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Tamarac Wilderness TAMARAC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Tamarac Wilderness A Report on Wilderness Character Monitoring By Morgan Gantz 2014 U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE This report is part of a national initiative to establish baseline wilderness character for all the National Wildlife Refuges with designated wilderness. The measures for each wilderness were developed with refuge staff and reviewed at the national level. Neil Powers, Refuge Manager, Tamarac NWR Date Nancy Roeper, National Wilderness Coordinator, NWRS Date TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 HISTORICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SETTING OF THE TAMARAC WILDERNESS ........................................... 4 History of establishing the wilderness ...................................................................................................... 4 Refuge purposes ....................................................................................................................................... 5 BIOPHYSICAL SETTING OF THE TAMARAC WILDERNESS ............................................................................... 6 Geographic setting .................................................................................................................................... 6 Ecological setting ...................................................................................................................................... 7 DOCUMENTS CONSULTED .......................................................................................................................... 10 STAFF CONSULTED ...................................................................................................................................... 10 PROCESS USED FOR IDENTIFYING MEASURES ............................................................................................ 11 WILDERNESS CHARACTER MONITORING MEASURES ................................................................................. 12 Overview of wilderness character monitoring measures ...................................................................... 14 Untrammeled Quality ............................................................................................................................ 16 Natural Quality ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Undeveloped Quality ............................................................................................................................. 50 Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation Quality ..................................................................... 56 SUGGESTED FUTURE MEASURES ................................................................................................................ 63 MEASURES NOT USED FOR WILDERNESS CHARACTER MONITORING ....................................................... 63 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 67 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 68 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 70 APPENDIX A – Priority ranking of all measures considered .................................................................... 70 APPENDIX B – Summary of effort required for wilderness character monitoring ................................. 75 APPENDIX C – Data sources and protocols for all measures used .......................................................... 80 APPENDIX D – Framework for Wilderness Character Monitoring .......................................................... 92 APPENDIX E – What is a trammeling action ............................................................................................ 94 APPENDIX F – How to perform a linear regression analysis in Excel .................................................... 100 APPENDIX G – How to perform the analysis for measure 2-13: Index of connectivity ........................ 102 APPENDIX H – How to perform the analysis for measure 4-2: Percent of wilderness not affected by adjacent travel routes and human developments ........................................................ 105 List of Tables Table 1: Data quantity classifications ......................................................................................................... 13 Table 2: Data quality classifications ............................................................................................................ 13 Table 3: Wilderness Character Monitoring Measures used for the Tamarac Wilderness .......................... 14 Table 4: Measures of the Untrammeled Quality used to monitor the Tamarac Wilderness ..................... 16 Table 5: General rules for counting the number of actions for the Untrammeled Quality ........................ 17 Table 6: Protocol for counting trammeling actions .................................................................................... 18 Table 7: Measures of the Natural Quality used to monitor the Tamarac Wilderness ................................ 24 Table 8: Detailed data of the non-native invasive plant species counted in the 2014 baseline value ....... 26 Table 9: Categories of significant change for ozone concentration ........................................................... 28 Table 10: Categories of significant change for wet deposition of nitrogen ................................................ 29 Table 11: Categories of significant change for wet deposition of sulfur .................................................... 30 Table 12: Categories of significant change for visibility .............................................................................. 31 Table 13: Typical water quality measurements for streams in the Northern Lakes and Forests ecoregion of Minnesota ............................................................................................................. 32 Table 14: Scoring protocol for water quality metrics within a 5-year period ............................................. 34 Table 15: Detailed data of the baseline value for water quality in the Tamarac Wilderness..................... 34 Table 16: Detailed data of the temperature anomalies entered into the WCMD for the current year and past 5 years .......................................................................................................................... 37 Table 17: Detailed data of the temperature anomalies entered into the WCMD for the current year and past 5 years .......................................................................................................................... 40 Table 18: Detailed location information for retrieval of precipitation data ............................................... 41 Table 19: Categories for the condition of total annual precipitation ......................................................... 42 Table 20: Palmer drought severity index value classifications ................................................................... 44 Table 21: Scoring Index for connectivity ..................................................................................................... 48 Table 22: Measures of the Undeveloped Quality used to monitor the Tamarac Wilderness .................... 50 Table 23: Detailed data of the number of authorized structures, installations, or developments counted in the baseline value ..................................................................................................... 51 Table 24: Scoring index for motorized vehicles, motorized equipment or mechanical transport use ...... 55 Table 25: Measures of the Solitude or Primitive and Unconfined Recreation Quality of wilderness used to monitor the Tamarac Wilderness .................................................................................. 56 Table 26: Scoring index for management restrictions on visitor behavior ................................................. 61 Table 27: Weighting scheme for regulations in wilderness ........................................................................ 62 Table 28: Examples of actions that likely are, and likely are not, trammeling actions. .............................. 98 List of Figures Figure 1: Keeping It Wild Hierarchical Framework ....................................................................................... 2 Figure 2: Map of the special designated areas within Tamarac NWR. Map produced by USFWS Region 3 Conservation Planning Office. ......................................................................................... 4 Figure 3: Location of Tamarac NWR within the state of Minnesota. ........................................................... 6 Figure 4: Tamarac NWR in relation to sections and subsections of the Minnesota Ecological Land Classification System. ..................................................................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Tamarac NWR current versus presettlement vegetation cover types. ......................................... 8 Figure 6: Map of the water quality stream monitoring locations in Tamarac NWR. The location associated
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