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San Vincenzo Al Volturno New Insights Into Ceramic Production and Distribution at an Early Medieval Monastery* Libro1bisw2bis.qxd 17/06/2006 20.03 Pagina 249 SAN VINCENZO AL VOLTURNO NEW INSIGHTS INTO CERAMIC PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION AT AN EARLY MEDIEVAL MONASTERY* Helen Patterson British School at Rome (Tavv. XIV - XV) Introduction The San Vincenzo project began in 1980, over the last twenty years this has involved excavations of the monastery itself, survey of its terra and the excava- tion of several sites in the terra1 (Fig. 1) The aims of the study of the ceramics from the monastery and its terra are to: – establish a datable type series for the early medieval period in this area which would also be an important aid to dating early medieval contexts from other sites in central southern Italy; – to shed light on the social and economic life of the monastery; – to investigate the relationship between the monastery and settlements in its terra through time; – to investigate some key questions regarding developments in central and southern Italy during the early medieval and medieval periods. Although a part of what is discussed in this paper has already been presen- ted in other publications, as the excavations progress new information continues to come to light2. Of particular importance are the well stratified groups of the late eighth and early ninth centuries from the monastery itself and twelfth cen- tury deposits from the area of the New Abbey, a preliminary synthesis of this material is presented here for the first time. * This paper is a synthesis of a more detailed article to be publisched in Archeologia Medievale. 1. See in particular San Vincenzo 1...; San Vincenzo 2 ...; San Vincenzo 3 ...; San Vincenzo al Volturno ...; San Vincenzo al Volturno: Cultura .... 2. PATTERSON H., The later Roman ...; ARTHUR P. - PATTERSON H., Ceramics ...; EAD., The pottery ... Libro1bisw2bis.qxd 17/06/2006 20.03 Pagina 250 250 I Beni Culturali nel Molise Problems of dating When the excavations began in the early 1980s, one of the major problems of Italian archaeology was the lack of datable ceramic sequences for late antiquity and the early middle ages and the inability to identify pottery of these periods. Often knowledge of the history of this period was based almost entirely on the documentary sources, this was particularly noticeable in field surveys aimed at the study of the settlement history of an area. A materially based history of late antiquity and the early medieval ages, at this stage, would have suffered from serious limitations. In part this was a result of ceramic studies concentrating on the finer and more distinctive classes of pottery, such as African red slip for the Roman period, and ceramica a vetrina pesante for the early medieval period. For cen- tral southern Italy where in many rural, more marginal areas, African red slip no longer arrives after the fifth or at latest early sixth centuries and cera- mica a vetrina pesante begins to circulate only from about the tenth century, and even then in minimal amounts, this was an enormous problem. It resul- ted in a gap in the ceramic sequence and, if we think in terms of pots = peo- ple, an apparent gap in settlement of about 400 years, between the 5/6th and 10th centuries. Today for central southern Italy, as for most of Italy, this problem is in part resolved. The advances in ceramic studies have resulted in a growing corpus of evidence from urban and rural sites for the late Roman and late antique periods, the increasing knowledge of sixth and seventh centuries wares is of particular importance here3. Nonetheless, information is still very limited as regards pot- tery of the eighth and ninth centuries. Exceptions to this are the sequences from a number of urban centres, for example Rome, Benevento and Naples4. However for rural areas we still have little or no evidence5. In this context the sequence from San Vincenzo is of notable importance. The excavations have revealed a ceramic sequence for the early medieval and medie- val periods which, with the exception of the material from Rome, is without parallel in central southern Italy. The combination of the construction sequence, architectural elements, successive phases of painted decoration and the docu- mentary evidence for the history of the site has permitted the establishment of a 3. Ceramica in Italia: VI-VII secolo .... 4. For Rome, see for example, MANACORDA D. -MOLINARI A. - RICCI M. - ROMEI D., La ceramica medievale ...; CIPRIANO M.T. - PAROLI L. - PATTERSON H. -SAGUÌ L. - WHITEHOUSE D., La documentazione ceramica ...; PAROLI L., Ceramiche invetriate ...; ROMEI D., La ceramica a vetrina pesante ... For Benevento, see Testimonianze di epoca altomedievale ..., and for Naples, Il complesso archeologico di Carminello ...; ARTHUR P. - PATTERSON H., Ceramics ... 