 20899] indicates that relative combined of plasticity in regions away fi'om the crack standard uncertainties in the range of 5 % to tip. 15 % are not unusual for fi'acture toughness measurements. Exceptional cases having
3.1.15 WOF = Work of Fracture reported uncertainties as low as 1 % or as [H. G. Tattersall and G. Tappin, Journal of high as 30 % can be found, but such cases
Materials Science, Vol. 1, pp. 296-301 are very unusual. For a comprehensive (1966).] discussion on estimates of uncertainty, see The WOF method is similar to the CNB "Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing method except that the load vs. displacement the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement curve is measured and integrated to Results," by B. N. Taylor and C. E. Kuyatt, determine the work done in fi'acture. NIST Technical Note 1297. However, since this procedure determines the total work of fracture, there is an open question of how this value is related to y. WOF values are included in this compilation for completeness.
- 7 - 4. Index of Materials Material Designation Page ADP [ammonium dihydrogen phosphate] 11 AIN 19 AlA
generic 13 beta 20 sapphire 21 AD-85 ZZZZZZZ 23 AD-90 24 AD-94 25 AD-96 26 AD-995 ZZZZZZ! 27 AD-999 "!Z'""^Z" 28 AlSiMag614 30 GMB-352 32 GMB-395 33 Lucalox 34 Lucalox-HS 36 McDonel 598 37 Monofrax A 3g MonofraxM 39 Vistal
XA16 42 3Al203-2Si02 [Mullite] 44 ^2Ti05 4^ 63^2 47 Ba0-6Fe203 4g 3Ba0*Si02 49 BaTA 50 51 BeO 52 Bij.Jb,Sr2Ca2Cu30i„», [Bi(Pb):2223] 54 Bi3Sr3CaCuA«[Bi:2212] 55 BN ::: 5? CaF2 5g Cervit 126 59 Diamond ^0 ZZZZZZ''.'Z 61 Fe203
Fe203-Ni-Zn 62 Fe203-Mn-Zn 63 SrO-6Fe203 64
- 8 - GaN 65 GdjG^Ojj 66 Graphite generic 67 HPD-1 68 KCl 69 Li20-2Si02 70 MgAl204 [spinel] 71 MgF2 73 MgO 74 MgTi205 77 Mn-Zn-Ferrite 63 MuUite [3Al203'2Si02] 44 Ni-Zn-Ferrite 62 Pyroceram 9606 78 PZT [lead zirconate titanate] 80 Si 82 Sialon [Si6.^AlAN8j 83 SiC generic 85 beta 87 CVD 88 Ceralloy 1461 89 Hexoloy SA 90 HP-D 92 KT 93 NC-203 94 NC-430 95 NC-435 96 RS-E 97 RX-A 98 RX-B 99 RX-C 100 SCRB210 101 Si3N4 generic 102 beta 105 Ceralloy 147 106 EC-141 107 EKasin 108 HS-110 109 HS-130 110 NAV-4 Ill
- 9 - NAV-5 112 NAV-7 113 NAV-8 114 NBD-200 115 NC-132 116 NC-350 118 NCX-34 119 NCX-5102 120 NT-154 121 NT- 164 122 SNW-1000 123 Si2N20 124 Si02 125 Spinel [MgO-Al203] 71 SrF2 126 SrO-6Fe203 64 SrZr03 127 Th02 128 TiB2 129 Tie 131 TiN 132 Ti02 133 UO2 134 VC 135 WC 136 Y3AI5O12 [YAG] 137 YBa2Cu307.JY:123] 138 Y2O3 141 ZnS 142 ZnSe 143 ZrN 144 Zr02 cubic 145 PSZ 146 TZP 147 Zircar 150 Zyttrite 151
5. Tables of Data
Data for all of the materials listed in the preceding section are given on the following pages.
- 10 - 1 *
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 (d 1
1 On 1 1 0 1 1 1
m 1 a\ 1
0 i 1
1 II 1
1
§ 1 t4 1
p 1 1
0) 1 1
0 1 0) 1 1 c 1
M-t 1 0 1 <-i 1 CD 1 04 1 CD P 1 1 C 1 1 m 0) 1 0 1 iH >1 g 1 1 fH g 1 rH 1 Id 0 1 1 c u 1 1 < 1 1 1 0) p -P 1 1 0 c c 1 1 • (d 0) 0) 1 1 <4-4 ^ £ e 1 1 V4 <0 0) c 1 P 1 3 p 0 1 -P 1 Cfl CJ< D p 1 (d 1 CO •H 1 1 0) ^ (d > 1 1 p (1) c 1 1 D (r> S H 1 1 1 -P 0 rn 1 1—^ 4d rH 4J 1 1 1 phosphate) P 1 C 1 1 b 0 0) 1 1 T— Z E 1 1 n (I) 1 OQ 1 »— ^ 1 P 73 1 0 1 0) 3 0 1 Q 1 0 • CD -C 1 1 •p td 04 -P 1 ^ 1 « 04 0) 0) 1 1 S s 1 1 tH • rH 06 (U • P TJ r-l 3 >1 dihydrogen C 0 4-1 at He 4d > 0 p (d 0) p c 1-3 c 0) b u (d (d CJ P E c CD 'H (U •p P p(1) 0 o EC4 CO (D 0) CO rs) 0) 0 • CD p 0) • rH On s 3 c E ammonium • <4-4 fC (d -P x: a) CP C CO U O' (d 06 K Q X p td 3 04 z < CO z 0) p 0 s >1 p EH (d • C • « • CD X • 0 • • • U -p • • 0 <4-1 0 • • -p • • s: 0 >1 is • (d * • 0 n -P • • • • •• P c 0) Ip CN g 0) o u 3 O' X — 0) ^ VO i-H CN b • 00 (d CO C H & •H o II M -H n >1 o o CM 4J nJ > CO -P U CD ^ O II c m 0) Q) O' bj ’a O C (0 •>H CD M-i *0 +J U c 3 (1) to 0) 0) o Pi x: u +j 0) >1 o -p -p ^ c c c 0) 0) (U (D -H e e CD U 0) 0) CO p c 3 s: T3 to O' c (d 3 (0 0) o a EH O' c CN 0) •H -p U U c 3 Q) 0) -P 0) E U c 0) (0 •H u Pa Sh O' 3 O c CD CO = H td 0) O a s . o 3 >1^ 1 Q -P O' c 1 : 1 O !:< '< • • 0) (d 0) hj 1 •0 0 a CD p c: Li 1 ••H u -P IP H 1 p •0 •H +j c 3 cd •p r-H •o (d CD u c (d 0) 0] 1 -rH P CD Pi 1 •— g g CD CD Si CD „ 1 0) 3 >> 0) (d 4J 0) CD 1 X C P p 3 CD p 0) i 1 O' « o o a CO (U 3 3 g 1 r- M-I • • • g >1 Eh 4-> Xi I 0) • 0) c • : • -p CD >1 0 rH C (N 0) as CD O' H rH •H 00 P MH c O r- p (d 3 0 •p -H a\ (U VO P >1 >H P E r— iH E rH c >1 CD O' (d (U 3 10 • (0 as • <4-1 4J >1 P p u tH <0 »— 0 u 04 -p 0) VO (1) fH p 0 0 P (U c < CM VI CD (U CM 0 z •P 0 c fH CX 0) • (0 < fH VW 0 >1 u p CD U >1 u 1 E 3 rH u c P (r> 3 (U 0 fH 0 (U rH 0 0 • -w OP • 0 (d 1 P 3 CP 0 0) 1 EH <4H > M-4 >i cr» vO rH • 'd' CD 0 E • c 0 04 p c 0) 0 3 -p 0 (0 rd 0 3 iH M CD fH 00 • IX > 0 E G\ p > -P -o n -P 1 O' 00 (U >1 «— fX (0 Oi 3 c 00 0 u •H cr» TJ C p> ' fH • 0O o0(03 (0cri<0as cn (d aErHCfH C J2 o VD (M a> 0) >1 >1 >1 . P xs P c P c 0) 1 (0 -P (d x: 1 1 >1 <0 3 3 -P P 4J P 3 1 1 -P 01 -4 (d (d (d (d r 1 1 (D 3 0) 0 0) 0 X2 1 1 0 "O a, u a o 1 1 01 0) 0) Id Id 0) 0) (D 1 1 p CD p 04 04 P c p C (d 1 1 CD 0) O O •p •H 3 1 1 p 0) 3 CD (d CD (d 1 1 Id P • • O' 4J O' 4J 0) 1 1 P 04 CD m CM CD c ja c XI CD 1 1 P X ro CM •P 0 0) p 0 0) & 1 1 0) r} O f-H p N p N £ 1 1 +1 Id II II -P 0 -P •H 0 •P 1 1 Id 0 p -> D) J C t 4 4 m to 1 1 a o o >1 «3 P(D c 0) M-4 >P 0) 0) (1) Oi Oi Oi o 1 -p 4J 1 c C 1 0) 0) 1 e e 1 p 0) c 1 •H P p 0 1 (d -P 3 p 1 «d D) •rH 1 (d > 1 0) c 1 a u 1 -p 1 m m m S 1 OQ OQ OQ CQ m OQ 1 O O O 1 OQ OQ 0) 1 OQ OQ 00 OQ OU z z Z z Z 1 Q 9 Q ' Z OQ Z CO p T3 I O U o O EH EH EH M M u 1 a a a 1 u Eh O u EH U 3 0 1 Q a Q Q Q Q Q CQ CO CO CQ CQ CQ 1 2 2 2 1 CQ O Q CQ O Q x: -p a0) 0) p 3 >1 -P vD in O PS’ e <0 0) CM <3 P c Li CM CD 0) m P 0) 1 1 1 3 C E 1 1 1 VO iH o n CM • P X 1 LO o c^ CM CM o o in CM P 1 1 in O ro fH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • O O' Id 1 • • • • 1 Id 3 04 1 in m yQ in in in in 'd* 1 1 *d* in ro ro ro P 0 a 1 1 1 Pt4 EH 1 1 1 1 1 1 >1 4J m cn o dP P o cu C in o •P 0) — (ONE ^ o o o rt O O O O O O o o o ro in p -p a. P CN CN iP CM tp CM P CM CM O O O w P CM (d 04 0) • o (d (d 3 (d 0) 04 04 P 04 CTi 0) 3 O 00 O O > P cn (0 O VO r- >1 > o CJN in II O' 'd* cn P n H 1 1 0) 4J 1 II II II 1 p p p p p p P 1 c Id 1 1 Id td 1 1 to 05 (d (d (d (d (d (U s Co d 1 4J -P -P P 4J 4J +» 1 •H 1 •H •k. Id 1 (d (d m m 0) m 0) (0 ID 1 01 X 1 CQ <-> 04 1 04 04 >1 >1 >1 >1 >1 >1 >1 1 p 0 C4 O o o o o o Id Id O 1 o o p p p p p P p 1 3 p ! o 00 o O' O' 1 u u u o o U o 1 4J 04 1 p p O' X o X u n 1 in ON 1 O 04 1 i< CO < X in 1 P VO 0) (U 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 1 Id Id 1 dP dP dP 4iP CM 1 n p p p p 1 p 1 dP dP dP dP CM CM CM P vp 1 O' O' O' O' O' O' O' 1 c 1 O' o O' 'd' II 1 II II c c c c c c c 1 Id 1 O o O' n O o O o • • • 1 p •H 1 0) O o O o • • • • CO 1 cq to 0) m m m CD CD cn 1 £ CD 1 n O' o 1 1 p p 1 O' O' o o o o 1 1 + + 1 in 1 1 1 1 VO 1 GO 1 1 1 . . 1 vp 1 ip 4-1 1 a) 1 1 P 1 ta 1 0) 1 0) (U 1 1 Oi 1 o:: Oi 1 1 1 P •P CM (d s p VO c (U 1 1 1 1 1 s 1 CQ 1 CQ 1 OQ CQ CQ CQ CQ OQ 1 CQ OQ 1 OQ OQ (U 1 S CQ 1 CQ CQ X CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ 1 S X X X X X 1 X X 1 X X E-i p TS 1 CO O 1 o U u Eh Eh O o O u U o O 1 CO CO CO CO M H 1 CO H 1 H CO 3 O 1 CD O Q 1 M M CQ Q Q M M M M M M H 1 CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ CQ 1 CQ CQ 1 CQ CQ CD 1 1 1 1 1 (0 4^ X(U X0) <0 u p O' g «0 0) p c LL 00 tr> r' p o P fx4 pq n OJ CN CN CM OJ P 0) i 1 1 1 1 3 c e 00 0 1 VO GO m in tH VO iH 00 'd' 00 cn 1 1 m 1 P 00 4J • s: VD r- 1 n rn rn 00 O' VO VO VO 0 0 iH 1 1 00 1 CM O O' Id • • • Id 3 CI4 CM CM CM 1 CN ’d’ in "d* VO rH CN CM CM CM CM 1 1 n n 1 cn m u 0 X 1 1 1 1 Eh — 1 1 1 1 >n 4J •H m VO 00 o (jp O O p 0 01 C I -P (1) I (d N E I CN CTi (N ON CD CM VO n 00 ’d' O VO p -p a. I p CM ro o w ^ I E a. o II m 3 •H TJ n) U s: o -p o s a> Comments M-l 0) Measurement Environment H n) mmoQcammcQCQcQ caoQCQCQCQQQCQCQffim mOQCQOQDQOQCQOQffl CQDQCQCQmmOQmCQ ^'Z.'Z.^'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z'Z szsszzszs zzzzzzzzz SENS Measurement uuiiiucLiuucqix] ElIMUIiIUIiIUUU UUUUHUUUU COCOMUCOCOCOCOUl cococoiococAcocacoco COMCnCQC/lUMCOCa WWOTWWWWWW Method Fracture Energy 1 1 1 LDin ifiinin m ininminininif) Toughness 1 o^ooorH(nooo>Ointnincgtr)v£)rHCMrouir'-.Hfnmcr>onTHtNOOcoCT>r^r>jocnvOiHin Fracture [MPa-m*''^] I I Porosity {%] '*^c^r^mooooinaiinooo Grain •Hi-iooocri*!tncO'^(NCNCTioovDLnmLr)ir)m'^nnronrocNicsi(NCNCN<-HrHrHrHOcNjro Size [lum] nnnnmcNCMojiHrHi-irH m«H 1 "O 1 1 1 0) 1 0) 1 1 1 c 1 cn 1 1 1 Id 1 01 1 1 1 rH 1 0) 1 1 1 04 1 P Id 1 1 1 1 & PLi 1 1 1 rp 1 o 1 1 1 Id E 1 P> 1 1 Id 1 p 3. 