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WETLAND MONITORING in SNAKE VALLEY Contents the Director’S Perspective Wetland Monitoring in Snake Valley UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SURVEY NOTES Volume 46, Number 2 May 2014 WETLAND MONITORING IN SNAKE VALLEY Contents The Director’s Perspective Wetland Monitoring in Snake Valley .......................1 UGS Groundwater & Spring Flow Monitoring by Richard G. Allis in Snake Valley ................................................ 4 When Sharks, Rays & Sawfish Ruled The 2014 legislative ses- Modeling of the impacts Utah’s Rivers ................................................. 6 sion has just ended, and of large-scale ground- Energy News ........................................................ 8 it included an important water extraction by the GeoSights ............................................................10 building block of ongo- Southern Nevada Water Glad You Asked ................................................... 12 ing general funds for the New Publications ................................................13 Authority (SNWA) for a Survey News ........................................Back Cover Utah Geological Survey. water rights hearing sev- Our original source of eral years ago consisted Design: Elizabeth Firmage funding for monitoring of a relatively simple and maintaining ground- model, and showed many Cover: Springhead and associated wet meadow at an unnamed cluster of springs north of Big Springs in southern water wells in Snake Val- tens of feet of drawdown Snake Valley. Photo by Jennifer Jones. ley of Utah’s west desert, over decades in southern as well as preserving the Snake Valley. The UGS State of Utah data and serving it to the public on monitoring program now provides Gary R. Herbert, Governor our website, had dried up. The build- sufficient data for a more accurate and Department of Natural Resources ing block constitutes replacement detailed model that can be calibrated Michael Styler, Executive Director funding that is essential for sustain- against ongoing irrigation effects and UGS Board ing the valuable time series of hourly natural recharge changes. The value Mark Bunnell, Chair William Loughlin, Tom Tripp, water-level and spring-flow changes of this continuous dataset steadily Sunny Dent, Kenneth Puchlik, that have now been collected for at increases with time, and will allow Utah Marc Eckels, Pete Kilbourne, least six years (see article by Hurlow and to more quantitatively predict future Kevin Carter (Trust Lands Administration-ex officio) Jordan, page 4; also, the article by effects if SNWA decides to continue UGS Staff Menuz and others, page 1, discusses its plan for large-scale extraction of Administration wetlands research being done in Snake groundwater in southern Snake Valley. Richard G. Allis, Director Valley). The groundwater network Kimm Harty, Deputy Director Starr Soliz, Secretary/Receptionist includes 67 newly drilled wells, 11 Later this year, the UGS anticipates Dianne Davis, Administrative Secretary previously drilled wells, and surface- publishing a compilation of scien- Jodi Patterson, Financial Manager flow gauges at six springs. Monitoring tific findings from its studies in Snake Linda Bennett, Accounting Technician Michael Hylland, Technical Reviewer shows that in southern Snake Valley Valley as a result of the groundwater Robert Ressetar, Technical Reviewer there are significant irrigation effects monitoring program. This will be a Editorial Staff Vicky Clarke having an annual cycle, as well as Bulletin (Hydrogeologic Studies and Lori Steadman, Jay Hill, Nikki Simon, effects from longer term groundwater Groundwater Monitoring in Snake Elizabeth Firmage pumping and variations in precipita- Valley and Adjacent Hydrographic Geologic Hazards Steve Bowman tion (and consequently recharge) to Areas, West-Central Utah and East- Richard Giraud, William Lund, Greg McDonald, the groundwater. However, farther Central Nevada, compiled by Hugh Jessica Castleton, Gregg Beukelman, Chris DuRoss, Tyler Knudsen, Corey Unger, Adam McKean, north and at greater distance from the A. Hurlow) containing 10 chapters and Ben Erickson, Pam Perri, Adam Hiscock main recharge source assumed to be over 100 illustrations. Like the water- Geologic Information and Outreach Sandra Eldredge in the Snake Range, these precipita- level data that are now accumulating, Christine Wilkerson, Patricia Stokes, Mark Milligan, tion signals are much attenuated. this Bulletin will be valuable for pro- Lance Weaver, Gentry Hammerschmid, Jim Davis, tecting Utah’s groundwater resource Marshall Robinson, Bryan Butler, Robyn Keeling in Snake Valley. Geologic Mapping Grant Willis Jon King, Douglas Sprinkel, Kent Brown, Basia Matyjasik, Donald Clark, Bob Biek, Paul Kuehne, Zach Anderson Energy and Minerals David Tabet Former UGS Board Member Robert