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Hydrogen Production Roadmap: Technology Pathways to the Future

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Hydrogen Production Roadmap: Technology Pathways to the Future FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership Hydrogen Production Technical Team This roadmap was created by the Hydrogen Production Technical Team (HPTT) of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership. This is a partnership of industry’s U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), energy companies and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to advance technologies that enable reduced oil consumption and increased energy efficiency in passenger vehicles. The Partnership focuses on the pre-competitive, high-risk research needed to develop the component and infrastructure technologies necessary to enable a full range of affordable cars and light trucks, and the fueling infrastructure for them in order to reduce the dependence of the nation's personal transportation system on imported oil and minimize harmful vehicle emissions, without sacrificing freedom of mobility and freedom of vehicle choice. In FreedomCAR, “CAR” stands for cooperative automotive research. The word “Freedom” frames the partnership’s principles, which are freedom: from dependence on imported oil; pollutant emissions; for Americans to choose the kind of vehicle they want to drive, and to drive where they want, when they want; and to obtain fuel affordably and conveniently. A major thrust of the Partnership is to examine and advance collaborative research and development (R&D) of technologies to enable high volume production of affordable hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and the national hydrogen infrastructure to support them. The Partnership also examines and advances R&D for other advanced automotive technologies through the continuation of key enabling research on advanced internal combustion engines and emission control systems; lightweight materials; power electronics and motor development; high-power/energy battery development; and alternative fuels. Each of these advanced technologies also has the potential to dramatically reduce oil consumption and environmental impacts in conventional, hybrid, and/or hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership operates through technical teams of scientists and engineers with technology-specific expertise from USCAR member companies, energy partner member companies, national laboratories, and DOE technology development managers. Each team is responsible for developing R&D plans and roadmaps, identifying data gaps and R&D needs, reviewing research results, and evaluating the technical progress of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership toward meeting the established research goals in their respective technical areas. Hydrogen Production Roadmap Technology Pathways to the Future Developed by the FreedomCAR & Fuel Partnership Hydrogen Production Technical Team January 2009 Hydrogen Production Roadmap Contents Acknowledgements.................................................................................ix Roadmap Introduction ..........................................................................xi Hydrogen Production................................................................................ xii DOE R&D Leadership ............................................................................xii Types of Technologies............................................................................xii Production Scales and Locales ...............................................................xiii Seven Major Technology Pathways......................................................... xiv Timeline, Feedstocks, and Energy Sources ............................................ xv Key Roadmap Elements ........................................................................... xvi DOE Cost Goals..................................................................................... xvi Common Technology Barriers ..............................................................xvii Community Barriers ............................................................................xviii Critical Technology Needs .................................................................... xxi Path Forward xxii Appendices xxiii 1.0 Distributed Natural Gas Reforming ..............................................1 1.1. Introduction.........................................................................................1 Cost Targets .............................................................................................. 2 1.2. Key Barriers ........................................................................................2 Reformer Capital Costs ............................................................................. 2 Reformer Manufacturing .......................................................................... 3 Station Footprint ....................................................................................... 3 Operation and Maintenance Costs ............................................................ 4 Feedstock Issues ....................................................................................... 4 Control and Safety .................................................................................... 6 1.3. Critical Technology Needs .................................................................6 Reduce Reformer Capital Costs ................................................................ 6 Reduce Operating and Maintenance Costs ............................................... 8 2.0 Bio-Derived Liquids Reforming ...................................................11 2.1. Introduction.......................................................................................11 DOE Cost Targets................................................................................... 12 2.2. Key Barriers ......................................................................................12 Reformer Capital Costs ........................................................................... 12 Reformer Manufacturing ........................................................................ 12 Station Footprint ..................................................................................... 13 Contents iii Hydrogen Production Roadmap Operation and Maintenance .................................................................... 13 Feedstock Issues ..................................................................................... 14 Control and Safety .................................................................................. 14 2.3. Critical Technology Needs ...............................................................15 Reduce Capital Costs.............................................................................. 15 Reduce Operation and Maintenance Costs ............................................. 18 3.0 Coal and Biomass Gasification .................................................... 23 3.1. Introduction.......................................................................................23 DOE Cost Targets................................................................................... 24 Coal and Biomass Feedstocks ................................................................. 24 3.2. Barriers Emissions (Primarily Coal) ..................................................................... 25 Feedstock Issues (Primarily Biomass) .................................................... 26 Capital Costs........................................................................................... 26 Operation and Maintenance .................................................................... 26 Control and Safety .................................................................................. 27 3.3. Critical Technology Needs ...............................................................28 Reduce Capital Costs.............................................................................. 28 Reduce Operation and Maintenance Costs ............................................. 29 4.0 Water Electrolysis ......................................................................... 31 4.1. Introduction.......................................................................................31 DOE Cost Targets................................................................................... 31 Production Scale ..................................................................................... 32 4.2. Key Barriers ......................................................................................33 System Efficiency and Electricity Cost .................................................. 34 Renewable and Nuclear Electricity Generation Integration ................... 34 Capital Costs........................................................................................... 35 Footprint ................................................................................................. 35 Manufacturing......................................................................................... 35 Operation and Maintenance .................................................................... 35 Grid Electricity Emissions ...................................................................... 36 Control and Safety .................................................................................. 36 4.3. Critical Technology Needs ...............................................................37 Reduce Capital Costs.............................................................................. 37 Reduce Operation and Maintenance Costs ............................................. 40 5.0 Thermochemical Hydrogen ........................................................
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