1 0 o 1 1 cu 1 (0 1 s: o 1 1 o 1 >1 o 1 n 1 1 1 p 1 rH 1 1 o 1 u • 1 <0 II 1 1 1 -p 1 1 cn 1 1 p CD 1 1 CM 1 rH O O (D 1 0) 1 1 1 Ol «Hl CM tP 3 1 +) TJ 1 1 II 1 O O •P 1 Id c 1 1 1 O fP rP Id 1 I TJ 1 X 1 a: 1 (0 1 1 1 • S-l t 1 1 1 «» o 1 »p 1 CM 1 cn 1 m jC iH I «p 1 Ip 1 iH 1 fH t 4J o 1 1 1 1 • • • • c p 1 1 1 4-1 iP 4-1 0) o 1 1 1 1 4P 2 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) a: 1 on 1 Pi 1 ct: 1 on o 1 1 1 u P +J c c 0) 0) CM e £ u 0) c P P u o n> •P >1 -P 3 P m P Id m -H TJ 0) > (1) c s u 00 c 0) m E 1 CO m CQ 1 m CQ 1 a 1 CQ CQ CQ 1 1 0) 1 s z 2 1 2 2 m m 1 Q 1 2 2 2 1 1 EC4 p •o 1 H ED w CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 1 ED ED H o o 1 s 1 ED ED ED 1 1 3 0 1 CD CD CQ M M M M M M M M M M M M M H 1 CQ CQ a Q Q 1 S 1 CQ CQ CQ 1 Q 1 o o o JC +> s0) s0) 0) p 3 4J o> CM rH o u g flj 0) ho' o CM iH O p c Z CM 'S' CM CM 1X4 U IT) in in in in in in m iH n rnooro'i't-inrgrncNr^inrgOiHr'jrnr^ CT> in r-l "it o ID CM in • « « CM 'S' CO CM in o 0 iH 1 j: 4J X( ••H 3 x: o -p o c E E E £ E E E E E E E E a. 3. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. o o o o o o o o o o o o VD .H o o lO iH o o 'X rH o o cN in CO CO CN in CO 00 CN in 00 00 in CO 1 1-1 1 i-C p 1 1 c (U 1 M-l 1 <•-1 p 1 0) 1 (U g 1 cc; 1 cn 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 X> -P 1 1 c c 1 1 0) a) 1 1 E E 1 1 (U c 1 u 1 u u 0 1 -H 1 -H D U 1 (8 1 (8 CD -H 1 1 rO > 1 1 0) C 1 1 a w 1 1 1 1 p 1 1 m m m OQ OQ 00 OQ OQ CQ m m m OQ OQ CQ CQ 03 CQ CQ z z z z z z z s z s z s; CU CU CU CU CU O4 cu U U H U U U H M U CD U H U U U H U U H (0 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 0) D >1 " 4J O' s o V4 -r (8 Q) c Z CD „ CD P>1 •H 00 <-i cr* in ro in CO o dP tH CN rH rH CN rH iH u o Pn c lO lO lO lO CN CN CN CN n ro rn ro 00 cn ro i-i 'S’ ro •rH 0) ^ (ONE CN CN CN CN ^ ^ lO lO lO lO iH .H CN ro in 00 ro P -H a. O CO “ 1 » 1 * m Pk 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 C 0 Id 1 1 0 0 fa 1 1 •H fH CD 1 1 4J p 1 1 Id II Id in 1 1 -P -P tp (0 1 1 c C CM c 1 1 0) 0) • •H 1 1 TJ TI II a £ 1 1 C 0 c -p o 3 1 Id 1 P •H fa •H »H 1 fa 1 -p Id £ < 1 CD 1 44 44 (d 1 1 1 0 £ 0 fp p Id 1 0 1 01 Id (1) -P 1 rH 1 0) •p 0) CD u (U m 1 CM 1 c P c Id m 00 1 1 Id O4 Id XI 4-1 O' 1 II 1 fp rH 0 £ fH 1 1 fa II fa II 3 1 1 01 •H 1 1 •«. •H T3 in 01 1 1 Id Id dQ o m 0 0 -P 1 tp 1 CM CM CM CM CO CM c 1 1 • « •H pH 1 0) 1 1 pj Id M-l 0 p 1 44 1 44 c 0 1 g 1 0) 1 0) dP < 'd* 0 1 fa 1 fa m >1 o tJ 1 1 0) O4 CM 1 • o 0 1 1 o Id p 0 -p -P 1 1 (d 4-1 -p c c 1 1 ** • c O P 01 0) 0) 1 1 • •H Id ^ o 3 -P O4 £ £ 1 1 u e p to A c O4 (U c 1 P 1 p zi td •p Si 0) 3 m 01 fH to -p 1 1 0) «d dP P O' • p o 3 fH 01 tH Id > 1 1 4-1 nj «d >1 -P 0) 0) c 1 1 • 4J fH • 1 1 0) p CO O c a fa K (U (U O O Id O' x: 0 1 «_• O' o XI 04 p fH O' a 1 n 3 p 1 • fH 0 c 1 1 1 H «o 0) 1 1 o VO a 1 1 0) fH 0) 0) 1 CQ 1 • o n P p 73 1 U 1 •H fH 3 r^ 3 0 1 Q 1 to to CQ 0) Id fa -P 0 01 x: 1 2 1 u 0 U • X) Id -P 0 > Id -p 1 1 M M M • •H C 04 Id 0) 0) 1 1 ja >1 CD 04 p a a 1 1 p a p H. (m >1 1 (d cd 3 ^ ri Id • s -P CM u < a fa fH 0) 1 1 Id 0) fH -p 0) 1 1 • c rP dP dP •o 0) 0 p 1 1 4-1 'S> • 0 Id O' c x: 0 3 fa 1 1 • • 0) -P c Id O' to -p O' He 1 n 1 cn c 0) -p n VO 0 c 0 p 1 fp 1 1—* 1 in fH < s: s a a o fa QC fa H 0 CO 1 •1 M 0) 3 H-) c nj as 0 P p •H m 0) X >1 a (d Vi E X «— 0) O 0) c in c Vi H 0) •H 0) T3 • 0 r^ (n E C M-l c & O' o : 0 M 0) X & c V CO 0 cc c CO •p o cn M-l D w CD •H 0 S -p as fd c Vl o s 0) CD -p c as u rH X 0 -p (0 (d •p • to MH -P 3 X HH-K >1 0 CD « rH • (d VO Vi >1 —s. (d X •— 0) O CD P O' > z rH c O' C u •H O VO u CD 00 0) iH 3 •H 0) CD O' X O' T3 • 0 x: >1 <0 iH rH c rH c M-l C & O' o rH rH (d 0 HM-r M (N 0) Cli c fNJ nJ O' o E r- cn c (0 -p < c c rH •H 0) 00 >1 n D m 0) < -H (^ X p n J3 1 CO •H 3 in rH 0) p CD 1 CO o 0) lii o as rn c n (0 P 00 0) n 0 M-l •H < a in •H • Vl X X Oi 3 Oi • M • o cn a o s: (d -p •r^ Ol I I P I I O I I m I I ^ o 1 3 1 1 73 1 O 1 1 0) ro 1 •P 1 1 0) 1-^ II 1 73 1 1 (0 »— rH 1 1 U 1 rH o C 0) 1 rH o o O CMI CM o o 1 c c c Id Id Id 1 1 .3 Id •w 0^ 1 0) c 0) 0 0) 0 0) 0 rH rH •p 1 Id 1 04 •p -p Id 1 Ip 1 c o c -P c c 04 04 04 1 04 o -p 1 (d (d p cd 4J (d 4J 04 1 O 1 Id i-X r*' -p o 1 rH -p fp u rH o Ip u o 1 1 fO in 1 1 a u 0) 04 0) 04 0) o CM O 1 p CM 1 1 0) p p 1 p 1 rH rH rH 1 iH 1 CM 1 0) •p •iH o 1 u p u •p u o o O ro O 1 •d* 1 -p II rH 1 M •p M TJ H •o H •0 rH 1 rH II rH 1 II 1 Id W-' •0 1 a a >i a U “P 1 u 1 a a: 1 j 1 (0 1 1 1 -p rH 1 CM n 1 •d* 1 in c 1 1 1 • 0) * 1 « • 1 M-t 1 M-t MH 1 MH 1 MH 0) 1 0) 0 1 0) 1 0) o o: 1 Pi pc: 1 Pi 1 Pi o -p -p c c CM 0) a) a £ 0) p >1 p o CM •p p 3 p a (d T3 m -p n> > 0) c a 4J -zz- C 0) £ 00 p •o U 1 1 1 1 3 o Q 1 1 00 00 1 CO 1 CO (0 JO a 1 04 {X4 1 o O 1 U CO 1 o Id -p < 1 o O U o 1 Q a 1 M M 1 M 0) 0) 1 1 1 1 a a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) p 3 -P ro o o (d vD p Oci 01 „ 1 1 1 1 1 0) CD p 0) 1 1 1 1 3 c £ 1 1 •'d' cn n 1 1 cr> in 1 • -P JO 1 1 in rH n •d- 1 1 00 in 1 rH • • • • o O' Id 1 1 • 1 Id 3 04 1 1 -d- n CM CM 1 1 rH o 1 m 1 1 -p 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (d 1 1 p 1 1 1 1 0) 1 -P o 1 1 <0 o 1 p 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 T5 >p 1 (d 1 (d 0) c 1 0 1 a 1 04 -p 1 c 1 o 1 o rp 1 "P >1 1 1 Ip 1 (d 4J 1 p 1 00 (d 1 -P •H 1 CM 1 CN 4J 1 XI o 1 CN 1 CN CD 1 0 o 1 1 >H rH 1 II 1 II p 1 0) 1 1 o 1 K > 1 bq 1 « 1 1 1 CD 1 1 1 0 CN 4J 1 ip 1 CN 1 cn a c 1 1 1 (T> (1) 1 • 1 • c tH p 1 U '3' I o GO -P -P u c c o 0) 0) E E • « a 0) P u d— d-^ a P •P td cn 3 (d p m u O' O' rH a) rH rH 0) 5 • S O z o rH ID cn 2 CO cr> tN r ID P 1 < in O' cn LO m iC in MP 00 r u 4J VD o (0 • Q m P o rH Pi o E . (D • ••H o CO Q CO a -p a P > a c a • 0) p i3 - E *» 0) >1 CN 0) cn u p • P 0) X • 3 • p •*H a) P CD rH 0 O u • T3 0 td 0 0 3 >1 " 0 C > 0) > D1 CO -P ? e u td 2 0) O P o 1 O O O p p IP u td 01 •*H hH ••H 0) (u c P w' E c p 0) rH c tS ui cd H 0) o (d •rt p P u p P iiS 0) T3 0) 0) o CD fT O U 0 O p c m „ a >1 2 Pi 3 td (D (N p p MH 4H P o fl) i I 00 • CO in o < 0 -P 0 o p C E I o (Ti • p 00 >1 Pi p (d p X I 0 P dP CO 0 CD p 0) Cr> nJ I n o Q 0 in • o x: O Em p 3 a • o 2 a 00 i4 P CO P 2 o s c = c EH >— td cd 0) « c • • C x: s: c x: • 0 • • td U P o 0 p u • -p • • E 0) 0) 0) 0} • 4J • • •fH 2 iKJ 2 c MH >1 • lO (d • • c 0) p cd 0 n P c • • 0 p 0) td 0) 3 •• CNJ •H GO • cn • • -p P CD P CO rH (U 0} • • •H E p 3 3 td M II o dP I p CO P • p • P • P • c p • •• 3 (U (U O C (IS • u 2 O Q p <0 (1) o CO p Q a 0 p O' CO (d td 3 Eh a 9 3 tp c 0) • p p • 0 3 4J p -P -p 0 CO a PI Cm o *3 -P <0 O cd (d -P CO CO c U (0 n H (d •H P CD CO CO 0) f—^ 1h u o Mh p P o (d o p rH CN tn (1) 0) c CM 0) 3 0) 0) a E o (U Q< a -P 0) ^ iH u C +) 4J E o >p o e (C N 6 VO (0 n) (d td 0 p 0) >H (U P -P 3. < s: 2 2 2 U a a: Eh O CO —> * ^ >• » c o ••H 4J (0 1 1 jj 1 1 c 1 1 0) 1 1 T3 1 1 C 1 1 M 1 1 1 1 »P 1 Id Id Id 1 Id 0 1 Ol cu 04 1 cv 1 o o o 1 o c 1 1 o 1 VO VO VO 1 VO -p 1 o 00 00 1 t" 4J 1 'd* n ro 1 CM (d 1 1 3 1 II II II 1 II rp 1 1 (d 1 tq cq fc| 1 iq > = 1 1 H 01 01 1 1 +J • +J 1 tp 1 CM c c 1 1 • « Id 0) rH 0) 1 1 Ip o B 00 g 1 1 I 1 01 4J rp 0) c 1 1 • p U s H 1 1 s - Id 0) 0 1 S P o n 1 24 Ol +J 1 1 • - Q 0^ c 1 1 CQ < 1 0) 1 1 VO n £ 1 1 • H IP CO 0) 1 1 • Q 0 p T3 1 CQ CO 1 •• 3 O 1 O CJ CO 1 Pi • TS 01 0 01 01 JC 1 Q H M 1 CO C 01 > P Cli Id •p 1 1 Id 0) c Ol 0) 0) 1 1 c 0) X X 1 1 Ik s: >1 £ 1 c Ol 4J 0) n 1 3 3 0) p 1 1 • Id 0 •p 3 0) 1 1 PI H u 01 iH p 1 1 « 1— 0 Id 0 3 >1 1 1 • o 0) w (U > PJ Ol 1 1 o Qi P X o p 1 1 3 u Id 0) 1 1 • c +J -p 01 p c 1 1 •H n O o u Ed H 1 1 (0 (fl (0 H >. Vl ^ £ (1) rH ^ ck 0) m o n> 3 o p 1 1 CNJ Vi -P Ol V 0) 1 1 0 ® c c 0 o 01 1 1 o -p fH CU >1 SL p Id on 0) CD (0 • • 0< rP CO 1 cr> •H < CQ p (D 1 • • s •H e -p •H Id 3 •p II 0 dP 1 1 1 • • • • 1—* 5 u to p o c c P XI p 1 1 • • • Id 3 0) (U 0 c (0 0^ p p X 0 0) o 1 1 to Vi a tLt 0 p 01 01 o 3 Id tp p Ol 1 1 9 -p • • 3 C Q> 0) 0 p 3 1 »— -P ^ 4-> •H 0 o EP *3 Em >p P 1 HJ O (0 cd -H 01 m C p Id 1 O 1— fO •H n) •H •p m m 0) 1 • o — 1 CO 1 w ^ 1 cn 1 0) cn 1 Vi r-i 1 (0 3 1 cu X 1 o 0) m I ^ 'O' CD 1 b4 00 •p 1 o 1 c 1 C C^ 0) 1 fO 1 II 00 1 0 1 to u 1 rac pp. o -p -p 1 c c 1 0) m 0 0) 1 O E 1 C0 0) c 1 * ^ p 0 1 Vi ^ z p 1 •p 3 0 0 1 to > ct > 1 a c 1 - 0) X u 1 s: 0) - 4J oi c p 1 -25 >1 -p c 1 XI T3 0) 1 0) E 1 CO 0) (U 1 CO u p T3 1 Cu 0) -H a 1 Vi U p 1 « f—• 3 to z >1 1 0 4J p> O' "g 1 u O T3 c p 1 10 C (C 0) 1 c Vi (0 p c 1 u 1 (0 s O' •H c 0) o f0 c u 1 4J C (U 1 •— 0 to (C 'a -P 0) CD 1 CM cu 0) 3 C 01 CD 1 U --H Vi O -H p 0) 1 • m O tC (U O' 3 c E 1 M-l V4 cn >n 4J c p x: 1 00 9 0) 0 •H dP c Q a u O' to 1 •»-4 9 Oi 0 Q o ^ n) 3 cu 1 n u < a •H • 4J 9 II dP 1 1 g g H T3 0 • 9 c m Vi tJ 0 p 1 9 • 9 Q 3 0) 0) 0 c (0 • x: <0 0) 0 1 to Q fo 0 Vi O' CD < -p E^ P cu 1 3 •H 4-1 c 0) • (U 3 JJ H +J 0 O X Ss -P fU o (0 (0 --I 01 CD c: -P (0 cn •H (0 •H •H m 01 CD cu p p 1 4-1 Vi Vi O 10 0 V| tH 01 cu c 1 o r— •H 1 CNJ (U 3 (V 0) Oi E 0 0) Q, Oi 0) 4J 4J (0 N 1 rH c -P E 0 p e E o (0 (0 <0 10 O Vi cu P (U p 3. 