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Cs 502 919 AUTHOR Ritter, Kurt W.; Andrews, Jamesr DOCUMENT RESUME ED 186 959 Cs 502 919 AUTHOR Ritter, Kurt W.; Andrews, JamesR. TITLE Ine American Ideo.i.ogy: Reflectionsof the Revolution in American Rhetoric. BicentennialMonographs. INSTITUTION Speech Communication Association,Falls Church, Va. PUB DATE 7d NOTE AVAILABLE FROm Speech Comumnication Association,5105 Backlick Ed., Annandale, VA 22303 ($5.75SCA members 10% discount) EDR IniCE 1r01 Plus Postage. P: Not Availablefrom EDRS. DZSCRIPTORS Civil Rights; *Cultural Images;Imperialism; *Intellectual History; *PersuasiveDiscourse; Presidents; *Revolutionary War(United States); *Raetoric; Rhetorical Criticism;Speeches; *United States History; Values IDENTIFIERS Bicentennial ABSTRACT This monograpn examines theway in which ideas emerged and grew in the rnetoricalprocess of creating an American people, and the ways in wilich theideas were transformed into fundamental symbols thathave exerted their influence throughout United states history. The firstchapter analyzes certain discourses of the American Revolutionto snow the rhetorical strategy developed by the patriots with the goals ofdestroying the British ethos and, at the same time, creating anew American ethos. The second chapter analyzes inaugural addressesof presidents from George Washington through JImay Carter tosnow how the rhetoric of these addresses attempted generally to bringto bear the prestige of the past in attacxiLg contemporary problems,specifically employing and exploiting the influential ideasgenerated by the discourse of the Revolution. The final two chaptersseparately examine two controversies--tne imperialLsm debateat the turn of the twentieth century and the civil rignts struggle of thiscentury--to elucidate t4e impact of the continuing rhetoricof the Revolution on specific American actions. In its conclusions, thimonograph notes that tne rheotric of the.Revolutionestaolished a durabler-adaptableideology tnat has presided over the evolutionaryprocesses of the United States. (GT) ww*wwwwwwwww*********************************************************** * Reproductions supplied Dy EDRSare the hest that can be male * * from tne original document. * *****Ip**********************1**www************************************* U De PARMENT OF HEAVEN EDUCAMON v4ELFWIE MAT tONIL INST (Tun 06 gOUCATIOP4 4' .,: Se.4'4...-A t tt vcro 1. I, a .1. L t- t. bt pf.4 4s. :61.`.4114001., 44. '44 I Of4 4.4.4,41nos %at- .4.441 Pr4F -4*4' A. %A. 4.4A, 44'.4 1 . 4,,a. THE AMERICAN IDEOLOGY: REFLECTIONS OF THEREVOLUTION a% IN AMERICAN RHETORIC Lc. a% KURT W. RITTER AN 11) JAMES R. ANDREWS tJIJ "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL IN MICROFICHE ONLY HAS SEENGRANTED BY S ech Communication 11111111 Association TO THE EDUCATIONALRESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)." 44, THE SPEECH COMMUNICATIONASSOCIATION hBICENTENNIAL MONOGRAPHS 4 Copynght 1978 Speech Communication Association ACKNOWLEDGMENTS hdc undertaking this stud,.. the authors havebenefited From the kmd interest and thegenerous support of numerous indiY iduals and insti- tutions. Professor Leland Griffin of NorthwesternUniversity read an earh draft of this monograph; his detailedand careful comments and critms have surely improved the present version. Similarly,the rest of the editorial hoard of the SC Bicentennial Monograph Series provided helpful suggestions from the inception ofthe project in 1974. In particular. the senior i:ditor. Professor RobertCathcart of Queens College. City imersth. of New York. has been unfaihng in hisenthusiasm. his good- % ill. and his editor's ink' I he I no ersn y of Illinois and Indiana.University, as welt as the Speech Communication Associ mon. hate madesubstantial contributions to the completion of this oltmeI hese universities supported the authorswork through .1 sabbatical h:aye.a facult fello%ship. and a research grant. This institutional support vtas made possiblethrough the efforts ofourdepart- mentaladministrators. including Kenneth L. Andersen. J. JefferyAuer, Robert Gunderson. and Roger 1. Nehergall. Inaddition,wveral re- searchlibraries made their servicesand resources fully availabletothe authors, including theMassachusetts Historical Library, LillyLibrary of Indiana Uni%ersit), the CongregationalLibrary (Boston), the Manuscripts and Archives Division of the NewYork Public Library (Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations), Indiana UniversityLibrary, and the University of IllinoisI ihrarSharon Medlock typedand retypedseveralcomplete ersionsof themanuscrip, with the eare and interest ofa genuine collabo- rator.. Perhaps the most valued assistancecame fromour colleagues atI ndiana University and the University of Illinois:among these colleagues wereour spouse.. Ellen Ritter and Ml14 aAndrews, who tot* time from theirown