Blackett, Craig Morgan, Jeff Quick, Taylor Boden, Thomas Chidsey, Cheryl Gustin, Tom Dempster, Richard Kennedy Passes Away Brigitte Hucka, Stephanie Carney, Ken Krahulec, Brad Wolverton, Mike Vanden Berg, Andrew Rupke, Richard Kennedy, former UGS Board in 1994. He was a Mark Gwynn, Christian Hardwick, Peter Nielsen, Hobie Willis, Rebekah Wood member (1993–2001) and university certified gemologist professor, passed away on February and appraiser and Groundwater and Paleontology Mike Lowe 9, 2014, in Henderson, Nevada. He consulted in geology James Kirkland, Janae Wallace, Martha Hayden, Hugh Hurlow, Don DeBlieux, Kim Nay, was 84 years old. Dr. Kennedy had and mining for several companies. Paul Inkenbrandt, Lucy Jordan, Kevin Thomas, a distinguished teaching career and According to his family, he was Walid Sabbah, Rich Emerson, Stefan Kirby, was recognized as the “Outstanding “involved in his love of the wonders of Scott Madsen, Jennifer Jones, Diane Menuz, Ryhan Sempler, Nathan Payne Science Educator” by the State of Utah geology throughout his life.” Survey Notes is published three times yearly by Utah Geological Survey, 1594 W. North Temple, Suite 3110, Salt Lake City, Utah 84116; (801) 537-3300. The Utah Geological Survey provides timely scientific information about Utah’s geologic environment, resources, and hazards. The UGS is a division of the Department of Natural Resources. Single copies of Survey Notes are distributed free of charge within the United States and reproduction is encouraged with recognition of source. Copies are available at geology.utah.gov/surveynotes. ISSN 1061-7930 Utah Geological Survey researcher Ryhan Sempler collects water quality data at Clay Springs in Snake Valley while curious horses look on. In addition to supporting domestic and wild horses, wetlands in Snake Valley are home to two habitat-restricted species of concern, least chub and Columbia spotted frog, and over 20 species of snail found nowhere else in the world. Wetland Monitoring in Snake Valley,, Utah Developing a Method to Understand Wetland Condition by Diane Menuz, Jennifer Jones, Ryhan Sempler, and Richard Emerson Although wetlands make up only one percent of Utah’s between similar wetland types as well as documenting change landscape, they provide a large number of important benefits, at a site over time. Development of a Utah-specific condition including water quality enhancement, flood abatement, and assessment method will make it easier to support management critical habitat for a rich diversity of birds, frogs, and other decisions and effective conservation efforts at the state scale. animal species. In addition to these often indirect economic benefits, wetlands also generate revenue from hunting and One of the focal areas for initial method development is Snake bird watching opportunities, and by serving as pasture or Valley, home to numerous spring-fed wetlands in Utah’s west watering grounds for livestock. Wetlands include everything desert. The water in Snake Valley is predominantly used from predominantly dry and barren saline playas to wet locally for growing alfalfa and hay and enhancing habitat for meadows at the edge of springs and cattail marshes filled livestock and wildlife. Increasing concerns about additional with nesting birds. Water is the common factor that unites groundwater-development pressures have been the impetus these systems; all wetlands experience periods where water for numerous recent hydrogeology, groundwater, and wildlife levels are at or above the surface of the soil. Saturation limits resource studies in the region (see article by Hurlow and oxygen availability in the soil so that only plants with special Jordan in this issue of Survey Notes). Adequate water to adaptations can grow in the flooded, low-oxygen conditions. supply the valley’s wetlands is important to provide habitat for snail species found nowhere else on earth and wildlife The Utah Geological Survey (UGS) is developing a field species having limited habitat range (least chub and Columbia method to evaluate the condition of wetlands in the state using spotted frog), as well as to allow the ranching way of life a variety of plant, hydrologic, soil, and landscape data. The to continue as it has for over 100 years. Obtaining data on method is intended to be used by a variety of practitioners, current conditions of wetlands in Snake Valley and their including restoration specialists, land managers, researchers, associated water regimes is paramount to addressing and and private consultants, and will allow for comparison mitigating potential changes from current and future threats. MAY 2014 1 The most common disturbances seen at wetland study sites included soil disturbance from grazing (left) and manipulation of hydrology to create or enhance pasture (above). Other important disturbances,
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