1 CM s: X X X u & a; cu H o CO 1 V » »» 1 1 0 1 1 1 O' 1 1 1 in 1 r- 1 • (d 1 n Pi 1 0 1 II 1 1 m 1 >1 0 1 -P n 1 -rH 1 03 II 1 C 1 (U K| 1 TJ m 1 c m 1 0) 4J iH 1 CM • e c 1 • • 0) 1 o r' MM 1 -rH VO p HJ i 1 E 0 c c 1 1 is O' 01 03 1 1 • Vl rH E E 1 1 • 0 0) 1 0) C 1 1 u 0 'd' p 0 1 p 1 p -p fO 0 3 p 1 1 •P c r- c O' CD •H 1 Id 1 Id •rH o> rH Id > 1 1 (d iH s: 0) c 1 1 • H s » 1 1 s - 0) i-H Cd 1 tn 1 CD o 1 1 1 1 g 1 g 1 Id 1 (d 1 0 1 1 40 0) 1 0 1 td o 1 rH 1 0) 1 TJ >44 1 Id c 1 0) 0 1 O4 ••H 1 C 1 0 1 -H >, 1 fH 1 Id 4J 1 CM Id 1 40 -p 1 4J 1 XI 0 1 m m 1 0 0 1 >1 1 . rH 1 II V4 1 (U 1 o 1 > 1 tq >1 1 1 CO 1 1 0 -p 1 rH 1 CN 04 C 1 1 * • 0) 1 1 >44 >44 c g 1 1 ••1 § 1 0) 1 0) 0 1 cc 1 cm Si u 1 1 4J 1 3 1 0 p 40 1 1 o c C 1 1 o 0) 0) 1 1 c • • 0) 1 p 1 U i* -•-i* o p 0 1 •H 1 -p cd rn 3 p 1 Id 1 Id o ID •H 1 1 o O' O' Id > 1 1 rH iH (U c 1 1 o— 3 X H 1 1 S 0 1 iH lO o' m 1 w r*- O' x» 1 1 z VO rH c 1 1 1 < 1 0) 1 1 cn n g 1 DO 1 x: m MH 03 0) 1 U 1 -p VO 0 p T3 1 Q 1 •p 3 0 1 I cm • • g (0 ID x: 1 1 CO CO Oi -P 04 Id 40 1 1 04 c 04 0 0) 1 1 • (D s s 1 1 P) g 1 CNJ 0) n 1 • p 1 1 • • K 3 0) 1 1 rH O rH p 1 1 • TJ o Id o 3 >1 1 1 0 C > (1) > 4-) O' ' 6 1 1 u Id S 0 p 1 cn 1 w Id (U 1 rH 1 r— c CO CO p c 1 1 -H >1 o o Ci h u 1 1 nJ 0) •H IH -p 1 w- c g g 1 (1) •H c Id Id 1 -p o (0 p p 1 1 4J 1 CM X Ui (U TJ 0) 1 0 0) rH o u 0 o CD 1 1 r-i CM & >1 C 2 o:: 0) (0 1 1 in V4 >4-1 >4-1 P 0) 1 1 CO • • m o> O dP 0 4J 0 3 c g 1 1 0 • M-l V4 o> >1 in o: p 40 x: 1 (I) 0 fH tn 0 (0 U O' Id 1 n 1 * ai 0 Q O O' o x: O Id 3 O4 1 1 o 04 O' ipi •H CO •H p 0 1 1 < • S c c 1 1 •• Id Id 1 1 « • • C c x: x: 1 • • • 0 • Id o p o u 1 • « • • g 0) 0) 0) 0 1 •• • • • • -p in p s X s >1 1 1 • • « • <0 c 0) p n 40 1 1 • 0 • • •• •r^ c o p 0) Id l 0) 3 0) 0) 04 g 0 0) O, Oi 0) 1 1 Id •u C 4J 4J g 0 o e N g 1 1 HJ (d s: O4 CO 1 iH < S S s u 04 OJ H C5 1 % CD U •P : ft c ip 01 CO (0 0 -p O' JS c Ed (U c u c (U 0 • 42 •H (U o g CO -P •o s -p (U 0) p p O' p ft C2 4J P ro 0 10 (0 c -P in (Tt Ed O a 0) in 0 O' •H n 1 u rH CO c iH • ro • 00 10 •iH ft rH M in 4H • p ft rH ro p rH 0) (U < r- (0 •• t- 3 0 p (U cr> 42 CD cn O' rH CO > 3 c -p (I) rH CO 0) rH X Xi Hll.lO’ P 0) • W' • CD (U O' -p (0 c 0 0 42 CO rH C2 - r- a 42 a ro s P O' ft ft 28 p r- O' O' c 0 in • 3 >1 -p c 0 - •r| >p 1 m 0 rH in 43 TJ •»H H VO < ro in 0) g CD VO * c» r CO 0) 4«! 10 c in Q 0) • HH 'd' CD • CD 0 U P o P rH 0 0 rH (U 0 10 0 -p • •o 3 0 • •H 0 c P P u 4J ft c +> > CD ft g > 42 ft 0 (0 ft (0 0 +J ft 10 O' s P (0 c P 3 0) (U ft 0) «» P 0) 0 >1 0 u u CD TJ CM c -P g ro 0 +j H c 10 0 •H 5 (U (U 01 0) dH •pH CO • (0 O' •H p • MH •p 0) •H p c rH P) c 0 3 rH 0 0 P u 3 <0 • o o -p 0 CD 0 0 3 CO CO p 0 u > • p CO 10 > CO CO 44 : (U VO o 02 3 0) (V 0 *0 u rH CD 0 a •H 0 10 c in c (0 CD • (0 •H CD O' •H P 10 c T3 -H p O CQ 0) g 0 p g ft c (U (0 3 •r| a (0 u •H 0) 10 : O' -p 0 •b iH P •k P H g a P c 3 C — n 0) O rH p (U w 10 a 0) -p a 10 in o (0 3 P 3 0 u ft P 0 c p > O' • CN u 4J P 0) 41: M-l 0) 0) c 0) T3 O' o 0) rH T3 -P o -P c T3 0 p c •H (U a < rH tH cu >1 < 0) CD -P CD (0 0 3 10 3 c ft— OV P 0 MH C CU 0 ft ^H 4J 0 d •H • MH • CD (Xi U dP 0) P 0 (0 3 •H 0 0 •H O' 0 0 C" M-l U (Ti >1 0^ P O 42 & p -P 10 p • c • 0) 0 1 C •H CD 0 •P 0) P CD P 0) Q ft n CO in C « (X 0 O 0 CN o • E 1 1 1 1 1 1 O u 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 VO 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 cti Id Id 1 Id 1 (d 1 Id 1 Id n 1 1 04 04 04 1 04 1 04 1 04 1 04 1 1 o C5 cs 1 t5 1 o 1 O 1 O II 1 1 v£) 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 II II II 1 II 1 II 1 II 1 II c 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 tq tq iq 1 tq tq 1 tq 1 tq T3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (0 1 iH 1 CM 1 n 1 1 in 1 VO -P 1 1 1 1 1 1 • • • • • • C 1 1 1 1 1 1 vp 0) 1 1 M-l 1 1 1 M-l 1 4-j 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 on 1 Pi 1 CC 1 Pi 1 Pi 1 a 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4J gj 1 1 1 1 1 1 c c 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 s p 1 p 1 1 1 1 1 0) 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 p u 0 1 Id 1 1 1 1 1 •H 3 p 1 1 1 1 1 1 Id m -p 1 1 1 1 1 1 (d > 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) c 1 1 1 1 1 1 S u 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 29 -P 1 1 1 1 1 1 - c 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 (Z| u •o 1 z CQ 1 CQ CO 1 1 m 1 1 3 0 1 u O 1 U u to 1 a 1 u 1 u 1 U m 1 CO P 1 Q M H 1 CO 1 Q 1 CO 1 CO rt -p 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 S s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 p 1 in 1 1 1 1 1 3 >1 1 r- o 1 1 1 m 1 1 • • • gj cn 's 1 1 1 1 1 1 o p 1 (X> cn 1 1 1 'd' 1 1 (0 0) 1 fH fH 1 1 1 CN 1 1 u c 1 1 1 1 1 1 1X4 u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q) CD eg 1 1 1 1 1 1 P (1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 CTi 3 c B 1 1 CM cr> 1 CM 1 1 1 +> x: 1 1 E-t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 >1 1 1 1 1 1 n gj 1 1 1 1 1 1 •• eg •p 1 1 1 1 1 1 p- Q) (h 1 1 1 1 1 1 II O dP 1 1 1 1 1 1 W.I P 1 1 1 1 1 1 (0 0) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Im U 04 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 Ss -P 1 1 1 1 1 4J n] 1 1 1 1 1 P 1 1 1 vD 1 1 1 (1) 0) c 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q. •H 0) 1 1 1 rH 1 1 1 0 e (d N B 1 1 1 1 1 o 1 0) P •H :3. 1 1 1 1 1 fH 1 a< E-i O Vi 1 ro ! n 1 n 1 n 1 V 1 »1 1 1 M t « * >1 J3 r— s 1—1 (d <0 •o VO 4J O 0) f— m H p in O' >1 g 3 • nl : 09 • o X o O >1 Id M-l u A >1 o 0) : O' 0 o 1 1 0) 1 1 1 1 P 1 1 1 1 0) 1 1 1 1 -P 1 1 0^ 1 1 1 c 1 'O 1 -p 1 1 1 1 c 0 1 •»H 1 1 1 m 1 JZ 1 1 1 1 1 CD 4J 1 1 1 1 T3 1 3 0) 1 1 1 1 C 1 8 1 1 1 1 (d 1 Tl 1 1 1 1 1 0) 0) 1 4J 1 1 (d 1 (d T5 1 o 1 1 1 ft 1 ft 0) 1 (d •p 1 rH 1 1 C5 1 O m 1 »p 1 1 1 1 CD 1 3 m 1 1 1 O 1 00 0) 1 O 1 f—i rH 1 1 o 1 p 1 CD 1 • 1 1 ro 1 n ft 1 (d 1 1 1 1 1 u 8 1 1 1 II 1 II p 1 o 1 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 to JZ 1 5< m 1 1 1 1 1 1 CD 1 1 1 1 1 4J 1 T-i 1 CN 1 n 1 1 in C 1 1 1 1 1 • • • • • 0) 1 1 1 1 1 p 1 M-l 1 *w 1 M-l 1 M-l 1 4H g 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 0 1 o; 1 ft 1 ft 1 ft 1 ft u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -p +> 1 1 1 1 1 c c 1 1 1 1 1 0) (1) 1 1 1 1 1 CM 8 g 1 1 1 1 1 z 0) c 1 1 1 1 1 p 0 1 u 1 P 1 P 1 p 1 O' •p 3 p 1 1 •P 1 -P 1 1 p m 1 <6 1 (d 1 (d 1 (d 1 T3 (d > 1 1 1 1 1 0) c 1 1 1 1 1 S u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -31 P 1 I 1 1 1 c 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 CQ 1 CD 1 1 1 H u T3 1 O 1 U 1 OQ 1 1 U 3 0 1 Q 1 Q 1 Z 1 to 1 Q (D 1 s 1 s 1 CO 1 z 1 Z <0 4J 1 1 1 CO 1 u 1 o 0) 0) 1 1 1 1 1 s s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 1 1 1 1 p 1 1 I CM 1 1 #— • 3 >1 1 1 1 1 1 -P O' *1e 1 1 o 1 n 1 1 O p 1 rH 1 CM 1 CM 1 1 (d (U t-J 1 1 1 1 1 P c 1 1 1 1 1 (P u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D) 1 1 1 1 1 (U 0) 1 1 1 1 a\ 1 p 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 >1 1 1 1 1 1 n 4J 1 1 1 1 1 CN •H 1 1 1 1 1 Q) m 1 1 1 ir» 1 1 II 0 1 1 1 1 1 p 1 1 1 1 1 <0 0) 0 1 1 1 1 1 Eh o Hi 1 1 1 1 1 •— 3 1 1 1 1 f-^ N -P 1 1 1 o 1 •(j (0 CM 1 1 1 n 1 U o 1 rH 1 1 1 1 1 0) 0) c 1 1 1 o 1 1 CM 1 *— 04 ft H 0) 1 CM 1 'd' 1 in 1 1 o 8 (d N E 1 1 1 1 1 1 »H a) p ••H 1 1 CM 1 1 O 1 rp 1 Eh o CO 1 1 1 1 * K 1s d 4-1 0) 1 0 o 1 1 >1 e 1 •p 1 •p 1 o 0) 1 0 u 1 1 cu 0) 1 > c 1 H 1 d 1— 1 »—1 1 -p (d 1 (d 4J 1 •0 (D 1 >1 1 0) 1 c V4 p O 1 CD >1 m 1 (d -P 1 P 0 c 1 XI E a 0) 1 0 ^ c § t i! b 0 1 5*; 1 t i -p p 1 0 c c 1 u 0) (U 1 o E £ 1 0) c 1 p •p M p 0 1 o 3 p 1 Id (d CD 1 • u (d > 1 u 0) c 1 'd' 2 H 1 3 r- - 0 a> 32 *—1 fH -P 1 - w ^ C 1 s 0) 1 yo E 1 - 0) 1 m x: vo p TJ 1 o 4J 1 3 0 1 g -r^ a> CD x: 1 e in Id -p 1 CO ID 0) 0) 1 2 2 1 • ^ ij CN • • (U 1 K rH p 1 0 3 1 -0 > -P O' s 1 C O 1 CM (d - (d 0) h. 1 n CD p c „ 1 - o Ixi M 1 CQ 0) E o c (d 2 (d c P 1 •p P 0) 1 I— O' CD iP u CD rH c CM >1 < o 0) CD CM in P 2 4M P (U • 73 n O dP 0 3 3 E • 4M 73 >1 n • P X 0 (d OQ rH cm CD O O' Id 1 cn iH 2 O <4-1 to o o >1 -p u 0) o u 0) 0) > c •H (0 1 -p (0 1 cd -p 1 CD 1 TS >1 1 0) P 1 o -p o 1 >1 m 1 (d CD 4J 1 -p ^ o c 1 XI E 04 0) 1 o 1 T c § 1 H O -H 0 1 tt: iH o 1 -p -p 1 0 c c 1 p 0) 0) 1 o E E 1 0) C 1 p P 0 1 -P o 3 P 1 (d ItJ (0 -P 1 • p (d > 1 u — 0) c 1 2 H 1 - O O' 33 r-4 tH -p 1 CO ^ c 1 - : (U 1 CD E 1 0) 1 m s: VO P T3 1 u 4J 1 D 0 1 Q •P O' to JZ 1 s 4J E in iJ CM 0 3 >1 1 T3 > -P O' ' 6 1 c o p 1 (d Id 0) 1 "d* c CO P c 1 (d o Kl 1 (U >1 -p CQ 0) E O rH c (d 2 (d c p 1 4J •H 0) O' to u CO —I 1 r-t c in o 0) CO CM 1 ••H O' P ^ 2 p 0) O' • • T3 m O < 0 3 0 E 1 <4-1 • T3 >i 4J JZ 1 0) td OQ iH dP od CO O O' Id 1 fH cd 2 0 in u Id 3 04 1 1-^ • C5 O 04 O' P 0 2 1 l-Z c Eh 1 • • (d 1 • C • • • JZ • 0 • • • c 0 u in • • • • (d u o •• • • • • a\ -p E 2 >1 1 • • • >1 m o p 0) 0) m o c o o M-l -H 0) c Id m c Id 4J u Id X 0) 0) -P o p (D 0) P (U >1 n) 2 o £ P P >1 Id O (D 0) fH P >1 >1 p o (d 1 CN -p 3 fa ov Ov Pi P 1 0 -p r- rH 3 Pi o ov P Id r' V|H 0 00 O o in 0 EH 0) rH •P 1 rH 1 00 M • rH r' m 0) o> • « O ^ Pi VO £ •'d' P c Pi Id Pi in CD 1 3 0 •p Pi P r~ < n -P z m O cn • c VO U fH 0) Pi Id Id MH vD 3 JZ Pi JZ p 0 0 -P o • fa LO • • rH lO 0) Pi 0) rH CO P CN 2 Pi MH • P 0 m : ID 0 0 i-H 3 > 1 t 1 MH T5 0 P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (D 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e ! 