research toassist ushnally. we wishto ackno0edge the enduring in- fluence of Robert (i. (iundersonupon ourstudy 4 Americanpublic dis- course.As a teacher. a critic anda friend, hehasinspired a generation of Ouhlie addressscholars, and it is to him thatthe present monograph is &heated. While all the aforementionedindividuals and institutions share ix hateer merit this monographpossesses. the authors assumethe responsibilit for .inr. shortcomings I. W. K.,Urbana. Illinois =MIL J. R. A..Bloomington, Indiana PI EDITOR'S FOREWORD The celebration of the nation'sBicentennial has stimulateda wide and serious exploration of American idealsand American experience in the broadest sense. It has produced3 unique time and place in which to examine our American heritage,its beginnings and its continued develop- ment. It has called forth scholarly worksproviding us with new insights into events, words and deeds whichare the legacy of the American Revolu- tion. Such a work is the Monographpresented here. Professors Kurt Ritter and JamesAndrews have prcsentedus with a view of the American ideologywhich is at once macroscopic in itsap- plication to American history andmicroscopic in its examination of the language and thought which has createdand sustained that uniqueset of symbols and values knownas "American." Beginning with the American Revolution they have examineda wide variety of ceremonial andocca- sional utterances IcK:ating those symbolsand visions woven togetherrhe- torically in a way that createda -community"; a new and uniquecom- munity chosen by Ged to becomea great republicanempire where the tree of liberty could grow andflourish. Through their analysisthey have es- tablished the centrality of the rhetoricalprocess in selecting and eulogizing events, like the Boston Massacre orations,which were thespawning grounds of the American ideology. Not only have Professors Ritterand Andrews given usnew insights into therhetoric of the American Revolutionas the birthplace of the American ideology, they have traced that ideologythrough American history analyz- ing its potency in shaping and moldingthe American vision of the Revolu- tion itself, the Civil War, the conflictover imperialism and the contem- porary civil rights struggkIn turn, they have pointedout the ways in which the ideology itself has been shapedtofit new visions necessitated by a growing and changing America: Despite such alteratk.ns,the American ideology accordingto our authorshas remained essentiallyintact, -operating as a yardstick against whichthose who seek changecan measure American behavior." In this monographwe can see the rhetorical criticat work, probing into the past, locating the symbolsand forms men used to comprehend thecir- cul,isiances which they confrontedat the time ofthe Revolutior. These in time became symbolited in the Americanideology. The authors' analyses reveal how in turnthis ideokg), cameto sanctify the past for those who faced new circumstances with the assurance that they were carrying on the iews and values of the Founding Fathers. Thus. through this monograph we are able to see more clearly the Continuing American Revolution as a si.mbolic force in all rhetorical transactions affecting our national policies and practices. I his monograph hv Professor, Ritter and Andrewsis one of a series sponsored and puhhshed t, the Speech CommunicationAssociation. 'The series. entitled The Continuing merican Revolution,-was first conceived in 1972 F)a lpectal committee of the Association. The commit- tee was :harged with finding appropriate was for the Speech Communi- cation Association -to honor the American Revolution bothas an historic ev cnt and as a smbol of a continuiric American social regeneration." One of its reconunendations was that the Association estai,lishan editorial board which would solicit monographs reflecting the research and thought of prominent speech communication scholars about the AmericanRevolu- tionas an ongoing communication of ideas sy mbolizing American esperience and alues An editorial hoard was formai. It, membersare Ernest Bormann, Ini%ersit!, of Minnesota: Parke Burgtss. Queens College: Richard Gregg, I he Penns\ Iv ama State Lniv essay Leland Griffin, Northwestern University ;.nd myself. The editorial board has searched far and wideto find significant and appropriate studies for these monographs and it isvery. pleased to have had a part in bringing this most worthwhile study hy Professors Ritter and Andrews into print. As Senior Editor I wishto express my deepest appreciation to each member of the editorial board for his unselfish devotion of time and effort to this series. All have extensive teaching and research duties which place heavy demands on their time, yet all have given unhesitatingly of time and expertness to this effort. Iam most grateful.I am grateful
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