5. One exception is the area around Rome itself, however this was the period of the establish- ment by the Papal state of the domuscultae which resulted in renewed links between the capital and its hinterland (ARTHUR P. - PATTERSON H., Ceramics ..., p. 420). Libro1bisw2bis.qxd 17/06/2006 20.03 Pagina 251 Il Medioevo 251 sequence of structural phases which can be related to a series of well-stratified deposits6. These permit us to establish a datable ceramic sequence from the late eighth to the twelfth centuries. Production, distribution and consumption One of the main aims of the study of the pottery from San Vincenzo and its terra is to examine the production and exchange mechanisms in operation and the relationship between the monastery and settlements in its terra. To this end, the pottery from both excavations and survey is studied in terms of ceramic pro- ductions. Given the lack of identified kiln sites, the productions are defined through the products themselves. The main ceramic classes, for example kitchen wares and painted wares, are grouped into fabrics and a study made of the sha- pes, manufacturing technology and chronology of vessels within each fabric group. Scientific characterization of the clays of the pottery using petrological analysis is fundamental to this approach. Thin section analysis of the pottery fabrics was combined with the petrological analysis of clay samples taken in the area of the Upper Volturno valley and the study of the geology of the area7. This approach permits the grouping of the pottery according to production centres, an evaluation of the possible provenances of the various ceramic productions and of the production and distribution mechanisms. In particular it has allowed local products to be distinguished from vessels manufactured outside the region and has revealed changes in the production areas supplying the centre through time8. Once the ceramic productions are defined, the manufacturing technology, the range of forms and the level of standardization are studied as an indicator of the level of specialization of the pottery production centres. These are then rela- ted to models of ceramic production as defined by Peacock and based on ethno- graphic studies9. The Sequence In this paper, discussion is based on the material from five principal groups 6. Whereas the first phase of excavations (1980-86) provided some primary deposits which could be firmly dated, for example the burning layers attributed to the Saracen destruction of the monastery in 881 AD, much of the pottery was clearly from mixed deposits, relating to periods of rebuilding and abandonment. The excavations carried out from 1990 to the present day, on the other hand, have iden- tified a series of well-stratified groups and consequently have refined and greatly amplified the ceramic sequence, furthermore they permit a consideration of spatial patterns which was previously impossible. 7. To enable a more accurate comparison of pottery fabrics and clays, the clay samples were mixed with water and formed into briquettes which were then fired to 850 degrees centigrade, thus reproducing as closely as possible the firing undergone by the clays of the pottery vessels, and thin sections made of the clay briquettes. 8. PATTERSON H., The late Roman ... 9. PEACOCK D.P.S., Pottery in the Roman world ...; PATTERSON H., The late Roman .... Libro1bisw2bis.qxd 17/06/2006 20.03 Pagina 252 252 I Beni Culturali nel Molise of deposits, representing five main chronological phases in the life of the mona- stery. - deposits relating to the pre-monastic occupation of the site, possible a Roman estate centre, recovered mainly in the area of the tower and the cistern; - the workshops of the late eighth to early ninth centuries, relating to the con- struction of the early ninth century basilica of San Vincenzo Maggiore; - the collective workshops of the early to late ninth centuries and a series of domestic refuse tips of the second half of the ninth century (ie prior to 881 AD) which produced circa 23.50 kilos of pottery10. - deposits of the tenth to eleventh centuries from San Vincenzo Maggiore; - contexts of the twelfth century from the New Abbey. The late Roman estate centre Only a brief description of the pottery relating to the Roman occupation of the site is given. The pottery falls into the broad date range of fourth/fifth to sixth cen- turies11. In common with other rural and more marginal areas of central southern Italy, there is a marked drop in the supply of imported fine wares (African red slip), after the early fifth century and supply ceases entirely after the early sixth. However, the continued presence of kitchen and table wares of Italian production demonstrates that the local and regional production centres and supply systems were still in operation. Furthermore, the range of fine wares of Italian production, including imitations of African red slip, indicates a certain vitality in the economic system. At San Vincenzo, the latter comprise slipped wares, burnished wares, bur- nished wares with painted decoration and painted wares, including imitations of African red slip wares.
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