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O s: X X X u 04 q; 04 tH o to 1 t s 1 Vi U(U <4-1 O <0 Oi CO o -H CO CD •4-1 >1 c 0) (0 c II •a: o fcl u (U u <0 p -p <4-1 c c V4 0) 0) 3 e 6 CO 0) V4 Oi P3 at a> - U M L9- ro oCQ CO Q cu cu o: T3 P C • 3 • (0 •P 10 CJ 0 O S'-!. 00 c - > (0 IH c p 22, (d - fa U 01 E 0) p »— •P O -p r-4 0) (U C (d -p P 0) a -p --1 fa -p (0 0) CO x: o 01 ^ tH p -p >1 P4 • CO 0) 0) ^ o p (d p 0) - • JZ U P o 3 C g 0 Oi >1 O' • rH P s: 0) o to CO td o O' «0 a: 0 u o •p (d 3 CU 04 o a u - p p O X E-t “ >1 0) 4«! 4.) • c • • • CD Id • 0 • • • rH a u • •W « t • o 0 •• • 4-> • • • x: <4-1 fa u fa • (d 1 O4 0 • 1 CD 1 • W -p 1 r* C 1 O' 0) 1 fH 1 II 1 0 1 K| O' u 1 "d* 00 p -P 1 '3< c C 1 0) 0) 1 • e 6 1 04 0) C 1 P 04 p 0 1 P 3 P 1 Id «» CD -p 1 «— Id > 1 (U c 1 • a H 1 o - a 68 +> 1 - c 1 in 0) 1 in e 1 s 0) 1 • CD p T3 1 m O 3 0 1 0 0 CD 43 1 Q P > Id +> 1 (0 0) 0) 1 V4 a a 1 (U >1 u 4J (U 1 <4-1 •f4 0) 1 0 o p f— 1 0 3 >H 1 fH « 4J ' » CD CO O' s 1 o 0) U p 1 00 c o Id (1) 1 VO M O' •H p c 1 o E b pL) 1 0) 0) Id 4J c p •H i-l 0) u 0) x: (d v U 1 04 jJ -p (1) 1 (d CD x: p c CD - 1 t— V4 >1 04 3 Id 0) CD (V) 1 o o (d 4-) u P 0) 1 • rH U V4 O 3 c S 1 <4-1 0 >1 O' Id p -P 43 1 «— u 0) o Q ^ p (U 0 O' Id 1 cc 0 04 o Pm Q Id 3 O4 1 W- : 04 X 04 U p 0 a 1 • < Pm Eh 1 ID 1 • c « • • c s: 1 • 0 • • • 0 4J u Q • •H • • • CD 0 •• 0 • • • +J C IM >1 1 • • • • Id 0 ro -p 1 • • • • •• >H c 3 CM •H 1 « • • • 1— (0 tJ' CO 1— 0) CO 1 • --4 • • s e (d M II 0 dP 1 • • « 0 CD o c p 1 • Id (D 3 0) 0) 0 c Q p 0) 0 1 to CD jj o Q &4 O CP 3 Eh P 04 1 3 •P c 0) • 0 3 •H -P ^ 4-^ 0 O *3 >1 -P td U td fd -P CD c: p Id •H (d •H •H CD 03 0) P P 1 Jh <4-1 V4 V4 O 0) >H r-l 0) (U c 1 0) (1) 0) — «— 1 (0 D 0) 04 O Q4 04 •H 0) +J u C -p -p e 0 P p e Id CD s 1 II II c 0) 0) o 4J -P •r^ m Id 4J p p n) O' m O' cn n] 4J c c CU c •H ‘H O 0) •o TJ U fd Id Pn o o o PI PI u O n) -p -p u c c LT) 0) 0) >«-4 r' E E o cn 0) C p U O •p c 3 P (d o m -P •H (d > 4J (U c m CO z: H -t I - 4J 69 c - m ffl a o u - 04 T3 c o s: Q) •'3* -p X0) X0) O Z 0) p CU rn 3 4J O' c «-l CM T3 *0 u p •H c i-H Id 0) o o p Id 0 p c 0 > tC4 u i-H Id jr 4J P «k. 0 (0 0) 0) >1 x: c E p 0 •H 3 0 0) N CO — fH c ffi Id 0) CD CM 5 m 0) O' P (U • 0 CO iH « Id 3 c E Chlorid©) M-l c Id O' X 4J X 0) -P c fH 0 O' Id cc C 0 u • rH Id 3 CP D & CD Ui 0^ Id p 0 X 0 EH •rj c • « c X! • • 0 Id O4 U • • • E 0 0 •• -p • • • CO >H Ss Id « • • (U 0 n 4J p c • • • p rH •• CVJ •H r-i Id « O' • • iX4 •H 0) CD (Potassium • • • B •H E X -S II 0 dP B P CD P • • CP p 3 0) 0) 0 c •• S Id 0) 0 to P a 0 O' CO (U Eh P CP 3 -p c 0) • X 3 -H 4J rH rH -p 0 CO Eh Ss -P Id 0 Id Id CO 3 p Id •H Id •H •H CD CD 0) 1-^ P P P p p 0 0) p rH (U (U c r-i 0) 3 0) 0) Oi CJ 0) cp CP •iH 0) -U c 4J 4J 0 •p 0 E Id N E KCl E Id Id Id Id 0 p 0) P 0) p •H a. cp Eh CO s: S X X U 1^ Q5 0 1 ^ m u S O (c> (d 04 04 m O O CO m 4J o o >1 c <0 II II c < o cq bq u 0) o n> 4J M-l c V4 0) (1) 3 s i w ^ Vi VO “r| (1) r* Id VI a> 3 rH -P o - (fl o> p ^ 70 fa n - •* o 0) rH m OQ O ro u o -H rH ai • Ua s cu CO Oi iH 1 Glass) CD iH 0) 1 cd •o P 1 • r— c 3 >1 1 rH 4J 1 in O' Id O' fe -d- 0 0 P 1 O' ro 0) > Id 0) 1 4J c p c 1 (d Id H 1 o E 0) -p 0 »H 0) c Silicat© Id P 0) 1 CD m O U4 •H 1 0 CD 1 • E CO 0) CD fM 1 3 p 0) 1 • ^ o CD 3 C E 1 • MH x: »H -P x; 1 0) -p r-H SI4 CO (d 0 O' Id 1 a •H 0 -rl •H Id 3 O4 1 •—1 Oi i-:i p P 0 a 1 >1 0) EH 1 1 (Lithium -p • c • • * CD Id t 0 • • • a 0 • « • • 0 0 •• • • • • +J x: MH >1 1 • * • ts (d u 0 ro -P 1 • • • •• U c 0) CN •H 1 • • • •d O' a rH (i> CD 1 -rH • • B E Id M II 0 DP 1 • • %—t B p CD p c •Q P 1 •• •-j Id *28102 3 0) 0) 0 C p (U 0 1 to Vi Q I14 0 O' CQ 3 Eh P O4 1 3 •H c CD • 0 3 "H -P rH rH +J •H 0 3 ts -P p PI o c •rH 18 CU U -P -P -P 00 i8 •n 0) CT> •P C E Ti -P O P E Ip •P 3 i8 £ o x: rP -P “ in (U 18 l8 CD d ro c > >1 1 •H 0) E P 9 c in a «— -r-i D o '8* CO VO -P in 2 Q . c m CD cu r—t • TJ CU tn • a: ip ? c C C tn p C2j 1 CU 18 tn c O 0) CCi tn Cn pt: P 18 -p c a a E CD a Pi3 r (U ID • C o u cu — 0 c p • o •p • p 0) 0) 3 0 00 p ^ -p p -p iw p 4J a cn i8 in (U 0 u O c8 O p 4J 00 E CO c i8 • c cn 0 CD P 0) P •H CO CO E P b ID ro CN x: CU f—i 3 18 CN O' c u c 18 1— rH ip • -P -P ID cn H CN X Behavio: Society (d CO 0 P 1 p C^ 0 cn P >1 0 cn *— >1 n HJ 3 (U in E P 0) > p XI 1 to 0 HJ = 18 3 o O ID cn p 1 EH ^ 1—1 C -P c ^ fij d CD C^ c a • 3 CD (U cu >1 P 1 C ro 0 (U • 0 (U •c -P < Cli 00 P 0 a P MM <4H 18' C C tn c (U tn a < •P 3 0 Ceramic CU ^ tn c (U •p a cn -P Oi c P Mechanical ai C 18 •P O' p4 o - • a 18 Oi ••H U fH D E CD a u 0 0) CN a, C • 18 rd Q CO c P cu P p » tn ««>... 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P P DO dP ^ CM IP (U X! 3 p 3 of m c -H P 0) o o r CP S 0) P O 0) E I H > E Spinel) o • o 0) o ~ • XI i3 ^ O *»-i c >1 -t o o 0) lO 0) ^ >1 Eh 0) 1 1 0) 1 1 1 1 X X X X 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 Id Id Id Id 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 1 1 1 A A A A g/cm’ 1 1 p 1 1 1 1 O O O O 1 1 p4 1 1 1 1 O rH rH rH 1 1 1 1 0) 0) 01 1 1 01 rH rH rH rH 1 1 p 1 1 a c c 1 1 0) o V V V V 1 1 0 (d 1 1 Id Id Id 1 1 o o rH rH rH 1 1 X 0. 1 1 rH 1 1 Id 3.491 1 1 MH to 1 1 u 1 1 a Qi & 0) 0) 0) 0) 1 1 m 1 (d Id (d cd 1 1 Id 1 (U o o o o Cl4 Id Id Id Id 1 1 td 00 1 cu & cu 0. 1 1 1 X o c ip <4-1 >4-1 1 1 in 1 1 o o o 1 1 4J Id MH GPa 3 o O o o O p = 1 1 CM 1 1 Id Id Id 1 1 ••H rH p P p p 1 1 1 >H rH rH 1 p p P 1 o 1 3 rH & 3 3 3 3 • 1 1 1 1 •p 1 CM CM CM CM 1 1 VO 1 01 rH rH 258 1 1 p EQ 1 1 1 rH 1 0) rH 0) rH Id rH 1 1 0) 1 II II II II 1 o o 1 1 P c o o o rH -p rH rH density 1 1 -p T5 1 1 o rH 1 II 1 Id p o o = 1 1 (d C 1 Eq Eq tq K| 1 rH rH rH 1 1 rH Id Qt rH rH rH rH *-r* 01 1 i S Id 1 1 1 EC 1 cu Ut E 01 1 1 1 Id Id X 1 1 1 8; p 1 1 CM 1 n m n rn 1 1 in 1 VO c 1 1 1 1 I 1 • « • • • • • (1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 C «p 1 IM 1 g-i 1 M-l 1 M-l 1 4H 1 4H 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 1 0) 0) Ref. 0 1 cc 1 Pi 1 cd 1 (t 1 PH 1 (T u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 +J -p 1 1 1 1 1 1 c c 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) e e 1 1 1 1 1 CM 1 c e e 1 1 1 1 1 z 1 0) e c 1 p 1 p 1 P 1 1 1 3 p p p p •r| -p p 0 1 1 1 -P 1 1 >i 1 rH ••H •H air 3 p 1 (d 1 (d 1 Id 1 1 p 1 o Id (d Id (d 01 •H 1 1 1 1 1 •a 1 -P (d > 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) c 1 1 1 1 1 1 s H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -p 1 1 1 1 1 1 c 1 1 1 1 1 1 (U 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 1 1 1 1 1 e 1 CQ m m CQ 1 1 1 1 1 p T3 1 U u u o 1 1 1 1 1 3 O 1 Q Q Q Q 1 1 CQ CQ CQ CQ 1 1 CO 1 CQ CQ CQ CQ SENB 01 x: 1 s 5 2 1 Pm Pm b Em 1 U U O O 1 Pm Pm 1 u 1 H O O O O -p 1 0) 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 s s 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 p 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^-1 3 >1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4J O' ‘g 1 in 1 1 1 1 1 • O p 1 1 1 'd' CM a< rH 1 1 1 • • * »d e 1 00 f' 00 1 1 1 I P c 1 1 1 O rH qj OC 1 1 1 Pm H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 p (U 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 c s 1 1 00 cn 1 1 00 o 1 1 • -P X 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n -P 1 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 dP 1 1 1 1 1 1 •P p 1 1 1 1 1 1 (d 0) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 U cu 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 Ss -P 1 1 1 1 1 •u (d 1 1 1 1 1 P P 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) ) 0 0 c 1 tn 1 1 ro n 1 1 1 0) 1 f • a cu 1 1 1 1 «d 1 eg e N E o 1 m CM in 00 1 O o CO CD 1 1 1 p •H P (U p 3. 1 o 1 tH CM n 1 1 1 1 — 1 iH 1 o w 1 1 1 1 • 1* o 0) 1 1 o p 1 1 3 1 1 O' >C 1 1 0) 1 1 X 'W' : rH 1 1 rH 01 1 1 • o CO 1 Cd 1 n -p c rH 1 a 1 •*H 1 C5 1 II u rH 1 o 1 >1 0) u o 1 *H 1 -p •rl u (d > 1 rH 1 p 1 1 CD *k. MH u 1 II 1 c 0 01 1 1 01 0) CP 1 a 1 TJ 01 u c 1 1 ••H Id •r| 01 1 1 01 MH TJ -p 1 rH 1 CN >i p 01 c 1 1 • • rH 3 0) 01 1 1 (d CO U g 1 mh 1 Mh c 0 g 1 01 1 01 c 0) P 0 1 X 1 X x: a u 1 1 0) -p 1 o 0) 1 Id >1 o -p P 1 1 H-l XI £ c C 1 1 p 0) 01 01 1 1 • 01 3 •H £ £ 1 1 CO 01 o 01 c 1 p 1 p -p CD 0) CO p 0 1 1 ••H 0) c 3 p 1 Id 1 Id -p p CP x: •o 01 1 1 a) 3 rH 01 c cd > 1 1 >-r T3 4J 3 Id 01 c 1 1 •«H O 0 s X 1 1 Id (P E-I CP 1 0 p rH c 1 3 m 0) ••H +J 1 1 r rH p p c 1 1 TJ 3 0) 01 1 1 Id 01 o JJ 01 £ 1 m 1 £ 4J 01 0) rH O c 01 1 u 1 3 01 01 o ro Id •H p T5 1 Q 1 Pm CM c ••H >1 01 -p P O' 3 O 1 5! 1 u s (0 p u ex Pt4 c CO x: I ^ 1 CO • • 0 0) o a> 5 H Id -p 1 1 • >1 01 01 1 1 c c tu a *k j«; Dl iH jj 1 1 0} O' a O 2 s rH •«H (X c «0 0 V 0 1 t-^ • w 3 e dl X rH £ 1 (X iH •r^ Id 1 1 rH X P 01 1 1 T3 0) P 1 1 • • C o 3 1 1 0) Id rH Q P O' £ 1 1 T) 0 : O p 1 'd* 1 • •k Id •H > 01 1 1 c: X CO P c 1 1 0 Id 4J PE^ M 1 1 3 £ 0) T3 rH 1 •iH o C 3 1 i«-i rH Id 01 1 0) 0) c Id p 01 0) 1 1 •*H TJ £ 4J X 1 1 »— CD •H 3 01 u XI 1 1 •r4 « CM u rH >i CO (d 4J 01 CD 1 1 X m u CD P 01 1 1 X • • o 0) o CQ CO 01 3 c £ 1 1 • • 3 4H (d C >1 CM rH H -P x: 1 1 o • (U T( & .H Cp CO Id U O' Id 1 1 rH ex 0 nJ 0 Di ••H S Id 3 a 1 1 b Ui £ Oi s p 01 01 p 0 2 1 1 • >1 0) X 01 Pm Eh 1 1 rH X 4J •3 1 1 • • • • •• c m Id w 1 • « « • 2 0 rH S T3 u 1 • • • • •r^ 0 c O CM o 1 •• « • •H -P x: MH c x: r- >1 1 1 • • • CO ts (d o 0 -p -p rH m 4J 1 1 • • • •• •r| c 0) 3 01 1 CN 1 1 ( . p - 3 C »-H -p 0 00 Id -P (T> P -P «-H (1) -p CP TS • E U 0 0) 0) in 'd' tH • •o <-1 n 0) 4-) -•-1 Id M-I 1 P O' •0 C X -P 0 c if> 3 t-H C M 0 0) •H +) Id >1 n 0 : E Vi u >1 Id ^ CD 0) c 3 0 0 O' • P ^ 0 N Id •P s Vi 0i Ed in -P -P CP c 0) (U 0) CP t E CO Id • o 0) iH Vi C 0) (jv Id *3 M-l 4J C O' Ed ^ X! 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1 cn 1 1 03 o CO u z u z o s o s u 1 1 1 j 0) 1 1 1 4^ »-« -p 1 1 CN 1 rn c 1 1 1 • 0) 1 <4-1 <4-1 >4-1 p 1 1 1 <4^ a) g 1 01 1 0) 1 (U oi 0 1 K 1 Pi 1 Pi u 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 >1 +J P 1 1 1 0) p •p c c 1 1 1 > 0) 0) 1 1 0) 1 dP T3 s £ 1 1 c 1 O p •P u 0) c 1 P 1 0) P 1 CO (d £ •H •e4 p 0 1 -P 1 3 1 1 *-H 3 nJ 3 p 1 n) 1 rd 1 dP 0) X CD 1 1 o 1 p o p -p n) > 1 1 4J 1 0) c 1 1 1 (d S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P 1 1 1 c 1 1 1 0) 1 1 1 £ 1 OQ 1 1 0) 1 U 1 1 1X4 (X4 u •a 1 Q 1 1 w w CO CO 1 3 0 1 S 1 H H 1 Eh o o 0 U Eh Eh 1 0 0 (D s: j ^ 1 Q Q 1 Q M M H IP Q Q 1 CO CO <0 -P 1 1 1 s0) s(U 1 1 1 0) u D 4J D> U g nJ 0) V4 C Z |X< U cn 0) m fN P 0) 1 1 3 c £ rH vD 1 U) 0 0 CM r- CM 00 1 00 00 • -P X 00 1 rn LO 00 r- If) rn 1 0 00 • • • • • « • • • • 0 CO Id 1 rH •p II 0 dP -0 p (d 0) 0 Eh P O4 3 sp -P p (d Ih P 0) 0) c »— Q4 04 -p 0) P £ (d N £ in in c 1 1 0 1 1 -p 1 1 p 1 1 (d 1 1 Q) P 1 1 04 c 1 1 >1 (D 1 1 -P TJ 1 1 to C 1 1 Id a, H 1 1 3 1 1 M-l 1 Id 1 P -o 0 1 Oi 1 Id (u 1 u 1 4J 04 c 1 1 m o o 1 00 1 >1 Tf •p 1 VO 1 p 4J 1 p 1 U £ (d 1 1 0 3 1 II 1 0) P iH 1 1 s: 0 Id P 1 K| 1 EH XI > r 00 1 1 • u 01 O' 01 1 1 4J p -P 1 P 1 CM rp C in c 1 1 Id 0) c 0) M-l o e 00 o cn p 1 M-l 1 •p rH 1 0) n o w g 1 0) 0) p p in -P 0 1 ta 1 (H •p 3 1 P u 1 1 p (D f*i -P 1 u Id n w CN 1 0) in rH -p -p 1 1 < X T3 OJ c c 1 1 . 1 £ £ 1 1 o & Id 0) c 1 p 1 p Ip Id 0) p 0 1 -p 1 -p Ip p fH rH 3 p 1 Id 1 Id Id U ^ u rH m •r| 1 1 s: O' 1 Id > 1 1 « m V 0) 0) c 1 • p u p a s » 1 1 Id 0) 0 (P a 1 S p z 1 CM 0) -p c +J 1 1 00 • - -p 4J Q CN c 1 1 CD m ’d' m 0) 1 1 10 C £ 1 1 • • V4 H 0 0) 1 1 CQ • o Q rH p T3 1 M 1 u CM C c 4J O o u m Q 3 o o TJ 0] o > s: H O o c 0) > 0] -p c •M tj\ (d (U c 0) Q) .H C C V (d 0) s P5 C -H -H -H Si >1 n c — CD • D m (0 c O' +j fr* •H 3 3 0) N (d O -4 0) (d •J H O O' O (d . 4J 0) CO -p X O' g 1 01 tf p o O p 1 -p 3 o 3 p Id (U hj 1 CM • c 4J •H Q Id P £ 1 0) p CQ U p 1 o tf lx) 1 £ Id Id Cg O -P 3 -P >. p p E-i JC P 01 P tf 0) 1 04 -P >1 3 u (U 0 1 01 p O' f“H CD 1 c o P £ £ -p 0 CQ 1 rH M c 4J ••H Id rH 0) 01 CM 1 0 0) £ p o •»H •H p 0) 1 CJ^ in • 01 r-l •r| o Id 3 p £ 3 £ e 1 a\ • • M-l Id •H O' s: 01 u CQ 04 +) JZ 1 rH 0) X £ o Id 0) O O' nf 1 o o •r| -p Pi 0) P 0) p 0) Id 3 04 1 E-i (D 01 • CO s S s: s p 0 X 1 cu H 01 &, H *— I p 0) 5 rH £ • • 0 Si Id • 0 • • CD MH P P o • •H • • •H £ 01 0 • • • -p • -p 01 MH sz >4 >1 • Id • 01 0) 0 o P ro 4J c p • £ • £ 3 *3 o «• CM •H 0 Id • O' • • • C & rH 0 CD • **H « •r| • M s £ Id 0) p II 0 dP g p 01 P • • • £ £ P rH p •H 3 0) 0) o £ « •• tf JZ P CO O' Id (U 0 — CO p Q (3C4 0 O' 01 O 3 £ Eh p tf 3 •r| £ 0) • 0) 0 • •P 3 •H M P rH rH •P •H 0 o Eh •n o CO P W Id O Id (d •r| 01 £ 4J Id •p Id ••H •r| 01 01 m p p p MH p P o 0) P rH CM 0) d) £ 0) 3 0) 0) 04 u 0) tf 04 •r| +J £ -p -p Mh Id • d £ 0 o £ £ Id Id Id Id o P 0) p 0) P a. 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1 Q CO s c > to -P 1 0) 0) 0) 1 £ a a 1 0) >1 p 4J 3 0) 1 03 *H (1) 1 to U p 1 0) 0 3 >1 1 +J ID ID ID a CO O' He 1 • • • £ O p 1 u fO 0) I O' 'O' VD P c 1 CN CN CN T3 4J g ptf CO 1 0) •o fd N <0 p rH p 0) • to f-H OQ o 1 0 -P 1-^ . u 0) (0 c CD 1 fH >1 p u to 0) 03 rsi 1 c P m u p 0) 1 • • 0 o •H 3 c E 1 M-l -p u >1 p cc p P 42 1 0) p r-H O o 0) U O' (d 1 cc 0 O -H 0) T3 p to 3 1 2 K CO cc c p 0 S 1 to |Xf H 1 0) 1 « C • • to • 0 • • • 1— -p u • •H • • • 0 o • • 0 • « • +j 04 IP >1 1 • • • • ts fO 04 0 rn •p 1 0 • • • •• c 0 CIJ 1 • • 1— to CP • o fH 0) CD 1 ID • • • fH ••H e to -H II 0 1 • u p m u • • c •Q p 1 • •* 1 a 0) 0) 0 c < p (0 0) o 1 to p Q (x« 0 O' 03 3 tH P Of 1 3 •H c <1) • 0 3 -P ^ -p •H 0 *3 is -P to o to cd “H 0) c P fO *— •s to •P 0) m 0) p p I 4^ u U 0 0) p 0) 0) c 1 1— u 0) 3 0) 0) 04 o 0) Of Of •H 0) 1 'p lO 1 • mk C p P £ o o e N E to (d (0 to o p 0) P 0) p •H 1 CO s: a a a u CP OS Of E-t o CO w 1 i 0M• 0) s: +j c s: > -P CD I -p s o 0) o •n TO o * -p p o c fa 2 0) M-l 5 4J f 0) P 0 OH D) 0 u O fa -P 0) g fa -p -P (0 c c P 0) 0) 0) >1 E g o p 0) c •H p 0 •H -p CO 3 p n3 (0 P ID 0 0) IB > u > 0) c 1 •H a fa 5 c - o D 101 •P 4J 0) c - P 0) IT) E ffi Q) P 0) 2 2 CO p 73 U 3 0 W Ms IT) ID x: O •P IB -p c 0) 0) c IT) a a 0 > •p fH 4J >1 (0 CD 0) O c p •p c 3 >1 o Ms 0) 4J o> He u •P fa O p P iB 0 c T3 0) P c •H 0) > ID fa fa (0 -0 t—i c a) IT) 0) rH 0 o •P o (0 XI c P p 4J IT) 0) 0 CD c E 4J TD »— iH a< o >1 0 P IT) 0) (D (M tH U •H 0 a P OJ n • (D (N o -p MS 3 c £ M-l p m >1 o P T3 • -P JH in (U 0 « rH CJ (0 0) 0) O cy iB OH 0 o 0 -P 0) fa O iB 3 fa * o CO a CO p : C CO P 0 a Id cn fa Es «— > rS • c • P 73 • o • • • 01 0) TJ U -P -H f— c 4J 0) m tH c >1 TJ c 0 p 0) 0 • o o 0) o •H >i 01 •H 0) M 1— s 0) p:; 1 P •H m o •ri IP 0) 04 CO 04 CO T3 CN n >1 0) VO r- -p 0) 0) m cr> . 0) T3 T3 o 0) rH ^ TJ --I •H >1 -H -p 0) c lO C O p P P •H W p 0 o 00 (d 0 4J rH o 4J rH +j 04 > CN a\ n •0 •H cd 4J •H (d (d 1 : CN O' fH >1 c 4J O' (d c 4J 4J c -P C LO c O' o •o 0) p m 01 (d o >i o 1 -p p -p rH c >1 00 o c >1 0 X -p -p »w 00 x: CO 0) g 0 p JQ 0 P 01 5^ 0) HJ 0 iH o rH c o • o o o dP • XO' with CD m CQ CD m cd (d cd 0.27 (U (U 3 3 3 •H •H -p JJ >1 >1 -p = •H X -p p 1 pressed p p -p -p •H 1 3 3 p p p 1 v T3 ft tg ft 3 3 3 1 : O E E ft ft ft 1 CQ 0) •H •H E E E 1 ) CO 1 T3 p 0 •H •H •H 1 GPa; 0 (U 3 CD CD 1 hot • x: P X 0) 0 i— c tp TI 0 T( T3 •o 1 in rH 00 VD Id "0 • • • • ft O' cn H T3 u n A’ TJ T3 1 = CJ . rH u c (d p (d CJ Id pk (d n (d 1 CN O' •p lii; Ip cn •H o >H 1 rH rH 0 0 cn H p 4J 0 0 p p P >h' p JH p 1 n cn fO cn VD Material 0) g Id Id > 0 0) 0 (U 0 0 0 1 1 (1) -p (o -P p •r^ p •n P &p •ri <#p •r^ 1 II II II II vD w u c p m 0 (d (U (d 0) Id O' (d CO (d 1 MgO; •p CN 3 0) 0 CQ 3 3 iH rH 1 ft ft ft ft KD X X X s X X cn o CQ Q) O' 1 0) M 0 c 3; rH • • Id -p CQ c CQ rd X u Tl (U 1 CN 4J 04 ip r-l ft CD Id n P iH rH rH 1 0) o O O4 P 0) C c p •p SC 3 (U (U •rM ft p cn 0 p 0) Ref. 00 iH 0) M-l 0 g Q) Pi 'W' o g o 0) p 0 Pi O • X ft u I-H (d LT) -p CO -p U Id 0) cu 0 0) O 00 4J x -p > >1 0 X 4J 1 CO 4J -p J3 c c c 0) 0 p 0) (U (U o n CQ MH 0) JZ CO “H E E (d 00 M 0 ft 0 CQ 0 (U c «4-l o u <0 cn p 0 u • -p p C 3 p N2 3 04 0 Id ft 0) X T3 CD •H cn ft S c cn O' c Id > s Ip d) Id p 3 (U c dry 0) 3 Id oi 0 X ft X! in 0 o Eh O' -P iH 0 t) •P cn c 1—1 -p c 0) -p X . >1 . 0 r Id (d P p c ja »P E J3 3 (U (U o 0 Id CQ o u -P 0) E cn CQ > >1 0) 0) 0) 0 c (U CQ cn CQ > X Id •H p •o U OQ ca m 00 rM e s; •p (d P O' 3 0 Q c CO 4J X ft c CO X wowowowo ICS O' . •p ft Id X coisco^cn^cn^ rH O' c TD Ip M-l 0) (U in 3 -H T3 Ip 0 0 X X CM 0 T3 T3 0 Ip •iH < rH 1 H 0) c x: rp E 0) Id -P o (d •P Id 0) O 3 4J c X p (U CM P 0 0 •P u 0) p 3 P 0 x X 3 . u 3 >1 in 00 . 4J ft -p p 0 Q X O' He • • • a O 0 -p . r 0 p in cn CM vo 0 a «d 0) E 3 ft . 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N ID -p 0 3 Id 3 ft •iH o p 0) •H in (U CU 4J 1 1 1 II 1 1 •0 1 0) (U 0) 0) 0) (fa CM 1 CO >1 CO >1 to >1 CD >1 CO >1 0) >1 1 •H 1 1 1 1 1 0) o ICJ 4J cO 4J rd CD 1 1 1 1 1 CM 1 n) -p <0 -P +» CD -P -P X o II • 1 s: •H •H X •H s: •H s: •H Id •H 0 C 1 1 1 1 1 p 1 Qu CD Oi CD (fa CO (fa CD (fa to X CD X (U 1 1 1 1 1 0 n *0 to 1 c C c C c (fa C 1 1 1 (d 1 1 4H 1 <0 0) (d 0) n> (1) Id 0) Id (U 0) rH 1 Id ca 1 r> 1 X 1 Id 1 c II '0 •*. -p 1 s: T3 s: X T3 J3 T3 X T3 Id T3 Id 1 cu £ I E 1 o 1 X 1 1 (fa (fa (fa (fa (fa 4J o rH 1 (5 u 1 o 1 1 o 1 cu >1 • «. 1 i-H •H r-4 rH 0) •H Id 1 1 1 CN 1 1 p p •p 1 lO P (d p n] P (d P Id P ja P p •H 1 O O' 1 O' 1 iH 1 ’d* 1 1 4-1 1 (U 0) (U (U (U (U 0) p 1 CM 1 1 rn 1 CM 1 CD 1 rH 1 s: •o T3 X T3 x; T3 s: T3 x: T3 s 0) 1 o 1 o 1 1 C rH 1 O' 5 O' 5 O' 3 O' S O' 3 O' 3 g jj 1 II CM 1 1 II 1 II 1 (U (U -p • • 1 0 o o •H 0 o •H 0 0 Id 1 1 1 1 1 CD •o rn 1 rn 1 1 1 1 2 (fa X (fa X Oi X (fa X (fa X (fa u E 1 a: X X j 1 1 1 1 •W ’v 1 1 1 O 0) 1 1 in VO 00 O' 1 fH 4J 1 1 • • • « , • c 1 1 1 1 1 4-1 0) 1 »i-i 1 *p MH 1 MH 1 MH 1 IP 1 p I 0) 1 0) (U 1 cu 1 cu 1 0) 1 CU 1 Qi 1 X X 1 X 1 X 1 X 1 X 0 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 4J 4J 1 1 c c 1 1 0) (U 1 1 E g 1 1 (U c 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 p 1 1 p p 1 p 1 p 1 P 1 p -p -p to 1 P 1 -p 1 -P 1 1 -p 1 •H (0 > 1 ••H 1 Id Id 1 Id 1 Id 1 Id 1 Id 0 c 1 (0 1 1 1 1 1 2 w 1 1 1 1 o 4J 1 1 C 1 1 0) 1 1 E 1 1 0) 1 1 Vi Tl 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 1 m (Q m m ffi 00 m 1 CO m 1 X 1 to 1 to 1 X CO 1 o O o u u o o 1 U z 1 o 1 o 1 o 1 u (0 -P 1 a Q Q Q Q Q Q 1 H o 1 CO 1 tp 1 (P 1 CO 0) 0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 1 Vi 1 1 3 >1 1 in VO CM O 00 lO 1 -P O' “g 1 1 O P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (0 1 1 rNj 0) to 1 1 1 1 1 1 Vi (U 1 1 1 1 CN 1 1 in 3 c E 1 1 iH in 1 r- 1 rH 1 t^ 1 » • • • • P X 1 1 1 1 1 (0 o O' 1 1 ^ 1 'd' 1 CO 1 CM 1 VO (0rn CL. i 1 nos3 CU 1 1 1 1 fa H -- >1 4J 0] O u o fa c ^r^ Q) (ONE IT) W -.H 3. V o w — * t 1« u0) nJ Oi O m m o m p CD >1 c (N fH (1) n] c < o K| u 0) o <0 4J -p 1 >«-« c c 1 u (U 0) 1 « 3 s p 1 CO 0) c 1 VO Vi 0 1 p 0) 3 p 1 -p cn CD •H 1 (D 3 tH 1 w' P 0) c 1 V s u 1 - n) (T\ Vi tH 105 b ro p 1 E iH c 1 - 1 0) 1 O e 1 0) f— 0) 1 OQ o n Vi TD 1 U •H fH 3 0 1 a CD x: 1 32 • m -p 1 ^ • Q) 0) 1 s 04 s s 1 a 0) •0 p T3 c • 3 >H •H cd X) O' p 0 CJ P O -p > (8 0) n •H c P C • c (8 b b *0 o E (U •H c c •H o H o rH 0] c M u (8 p 0) 4J -p -P •H x: fH CD o CD •H fH 4J -p >, « CO 0) CD •P m P s P 0) • s o CD 3 C E IM x (d >1 • #H 4J X C 0) O -P •H CO t8 O O' (8 0 cm 0) 0) o -H •H (8 3 b m ja a CO •Ik p P 0 a 0 >1 0) b H rl -p iH c • • • CD C8 0 * • • iH a o H -p • • 0 o CO •• • -p • • • X M-l >H ts • as • • « o 0 n P p • c • • • 0) *« CN •H (0 •8 O' • • • a iH qj CD • jj s •H E (d M II 0 dP g vi CD P • • • c XI P *— (1) 3 0) a) 0 c • •« *3 p <8 0) 0 to P Q EC4 0 O' CD 3 Eh P b £ 3 •P c Q> • 0 3 P iH »H -p -p 0 •3 ts -P <0 U (8 (8 -P CD q P i8 •H (0 •H -P CD CD (U •— P P P (H p P 0 (U P iH 0) 0) C 2 f— n 0) 3 (U 0) a o 0) a a •P 0) •H •u C -p 4J E 0 •p p E (8 cq E m (0 <8 (8 0 P 0) P 0) P -P a. •— 0} s: s a S U b OJ b B-I O CO • 4 * z r> to m -P c 0) 0) >•-1 3 0) 4J o Oi O o n) u +J -P z c d 0) 0) e g 0) 0) c O u 0 -H 3 p Id 01 -H td > • 0) C & s ft - • 106 Pd -p c - T3 0) • n c e ft t" o cd 0) H ^ ^ u o O rH rd >< o • 3 0 1— >1 ^ 01 X >1 01 e»P ,« VO (d X 0) 0 >1 ^ 01 r- 0) 0) C rH P rH rH O' z s • >1 rH O O rH M-l T3 I I (N o I e I o o I II cn I I 3 CM I CM tD I <0 ro cn I 04 0) C I u II x: I 4J X( I O >1 0) I rH 4J >4-1 0) I n -H O u I m O I II c m Vm I 0) 4J 04 I to Tt c ,,4 0) 0) CD 1 o -P 1 fp c c 1 • V4 (U 0) 1 •p MH D £ 1 m o £ 1 0) V4 01 CD -p 1 3 c c8 > 1 a •H 0) c 1 0) 01 a lx) 1 c - EL4 H 107 MJ 1 c O c 1 - -P 0) 1 £ E 1 X Co 0) 1 IP o P p TJ 1 0 (0 0) 3 0 1 CO u u ID x 1 C8 o -p 1 0) 0) 1 «. 0) a a 1 o ID nj O M-l •P 1 E 0) 1 3 r8 p 1 CO P 3 1 r TJ 0) -p O' p 1 0) U 0 p ^ 1 P cB 0) 1 0) c T3 P C 4^4 1 -P c 0) IP lx] 1 C -p O •H 3 C — rH CD at CO in (d > oi 1 • p 0) •O CT> 1 •— CD m Q flj Ip CD _ 1 •W* >1 (8 0) CD IS! 1 « rH u s: MH P (U 1 CM • o 04 O 0 l^ 3 C E 1 CM • • MM rH -P X 1 (U x CO Tl CD in U O' c8 1 in on Eh u O -P (d C ID 1 CO 3 O4 1 c8 u Q^ to O 0) Ol P 0 a 1 -- c n IP EH 1 CD s: in 1 « c • • • 01 Ol • 0 • • • C 3 • u • •r| • • • ••H 0 04 0 •« • • • rH P p Eh 04 >1 1 • • • (8 c 4J n P 1 • • • .. Jm C 0 0) 0) - PM •rH 1 • • • •r^ rH m O' o P to 0) CD 1 • • Ip s •H e 4J 3 iP II 0 dP 1 1 • • g u CD p O 4J .Q P 1 •• •3 • 18 u 3 0) 0) 0 c (8 O 0) 0 1 to rH 4 u tM Q b 0 P O' to (d Eh P O 1 3 ••H MH c 0) • U 0 3 -P rH ^ -p •*H 0 cm &4 > ts -P «0 u (d Cd •r< ta m c P cO r— •H (8 -H •P D3 ID m M u P 0 <8 cu 0) (U c 1 Q> CD 4 *p 0) ^ 1 ff) 3 0) 0) a E o Q4 O •u 4J 0 18 N 1 • iH C p e 0 'P e S 18 <8 (8 <8 0 P 0) P 0) p •p 3. 1 «— CO s: S a u 04 ft: Q4 Eh 0 CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (N n 1 • 1 E 1 1 o o 1 1 II Oi 1 1 3 00 1 £ 1 p 1 1 • 1 CD CD 1 Id n 1 01 -p 1 fa 1 0) c fp i a II 1 £ •p 3 1 1 •0 -p CD 1 in >1 1 X 0) 0) 1 p P 1 o Ip -p 0) fa 1 n 1 p 0 o 1 0) 1 0 • 0 1 II S 1 c CD u p 1 0) 1 1 +J fa Id r- 1 fa •o 1 > C c cn 1 1 0) 0) -p a> CD 1 1 E u E P 1 p 1 CM (U c •H c t 1 • • u 0) 1— (U 1 1 IP 3 -p 0) CM £ 1 1 p CD Ci u VO g 1 0) 1 0) (d CO fa iH 0 1 fa 1 fa (U 1 u 1 1 •• S T3 in 1 c •o in 1 (d 0 iH p P 1 1 fa x: c c 1 1 • o 01 +> 0) 0) 1 1 CO c (U 04 E p 1 1 •H s 04 0) c 1 p 1 p p p 0 1 p 1 •p 0) 0) CQ 3 p 1 Id 1 Id p 0) s: CD -p 1 1 3 c > Id > 1 1 •*1—*- X •H fa 0) c 1 1 0) Oi CO 1 1 a fa - ip c CO 1 rH 1 fa fa 0) 108 X p 1 1 • c o p c 1 1 - •p iH m 1 1 g Oi 0 E 1 1 CQ M CD c > 0) 1 fa 1 S O p •H P Tl 1 O 1 fa Id 0) CD 3 0 1 CO 1 CO o D 0) CO X 1 1 u 0^ Id p 1 1 £ CD c 0) 0) 1 1 T3 0) O a a 1 1 0) o CD •*H T3 1 CD (d o E 0) 1 CD M-l •p Id 0) 1 1 0) u E p O 0) 1 1 U 3 (d 0) O p 1 1 cu CO u P 3 >1" 1 1 : 0) fa P O' 1 1 ip E >1 o O P 1 1 •. 0 0) Id 0) tj 1 1 i-H C T3 O P c JL 1 1 (d C 0) CD C fa fa 1 1 o •P o CD 0) 1 ii^ -H 3 c 0) 1 4J a (d in c u 1 0 n> > a\ x: CO 1 1 • -M -P •0 0^ 01 1 1 *0 CD 1 m CD Q < iH 3 „ 1 ‘W' 1 1 1 1 Cn 1 X 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 -P s 1 •H u 1 p 1 3 w 1 ft 1 E T3 1 C 1 (d 1 0) 1 > z 1 1 -p 1 CO 1 V 1 V >«-l 01 1 Id 0 -P 1 C 1 P 0) 0) 1 0 u £ 1 •n 3 £ 1 Id 4J 0 1 X O u 1 0) 0) 1 V E E 1 0) 0) c 1 U p 0 1 p ••H 3 p 1 •p OH m •iH 1 Id (d > 1 • 0) c 1 S u 1 - , 109 OH P 1 c I - V 0) 1 c E 1 (d 0) 1 m u TJ 1 u ^ • 3 0 1 Q (0 X 1 S vD u 1 0) "d* 1 1 5s 1 1 1 gj 1 1 1 •r| 1 1 1 ig 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 ft 1 1 1 a 1 tD 1 1 -H 1 1 1 1 • 1 1 d) 1 T3 . 01 0 E I 1 > 1 >1 Z u CD 1 1 -H 1 to -H O 1 1 gj 1 to to •rg 1 1 -H 1 ft 0) >1 g 1 1 TJ 1 C5 *0 Q gJ 1 1 T3 1 0) d ig 1 1 to 1 O to TJ -H (1) 1 1 1 iH C U O 1 1 ig 1 m to 0 s 1 1 0 O' 1 CO Hg 1 1 •n X 1 II CD -H 0 1 1 to 1 CD U CO 1 1 X II 1 fc) 0) -^g CD 1 1 1 -rg •%. c g M-l CD 1 1 1 X to 0 CD gj 1 rH 1 CN 1 m O' u >i d 1 1 1 • # • 3 0) 0) rH d) 1 1 1 tgg ttH 0 u ig to a 1 HH 1 1 H 3 d g 1 d) 1 0) 1 0) £ gJ < o 1 ft 1 ft 1 ft (U CD O u 1 1 1 U -M to 0) 1 1 3 gJ ig o 1 1 gj -H to gj gJ I 1 1 tgg u jg d d 1 1 1 to m it d) d) 1 1 1 • u 3 a g 1 1 1 h 0) 0) CO r—, d) d 1 1 1 £ o VO ig 0 1 ig I ii 1 ig •r| -rl 0) +) 0) t^ 3 ig 1 1 -H 1 -H to £ ft ig O' m •H 1 to 1 cO 1 E-t <« 3 r-g to > 1 1 1 —r s 0 gj dJ d 1 1 1 o X ft 1 1 1 w CD to O' 1 1 C O' ig rH 1 1 o d ft ft n gJ 1 1 1 gj -H E rH d 1 1 1 O' TJ TJ 1 d) 1 1 1 d 0) d o a 1 1 1 -H 0) to 0) rH d) I 1 CQ 1 OQ TJ 0 o n ig •d 1 m 1 U 1 O • U 0 •H rH 3 0 1 z 1 D 1 G M >1 ft CD X 1 ft 1 2 1 2 • • ft VO to gj 1 to 1 1 • S 01 r- ft 0) d) 1 1 1 s 1 rH ON ft X X 1 1 • 0) 0 rH 1 1 • *-} rs x: 1 1 •H o ft tH 1 1 1 n u 0) rH d) 1 1 1 d gj X n T3 ig 1 1 1 • (d -rl GO d 3 >1 1 1 1 • gJ Z to rH O' 1 1 1 0 O ig 1 1 m 1 tn •- 0) d CM > to d) 1 1 1 tgg • 0 CO d ig d 1 1 1 ^ 0 to ft ft 1 1 1 -rl • •H a 0) 1 1 «» rH rH ft -H o 1 1 ro rH T3 O -H CD ft Q) d 1 1 • P to 01 2 to ig di 1 1 1 rg 0 4J 0) O ft •rl 1 1 1 -rC u CD CO ft TJ CD o CD 1 1 1 • rH >1 0) 0) rH 0) CO d) 01 O') 1 1 1 • c o Vg CD rH ig 2E ig d) 1 1 1 • C-3 -rg o ro o ft to 3 CD 3 d a 1 in 1 1 M-l • « • » 4J rH 0) gj fH gj X 1 1 1 • -rs,. *0* 0) rH r> +J Ig (1 CO tO O O' to 1 1 1 • -rC Oi o to o -H O Q ft m 3 to 3 ft 1 1 1 •— X ft w £ 1 < ig ig ii 0 X 1 1 1 gJ CJ> gj >1 0) ft EH 1 1 1 0 rH to gj 1 1 1 • • • • w* c rH X d 0 CD to 1 1 • « • • to rH 1 0 to it S U 1 • • • • tw -H £1 00 a o o 0 1 1 •o « 4J • • • tgg o 0) 0 (O' •H •H x: >. 1 1 1 • to • « • ts d rH 0) s o 0 m gj 1 1 1 « • • • •• n c 01 0) 1 ig 0) (N •H 1 1 1 • • • IT) rH 1— rH m O' X Jg Ph o s 0) CD 1 1 1 • e -rg s •H E 3 m to M II O t>p 1 1 1 1 « • • • « § Sg 0) Vg gJ rH g d -Q ig — 1 1 1 • •• IQ m 3 0) 0) 0 c .3 o s tO ig 0) 0 1 1 1 to tO • K to Q 0 O' ig 3 tg ig ft 1 1 1 •r| • « 3 C 0) ig ft 0) O 3 1 1 *-} 4J rH rH g-» r4 0 ft ft to a •3 >3 5s gJ 1 1 HJ O to to •H CD c; gg to 1 1 »— r— r -H to -rg •H 01 CD 0) — ig ig 1 1 1 <—1 Vg rH ro 1 2 Vg 0 0) CN (D (U d 1 1 1-^ 1— • • r-i cn 0) 3 0) 0) ft o 0) ft ft -H d) 1 1 n 1 C gj gj £ o o e to N a 1 1 1 1 “H <0 (0 to to o Ig 0) ig 0) ig -H ft 1 1 rH 1 rH CO s; s S S u Oi Oi Qg EH O CO 1 1 1 1 < » aO' x: O' •H >1 4J o •P w P a3 T3 E c (0 0) > •H -p w •r^ 73 mm 0) T3 o -P Id c 0) 0) P O 3 -ri -p o Id O u a (0 IM Cm +> 4J c c 0) (1) E E (1) O a III - •c c Id U03 Q 4 CO (0 (U o -P s: -P CP p -p o x: a3 CO £ >1 •P u TJ ^ 0) c m > m 0) > -o s •H CO T3 0) Tt fo »M CD td O P x: c P O' 0) (U O -P u •n £ 3 Id P o X H u u (d u 0) 0) £ £ 0) o P -p •P m -P cn -p c T3 (U c £ (d 0) CQ P •0 O ^ • 3 0 Q >1 CD X ^ VO (d +J CD C^ 0) 0) i-i O' X X £0 «P o 0) 0) X n P CO 3 >1 • 1 P O' •3 ^ U p 00 CO •H CO CD ^ u m ^ fH >^ CU CD 0) CO (N c P P iH P p (D « 0 in o a H 3 3 c £ vp 4J 1 4J P X 0) p > -p O O O' (d DU o < 0 -P o « 3 (d 3 fa X 2 a CO X < P p 0 a P H CO • C • • • c 0 • O • • • (d p o • • • • £ o 0 — •• • • • • ^ 1^ P >1 • td • • • m 0) -H P 0) -p b p u 3 JC •H CP O' w E --I -P jn T3 C 01 (0 (1) > z •H CO p -p w T3 T3 m nt o P c P 0) 0) o u •n 3 rfl 4J o S U u It) u IP -P p 1 z c c 1 0) 0) 1 •. E g 1 0) 0) 2 1 O p o 1 p -p -P 3 p 1 0) •p 1 (0 (0 > 1 « 0) c 1 s s u 1 - • eii 4J 1 c 1 - 73 0) 1 C E 1 <0 0) 1 m p •o 1 u w • 3 0 1 Q -- >1 01 x: 1 21 vD (0 X -p 1 ^ m O' 0) Q) 1 .p o> a a 1 0 "P x: o 1 QJ 0) 1 S n p 1 00 3 ^’cT' I -P p> £ o u CM CM m 0) VO 00 P c :i IP u - a T3 m CP • as 0) E 0 -P 01 (0 u m CO •H CD CD „ rH >1 01 0) (1) CD CM c p p i—i p P 0) - • 0 C' O CP •H 3 3 C E M-l 4J +J 4J • 1 ^ z s x: 0) p > V O O O' nJ a: 0 < 0 -P 0 • 3 (0 3 IP z z CP w X < P P 0 a -P IP Eh -- - 0] c o nJ O E >1 0) n -p Designation V4 •• CN •H b u (U m -H II o dP E •Q u nJ (0 0) o Eh Vj cu 0) 3 4J rP rp p •rH 0 CO CJ Ss -P (8 O •8 (8 -p CO q P (8 C-. •H (8 •P •p CD CO 0) P P 1 *— >H 1 1 1 1 p I td 1 II 1 >1 1 p s 1 o 1 p •H 1 3 w 1 ft 1 £ T3 1 -H C 1 n) 1 0) 1 > -p S 1 o 1 4J •H 1 -P CO 1 •0 1 TJ M-4 CD 1 (d 0 P 1 c 1 P 0) 0) 1 0 u p 1 -n 3 g 1 cd P 0 1 a o u 1 (d p ft 4J +1 1 E c c 1 0) 0) 1 £ £ 1 0) 0) c 1 o p 0 I p •H p u 1 •p Pi 01 •H 1 (d ed > 1 « 0) c 1 s S ft 1 ft +J 1 c 1 XI 0) 1 c g 1 (d 0) 1 m p •o 1 o • V 3 0 1 a >1 ^ CD x: 1 32 ^ VD (d 4J 1 0) P' 01 0) 1 .H a> s a 1 0 <-i s: u 1 0) "d- 0) 1 S fn u 1 00 3 1 • 4J 1 1 O’ E •d 'd' O 1 (y> CM Id 0) 1 •'d* • 00 p c Z 1 ft ft 1 - ft 1—1 •a CD ft • Id 0) P 1 0 P CD Cu 1 u CD m •P CD CD _ 1 iH >1 0) rP 0) 0) CD (M 1 c p p »H V4 P 0) 1 in • • o 00 o ft •P 3 3 C £ 1 • M-l 4J 4J 1 tf) 1 >1 ^ a -p x: 0) p > p o O O' Id 1 ft o < O -P 0 • 3 Id 3 ft 1 a a ft to a *< p P 0 a 1 4J H 1 ^ CO 1 • c • • • C O • 0 • • • Id p o • • • • £ o o •• • • • • p •H >1 1 • • • • ft (d 0) a rn -P 1 GO • • • • •• P c p CNJ •H 1 • • «— I <0 O' ft o CD CN • E o o II O' > VD CD (0 n O' cx C O II 4J TJ O >1 (U CN 4J (U n -ri O CD O II c (0 0) -p a. 1*3 XI c 0) 0) 0] e o -p c (U 0) n) CO o K 0) u X T3 C —» (d +J -p c c O O' 0) 0) CO c E E -H p u •H 0) 0) (d P CD 3 C X -H 0) O' >-* c - b u 115 4-» c u c - •H •H <3) E E (0 0) h CJ p P T3 1 u Id 0) 3 O 1 CO p o CD s: 1 O cd p I : 0) 0) 1 w x> (U X X 1 (U o CD CD Id O CD 4-1 -P 1 0) p g 0) 1 p 3 (5 p 1 04 CO P 3 >4^ 1 : 0) -P O' ff 1 >1 u u p -c 1 rH Id 0) 1 c XI p c Z 1 (d c 0) (X4 u 1 u •H o 3 c -p o Id m (d Id > O' 1 • -P -P XI cn 1 r— CO CD fH CO Q < „ 1 iH o >, 0 0) CD 1 • ip o o p CO p 0) i 1 • (U CN o •H O 0 3 c E 1 M-l • • A 1 >n 'd' P X! I t—i 0) p Q JJ o CO IT) O O' Id 1 in cn 0) OQ o -H 0 c CD 1 Id 3 04 1 u Z 04 CO X Id 0) O' p 0 X 1 c n Eh 1 •• CO IT) 1 c • • • O' O' 0 • « • c 3 * o o • • • • 0 04 0 •• • 4J • • 4J o Eh 04 >H 1 • ps Id c 4J n -P 1 CM • •• In c 0 0) 0) CN •H 1 • • 1 Id O' C5 P C 3 CD 0 X O' 0 0) c z •H Ip X fH ft TJ O' (U £ s p CO c 0) o r> 0) E -p 0 CD •M -r4 c (0 3 3 CD 0 0 P • V4 CO <0 • -p (0 0 (0 CO O' rt (U 4J <4-1 CO c 0 0) > X 0 p p i— 1.-S1 • X (n (U -P X 4-^ c 0 P Ip CO 0 0 DO X ip VD •r| 0 40 40 *3 f£ P «ki « • vp • 1 ft 0 P CO C •P s ft ^0 >0* • ft •p (Jv Pe; 3 c P •3 0 rvi 40: £ rH CD 0 0) (U > (U in • X (0 •w*' • (0 •r| 0 4J TJ CD U •-) • (U P QQ 0) £ 40 c 0) CD C • •o u 0) rH X <0 • X 40 x: • (U (U ft c 0 P < 4J C -P ro iH TJ CD ft (0 00 rH p 0) 0 SZ 0 • •p CO (d 0) £ c £ tJ' w CM O (d •> (0 M O O <4-1 E O' O (TV 3 u m CD •p CD £ 0 VD -P c 40 £ rH 0 TJ >—»• rH X (U rH 0) -P CD 40 P P -P CO EH C c CVJ p P rH P (U p 4-1 c (U 0 •r| 0) 4J -p 40 • 0 43 0 ft •r| 3 P 0) 0 • 40 3 •H 40 U 4J rH in 0 40 0 40 (d -p CD £ •p 40 •P •r< CD CD 0) r-^ *— p <4H P P 0 0) P rH cs n in VD iz; ftw PI 0) 3 0) (U ft 0 CD •H p C 4-» 4J £ 0 "P 40 40 40 40 0 P (1) CO 2 X X X U ft a; aO' . II P O' c 0 p 1 Sh 1 1 c o rH 0 1 1 1 -r^ i-H 1 -p 1 3 1 1 -p 1 1 1 > -p O 3 1 1 1 p 1 1 0 u O 1 1 1 3 1 1 £ 0 73 -P 1 1 1 04 1 1 p C 73 1 1 1 £ 1 1 S 0 C 1 1 • • 1 •H 1 1 0 73 04 0 1 1 1 1 1 Ip P C 04 c 1 1 1 0 1 1 4h 04 0 0 P 0 1 1 -p -p 1 > 1 1 a 04 0 1 1 1 •H 1 1 -p 04 -P 1 1 1 -p 1 0 1 0 o O' u o 1 0 0 (d 1 -p 1 1 04 1 04 p c 0 0 0 1 04 04 cu 1 fO 1 73 1 C3 1 o •H p c p 1 o o O 1 £ •p •p 1 73 1 1 rH > 0 1 1 u 1 1 1 II 1 II u 0 0 1 II II II 1 p c 1 1 1 (d 0 P o 1 1 a 1 b 1 b 04 b -p b -p 1 b b tq 1 CO > 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 -P 1 Tp 1 CN 1 n 1 d* 1 a VO c 1 1 1 1 1 • • • 0) 1 1 1 vp VM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -p 4J 1 1 1 1 1 c c 1 1 1 1 1 0) (1) 1 1 1 1 1 s £ 1 1 1 1 1 Id > 1 1 1 1 1 0) c 1 1 1 1 1 S b 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 117 -P 1 1 1 1 1 c 1 1 1 1 1 - 0) 1 1 1 1 1 £ 1 1 1 1 1 (D 1 CQ 1 m 1 1 1 P •o 1 U 1 u 1 CQ m CQ 1 1 m 3 0 1 Q 1 Q 1 Z z Z 1 a CO 1 CO b z CD x: 1 s 1 s 1 b b H 1 o o CO 1 O U u 0) 0) 1 1 1 1 1 a a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (U 1 1 1 1 1 p 1 1 1 1 1 3 >1 1 1 1 m CN P 1 1 • • • -P O' le 1 1 1 1 1 O p 1 KD 1 1 iH CN o 1 1 (d (U 1 CN 1 p c 1 1 1 I 1 IP b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CD 1 1 1 1 1 0) CD fVI 1 1 1 1 CO If) 1 VO p 0) 1 1 1 1 O cr> CN 1 O vO n • • 3 c £ 1 1 1 1 -P x: 1 1 1 1 vt in 1 •d' O O' (d 1 1 1 1 1 (d 3 Pa 1 1 1 1 1 p 0 a 1 1 1 1 1 b H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 1 1 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 >1 1 1 1 1 1 n -P 1 1 1 1 1 •• CM 1 1 1 1 1 (I) CD 1 1 1 1 1 M 11 0 dP 1 1 1 1 1 P 1 1 1 1 1 (Q 0) 0 1 1 1 1 1 E^ U On 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 ts 4J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •u n] 1 1 1 U 1 1 1 1 1 (U CVJ CM g/cm 1 1 o 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 p> 1 1 2.53 : *, 1 1 .. >4-1 (0 CD 1 Id Id 1 Id 0 +J O' 1 ft ft 1 ft = c 0) c 1 U O 1 O c 0) s: •p 1 1 0 E p TJ 1 o o 1 o •H 0) 0) 1 r- 1 00 ip +» p 0) 1 tp tp 1 tp m 3 0 O 1 1 density 3 (D 0 1 II II 1 II r-4 • (d CD P 1 1 (0 0) +» ft 1 ft ft 1 ft > s fH c 1 1 1 CO 0) (U CD 1 1 M (^ E U P 1 tp 1 CM rH U tp 0) c c 1 1 . Id (d p 0) 0) 1 -p o P 3 p 1 *p 1 *P •P O 00 (D o g 1 0) 1 (U +J n (d CO 0 1 ft 1 ft •p P m 0) o 1 1 p o 1 s •o 1 u 0) n c 1 p ro Id p -P 1 1 •p < m ft c c 1 1 Q U O' (D (U 1 1 • CO c E E 1 1 ft -p (U c 1 1 r—i M ft p P 0 1 P 1 p •p «P 0) (U 3 p 1 -P 1 • « (d p (U CO •H 1 Id 1 Id m CJ' 3 c Id > 1 1 •r^ (D CD X 0) c 1 1 . P 0) 0) O' s ft 1 1 nJ c 0 •p c 1 s: s: s ft ft 1 O' -p 1 1 . 3 c u c 1 1 to 0 •p •H (U 1 1 CO E E 1 1 . X Id 0) 1 1 • Q 0) o p P 73 1 1 1— p (d (U 3 O 1 CO 1 ft TI 3 o p u CD Si 1 u to 1 O C -P > o Id p 1 IP H 1 CO Id O : (U (U 1 1 V (d 0) S s 1 1 1. P >1 0 CD 1 C ft +J (d O 1 0) >p -P 1 1 (d O' •p p £ 0) 1 1 P d o 3 Id p 1 1 •p 0 CO p 3 ft 1 1 . : '^g p CO 0) P O' 1 1 TJ ft 3 o O p 1 1 0) m o Id (U •3 ' 1 • •p U (d c 73 p c “ 1 (U m 0) p c 0) ft ft 1 1 •p -P s id O 1 «>**>» c P 3 c 1 rH •r^ rp p (1) OI Id m 1 • n) (D 3 o o > c^ 1 1 <4-1 . CM 0 -P X 73 c\ j 1 *» rH CD u m C -P c Q < f—1 1 1 >i 0 P CD (d w 0) CO 0) 0) CD Si in 1 I • • » c fr4 s: O' O' 1 • • • • • 0 m p C 3 o 1 • • • • •H •P c •H 0 ft 0 1 •• • 4J • • 4J >p o o -p H ft ft 1 1 • • • • -p 4-> (0 0) 0 m P 1 1 in • « • .. c c -p 0) 0) CM •p 1 1 • • • • cn CT> < (d O P VD q> CO 1 • • B •H -p (0 rH -p II dP 1 1 1 E 3 0 • • . 4J 1— g 0) P c c .Q P * 1 1 •• •3 • Id u 3 0) e 0 c ft (U p O 0) 0 1 1 (X4 to p p 0 D> to T3 3 Id rH h p ft 1 1 •H 0) • • 5 3 C c 0 p 0 3 1 rH +J •3 •'I -P •H 0 o tp ft > ft -P 1 <0 o m (0 •p 0) c: p Id 1 r--* «— ••s 0] “•H •H 0) 0) (U Ih p 1 1 <4-1 u p p 0 0) P CN ID (D c 1 1 Q) 0) n 3 0) e ft o ft ft p (U 1 1 4J 4J 4J "p c E 0 P e Id N E 1 1 •H •r^ m (0 (d nJ o p 0) P (U P a. 1 o 1 ft: ' tp CO s: s s s u ft 0. H O to 1 i 11 4 1 CN • 1 E 1 O o 1 1 1 II O' 1 1 1 > 1 tn 1 • CO 1 lO tn O' 1 fa (U c 1 CJ II •p £ 1 p -o 1 o >1 cu 1 T— 4J <4-) cu 1 n •P o o 1 CD 0 1 II c (D p 1 cu 4J 04 1 fa T3 1 C 1 ,,1^ (1) cu CD 1 CJ p 1 t-H c c 1 • P 0) cu 1 <4-1 D •H p 1 m o g 1 CU rO CO 0 1 fa 0) o 1 S •o c (0 4J -p 1 bi c c 1 O O' cu cu 1 CO c e E 1 cu c 1 p p p 0 1 0) cu 3 p 1 to u cu CD 1 3 c to > 1 -p X (U c 1 0) O' s fa 1 c PLI u -611 p> 1 C u c 1 - •H p cu 1 E 1 0) 1 fa u p p T3 1 CJ (d cu 3 0 1 CO P o CO X 1 U to 4J 1 z 0) CU 1 (1) s s 1 CJ CD nj u H-l •p 1 u s cu 1 3 to p 1 CO p 3 >1 1 (U 4J O' 1 o o p 1 to cu 1 c TJ p c 1 c (U fa fa 1 -P o 3 c T3 a (0 40 • (d (U > O' 1 • 0 -p CD T3 O' I u CD CD Q < 1 0) (U CD ON I • •4-1 c 'O* p p p cu 1 in • 0 n o 04 O 0 C" 3 c E 1 n <4-1 • +> >1 'S' 4J s: 1 l-t s 4J to (U u X ^ T3 CD in O O' 1 vD (X 0 u 0 -P 0 C CD 1 to 3 fa 1 z z 04 CO a: (0 0) O' p 0 s 1 C n fa Eh 1 CD s: in 1 • c • O' O' • 0 • • • C 3 • u • -H • • • •P 0 04 0 •• • « • • -p 4-) H 04 >1 1 • « * • <0 -P n p 1 • • • • •• n c 0) 0) ^ CN •H 1 <0 • CD r— 1 O' o P VO (U 1 • • •H e 3 rH •H II 0 c4P 1 X • • •— 1 cn p -p p 1 • •• • (0 u 3 X -p to o (0 cd "H CD 0 U (0 •H (0 -P CD CD (U p p 1 p P 0 0) P tH E o Cn ro CN) CD 1 on O' 1 0) c 1 II s: •H 1 4J o 1 >1 (U 1 4J --1 M-l 0) 1 0 O 1 m 0 1 £ 0) Vi 0> 1 (U -p 04 c 1 T3 c •H 1 0) 0) 'O ^ 0) 1 CN) E O -P 1 «H 0) c ® $ £ 1 Vi 0) 0) v5 c D P 1 M-l 0) o «2 O' g 1 0) 0) (0 CO c C 0 1 Oi Qi 0) -H W o 1 a T3 c «<1> nt 10 c -p +) 1 b 3 «J £ £ 1 O O' o 0) (U 1 CO C •H 0) E E 1 -H CO u 0) £ 1 V) c P O 1 p 0) 0) T( 0) 3 U 1 -p u 0) C •>H CD •H 1 C0 (0 D c (0 U (0 > 1 X CO (U £ 1 0) O' O a 1 c -H CD o u X! £ o ^ -H -i-l £ 1 •H •H C .-H V) 0) 1 0) O 0) M S c +J u u ^4 0(11 (S 0) <0 a s fe U U SEPB CO o • • 0 ^ 0) 0) •o 0) os CD a a 0) o CD P T3 CD (0 O TJ 0 (0 CD <4-4 £ •P 0 0) p g 10 > J 0) P 3 (0 p 04 CO P XS O 3 >1 s 0) iH 0) -P -P O' fe >1 o iH OQ 4J O p 3 (0 (0 0) fH £ T( m 0) -P • P £ (0 £ 0) P CD U o • O -P O 3 1 VO •H 3 £ u 4J -P O' -p o» (0 in U 01 O' • (0 dP (0 > O' 10 (0 iH 1 • •»— CN 0 -P -P •o (JV >1 P 3 1 >0' u CN) CD CD Q < fH +) b Oi CD 1 o >1 0 p 00 0) CD Cn) 1 1—1 • £ P + CD 3 0) P p 0) 1 VO iH 0 in o •H O 0 g P (U 3 £ E 1 o -p 1 2 (5 3 TJ 1 P X 1 p X -p T3 m in E -P £ O O' (0 1 VO 0 u 0 -H o £ CD 1 (0 «0 2 rn (0 3 Oi 1 2 2 CU CO (0 0) O' OS P fH P 0 a 1 £ rn 0) 0) EH 1 •• • • CD x: in 04 Tl 1 CM • £ • • O' O' D E -P Oi 0 • • £ 3 * 0) P Oi u O • • • O 04 Eh 4J 0 • « • tH -P 4J Eh 04 £ •H >1 1 « (0 • • £ 4J 0 TD 2 O' n -P 1 in « • • •• £ 0 0) 0) CD 0) o 0) o c 1 Oi Oi 0) 1 C5 O >1-1 -p 1 0.: CO g/cm c u 1 'd' O u CO 1 »-H rH •H CO = a 1 ro e 4- •o 1 (d o c 1 v II It p 0) (d 1 3.23 0) >1- CO 1 cq 0 u >44 O' 0 Oi H C O' 0 1 n C5 GPa, = u •H 0 c ”e OU 1 £ •H 0 p £ •*H CJ C5 1 o a CO . £ 0 P TJ 1 P 0 0 cn -O' 1 O' a 320 1-4 Tl c MH 0 1 rH c 4-J •H 0 U 1 ro (d (density c O' 0 CN II 1 CN II = 4 4 c m P 1 CD U P a ro a 1 ro a E r> P c 1 -p 4«. CJ 0 0 0 1 3} -p «— CO a E o P 1 CN a E 0 c C 1 • • Tl a 0 P 0 0 1 (U V, p 3 •H g MH 1 4H P 0 0 CJ g 0) 1 0) Ref. M-l O u 0 w o o: 1 cz; P c 0 o rH • s a TJ P >1 ^ c CO cn p 0 iT.* 0 p P CO a CJ Ph c C HH O' •H u O' 0 0 0 fH E w c E E 'W' a (d -p 0 C Vi Vi c V. p p P 0 -H H 0 VO : 0 0 0 3 p nJ (D air •p rH u p 0 0 •r| -p CD 3 c 0 > (d Oi C5 oKD n II cq g o >1 O' u m c cn a; m 4J c 0) rH 4J a c O a 0) o « •H S u 4J ct] U (d -p -p 1 O 04 G G 1 0) (1) (U 0) 1 s; Q g g 1 (U c 1 p 0) * U 0 1 -P Xi W 3 P 1 d 4J • £B -A 1 D nJ > 1 e 0) G 1 O 1 X H - VO 4J n 122 C tH 4J 1 13) I c 1 - g 0) 1 C O' g 1 0 1 0) 1 CO o: U *0 1 o -rH gt 3 0 1 H > 1 (Q £ 1 G 0i (d 4J 1 a (D 0) 1 T3 D s: s 1 0) D) m 0) 01 2 W p -p P ft u -P 3 (U P • 4J (O' ‘g >1 IH 0 0 p #H IH ft cn Id 0) »H (U O' p c Id ft O' PC) ft o tH XI -p s -K— iH c 4J -P s Id Id Id Si CQ o 1 tn -P P o o o 1 m T3 01 1 (1) o a P fH 0) m C4 1 c 'd' P P 01 s CM p 01 1 • • o vD o 0) -p p ft 3 G g i M-t p tH P P) (U 'd' •P X i • 0) p 1 »H G -p o 00 O O' Id 1 03 o H o -pT -P 0 2 1 Id 3 ft 1 2 2 Oi CO CO S 0) m P 0 a 1 XJ o o H 1 G G o 1 • C • • • Id Id < • « • • o g 1 O • -p • • • m P ft 0 •• • • • • p 0) 0 Q >4 1 • • • ts Id • > IH n P 1 VO • c • • • Id p -p CN •H 1 • • • • *— rH Id O' p (I) o (D CQ 1 • * • 1 S p g O ft Id P II 0 rfp 1 • • g P 01 p 1 p p 1 • • • • Eh 3 0) 0) 0 G Xi 4J (0 0) 0 1 to p Q 0 O' 01 < O' G Eh P ft 1 3 •H c 0) • •p o 3 4J •H rH -p •p 0 C5 a o Ss -P Id O Id Id -p CQ 0 •p Id 1— •H fd •p -p 0) 01 0) P P 1 P «t-l p P 0 0) Ip iH (U 0) c 1 •p cn (1) 3 (D 0) ft o 0) ft ft 0) 1 +J +J -p *p Id N 1 •H c g o o g g Id Id Id (d 0 p 0) P 0) p -P ft 1 CQ s: S a a u ft 03 ft E-I cs CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Id Id GPa 1 04 1 04 1 O 1 C5 1 1 0) 1 1 281 •o P 1 1 - 240 248 T3 0 3 1 1 (d jC X 1 1 = 0 V (U 1 1 II •w II II 0) rH 1 1 1X4 E s 1 C4 1 Oq P 00 1 1 ; 0) c rH 1 f3 1 r> •0 •p bt 1 E 1 E . g/cm c O 1 o 1 u rH D to .X 1 1 o 0 1 O’ 1 Id c > 1 1 0 0) p 1 o 1 VD •H p u 1 o 1 (d >1 X 0) O’ 1 n 1 m 4J T3 0) o c 1 1 0) • •p -P Id 10 1 1 3; •r4 TJ CO •H to o p 1 <4H 1 M-l iH C 0 g 1 0) 1 0) Ref. •W (d o .X (U p 0 1 Oi 1 a: •p u Si 04 CJ 1 1 c B (d m 4J 1 (d 0 p 0) 1 •H p u 00 >1 o p p 1 1 0) -p XI c c c 1 1 (d u (U 0) 0) (1) 1 1 'O o rn m •H E E 1 1 c (d 00 m o 0) C 1 p 1 u (d •p X <4H 0) CO p 0 1 1 •H air • o o p c 3 p 1 Id 1 td •H 3 04 Si Tt m •H 1 1 <4H p to 04 O’ c Id > 1 1 0) 0 3 Id 0) c 1 1 B (U 0 X u 1 1 CO Si Eh O' 1 4J 4J tH c 1 O 0) 0) •H si 1 1 . 0) Si >1 P p c 1 1 4J Si rH 3 0) 0) 1 1 <4H 0 4J 0) E 1 1 O c 0) 1 1 r 0 CO Id •H p T3 1 IP 1 u SCF 0) p O’ 3 0 1 o 1 CO rH c m 1X4 c CD Si 1 1 P (d Si O' s (xl Id 4J 1 1 0) c O’ c 0) (11 1 1 •p rH p 3 o X X 1 1 CO 3 0 TJ rH •p 1 to 0 EH (U rH E 1 (1) •3 0) -P Id 1 1 p (1) O X p 0) 1 1 Eh P 0 0) p 1 1 . 3 P o 3 >4 1 1 • -P 04 Q -P O' 1 1 z W r» O O p 1 1 . . •P td 0) Id 0) 1 1 Oi to P o s 01 p c 1 1 |l4 c MJ IP u 1 1 . -o I4H r 0) T3 rp 1 p— td c 0 •p C 3 1 CO pH (d CM o Id CO 1 c (d m 00 C to 0) 1 1 w CNJ rO 4J c (T> c Oi 1 1 •p > o CD T3 -p 0 rH T3 XI CO 1 1 •p r eg o >t 0) T3 3 c Id x> 0) CD 1 1 >1 o P U (d 4J O td 3 10 p (U 1 o 1 • • • to tH o 0) P 3 o to 0) 3 c E 1 1 <4.1 . • >1 p OQ ja CM O’ EH -P Si 1 1 fH . 4«*»» Id 0) u s r> c •H n Q c O O’ 1 1 • . -p Id ai Eh s o •H •H p 1 3 3 04 1 1 O CO 04 to to O 4J C' O p 0) cn p 0 X 1 1 . . «— CO rH 0) z cr» IP EH 1 1 a: •H n T3 0) *3 fH 1 1 • • • .. c Q C c 1 o . (d •H T3 u 1 • • • • o p x; 04 O’ c 0 CN 0 1 • • • • 4J 1 o -p 0) 04 >1 c c Si r- >4 1 • « • -p (d rH O' o H -P fH CO x» 1 1 rH • • .. •p c CO c td 3 0) 1 CM 1 1 <0 • • CD 1 1 1 O’ (d 0) lO p U OI s n (U « « g •H B u p VD EH •H VD "H II 0 dP 1 1 un « • 1—4 § 0) u p B fH Q p 1 1 . . . Id 3 0) 0) 0 3 CO Id Q 0 0 1 1 rH » 1 CO to u a O o> u < p o Eh P (P 1 • • 3 •H c c 0 QJ w cu 3 1 >'1 4J rH 4J •H H 0 > 6 u O Q* is -P 1 m O (d 00 CN O e o II ? 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>i p O' 0 p 1 1 CJ 3 >1 1 CM 1 VO s 1 0) CD 4J O' Ie M* 1 n « « • •a -P O p 1 1 rP O 10 0) 1 O 1 o p d 0 0) P d 1 1 0 (0 > MH 3 E MH fH -P -p •lb U (M CD 0) CD : >i p U E P b -P «b 3 o CD -p 01 „ c • >1 (0 m 3 -P a) x: -P 0) ::5 Fluoride) 0 d 1— 04 rH d e • c 0 O' CM • 0 x: p d to •o N O' <0 Oi c -p •H p 0) 3 04 D m CD to TJ •H • o s d rH E-i Eh — (I) 04 « d 04 Tl • 0 • p < d O « •H • 0) (0 o • -p » • s: >P • (0 • « • u o N n +) • • • • 4J •• (Strontiiam d 0) CM *P 1-^ flj • O' • • • m *H <6 0) CD • • • E <0 (0 p II 0 c#P V4 (0 P • • • d P p 3 0) 0) 0 d • • • tu p b 10 0) o to u Q 0 O' CD 3 Eh P Oi 3 -p d 0) • 0 • 3 -P -p 0 On •-3 04 is -P to O to n] CD d P (0 •H •0 •H •H CD CD (D O e (0 u u0) >4-1 1 0 0 1 Oi 1 o CO 1 p CD 1 o CD 4J 1 00 >1 c 1 CM (U 1 Id p 1 II c g 1 < 0 1 b u 1 0) o Id 4J 4J 1 <4-1 c c 1 p 0) 0 1 » 3 E E 1 CO (U C 1 p -p VD p 0 1 0) 3 p 1 0 p a\ CD •*H 1 3 iH Id > 1 •W' 4-1 0) c 1 O X b 1 - Id rH p 127 n P 1 r «H c 1 - 1 0) 1 o E 1 m rH (U 0) 1 o o ro p T3 1 Q •p iH 3 0 1 X cn CD r 1 2 • Id 4-1 1 • 04 0) 0 1 s 04 X X 1 K 1 iH 0) 1 Ti p 1 • 0) c 3 >4 1 Id rH 4J 1 P O' *1e >1 nl 0 O p 1 VO p c > Id 0 1 -W o c p c 1 (D o Id b b 1 u u E (1) 0) -p *P 0 > N r~4 0) c (H P 0) 1 Zirconate) c e -p b •H 1 a 3 D) o 0 1 • >1 CO (U 0 ChI 1 T3 P u S P 0 1 • 0) c o o CD 3 c E 1 « M-l U o >1 p Ip 4J XI 1 (1) p N CO Id O O' 0 1 o; -p o P •p Id 3 04 1 1- < o & CO p p 0 X 1 >1 0) b 1 X 4-» 1 • c • • CD Id • 0 • • »P X o -p • • • 0 0 (Strontium *• ip • -p • • 4= >1 1 • « • • ^ (d O o n P 1 • • •• P c (U C4 •P 1 • Ip CO f— H cn X 0) 1 •H a Id •p II 0 1 • l—l p m p c iQ p 1 2 0) 0) o c p Id 0) 0 1 (f. p Q 0 O' 3 P 04 1 3 c • 0 3 -P rH 4J •H •o •o ts 4J o u 1 4J 4J 1 c c 1 0) d) 1 s g 1 0) c 1 p • p 0 1 •H 3 p 1 (d -p o o CD 1 x: a Id > 1 E-I cn (1) c 1 rH M 1 a - (d -H <1) 128 U •0 a 4J 1 O •H c 1 - x: X r- (U 1 4J 0 1 e 1 •H CT> 01 1 to Q n p •o 1 (0 r' 3 0 1 M s CD x: 1 a • c 3 Id 4J 1 3 •H a (U d) 1 0 p a a a 1 c o x: Eh a 1 0 tH 0) 1 to o u u dP u If) 0) CN + TJ ^ 'a* •o •H -H r. rA Vi Vi OQ O z >, O ^ ja U SH Eh O TJ nJ 4-) (0 01 Tl ’a* (0 -o 4j (0 XI t'- • 01 'O„ Eh 01 )H e 01 e CD 73 >1 0) ID O u o dP •r4 + • CU XI Vl VI x: CD (0 C O ^ 0 X 0 X M-l J >1 ^ 4J Mh Oj >n OQ 0 o 0 X 1 r- 0) z >—1 01 -V> " -r| 0 ”OQ o X) > tj X cr» s K K C -* 1^0 X 73 0 CQ 0 — Ol 0H ^ M 4J Vl 0 -rl (31 o z u Oi *H 0 X E z EH 0 £ Oi CM X Q o x: •pH 0 0 0 CO X X 73 o 1 u Q Vl 73 •H 0 0 u (T» Z •»H o prtD CO X 0 Vl 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 w 01 0 0 w Vl 0 0 CN pp, u If) 73 • •pH 73 x: XJ 3 00 0 Vl -rl •rl 0 1—^ -r^ tH X *H o 1 X X X Z [ 00 Vl s Vl G •*H o 0 Vl £ • o >1 0 £ E -r| Cb pH 0 0 0 XI Vl cr» dP 'O XI 73 0 E 0 CQ Oi 64 E U •H •-I o •H »“i 3 Vl iH O 0 £ d) 0 O4 to •pH Vl Vl 73 CJ1 CD u 73 01 0 n 0 OJ £ a> 0 to -rl u -P . 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