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ENCYCLOPEDIA of HEBREW LANGUAGE and LINGUISTICS Volume 3 P–Z

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ENCYCLOPEDIA of HEBREW LANGUAGE and LINGUISTICS Volume 3 P–Z ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HEBREW LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Volume 3 P–Z General Editor Geoffrey Khan Associate Editors Shmuel Bolokzy Steven E. Fassberg Gary A. Rendsburg Aaron D. Rubin Ora R. Schwarzwald Tamar Zewi LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 Table of Contents Volume One Introduction ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Contributors ............................................................................................................ ix Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... xiii Articles A-F ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Two Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles G-O ........................................................................................................................ 1 Volume Three Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles P-Z ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Four Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Index ................................................................................................................................... 1 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 style-switching 633 Much assistance and moral support (though —— 1957. “Qeta≠ šel dibur ≠Ivri–yi«re±eli”. Leshonénu at times also sharp criticism, due to differences 21:33–39. in structuralist orientation) came to Rosén —— 1964. “Israeli Hebrew texts”. Studies in Egyp- tology and linguistics in honour of H. J. Polotsky, from Haim Blanc, who received his American ed. by Haiim B. Rosén, 132–152. Jerusalem: Israel structuralist education at Harvard. Under the Exploration Society. qablan, Blanc popularized the —— 1968. “The Israeli koine as an emergent national קבלן pen-name standard”. Language problems of developing structuralist view of Modern Hebrew in his nations, ed. by Joshua A. Fishman and Charles A. .lešon bne ±adam ‘lan- Ferguson, 237–251. New York: John Wiley לשון בני אדם column guage of human beings’, published in the then- —— 1989. “Lešon bne ±adam”. Collected by Moshe .ma«a in Singer. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute משא prestigious literary supplement Garbell, Irene. 1930. “Fremdsprachliche Einflüsse im the early 1950s. These were later collected in modernen Hebräisch.” PhD dissertation. Berlin: Blanc 1989. University of Berlin. Unlike Rosén’s insistence on a single standard Hall, Robert A., Jr. 1950. Leave your language and uniform system, Blanc, a dialectologist of alone! Ithaca: Linguistica. Kuzar, Ron. 2001. Hebrew and Zionism: A discourse Arabic, showed great interest in language varia- analytic cultural study. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. tion. He claimed that even if Modern Hebrew Rosén, Haiim B. 1955. Ha-≠Ivrit šelanu: Dmutah had not yet reached a stable state, it was not be-±or ši†ot ha-balšanut. Tel-Aviv: Am Oved. unique in that: “There is no reason to think —— 1958. ≠Ivrit †ova: ≠Iyunim be-ta≤bir ha-lašon ‘ha-nexona’. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer. that modern linguistics is limited in its scope —— 1966. ≠Ivrit †ova: ≠Iyunim be-ta≤bir. 2nd to ‘stable’ languages only” (Blanc 1953:67). enlarged edition. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer. Blanc’s (1968) paper “The Israeli koine as Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1916. Cours de linguistique an emergent national standard” sheds light générale. Ed. by Charles Bailly and Albert Seche- haye, with collaboration of Albert Riedlinger. on the process of the formation of an ‘emer- Lausanne / Paris: Librairie Payot. gent’ (rather than existing) standard, paying Weiman, Ralph W. 1950. Native and foreign ele- attention to the formation of two intermediate ments in a language: A study in general linguistics applied to Modern Hebrew. Philadelphia: Russell. native standards, Ashkenazi and Middle-East- ern, both having reached internally uniform Ron Kuzar pronunciations out of the more variegated pro- (University of Haifa) nunciations of their immigrant parents. The two intermediate standards differed mainly in Style-Switching ח ayin and≠ ע the pharyngeal pronunciation of ≤et in the Middle-Eastern standard, as opposed xaf in the Style-switching refers to the incorporation of כ alef and± א to their realization as Ashkenazi standard. non-Hebrew elements into a Hebrew text in Blanc was also the first linguist to collect order to convey foreignness in particular set- and transcribe a corpus of naturally occurring tings. Among the first scholars to identify style- Israeli Hebrew speech (Blanc 1957 and 1964). switching in the Bible and to deal with the In 1953, Polotsky founded the Department phenomenon in any detail were Rabin (1967), of Linguistics at the Hebrew University. Gar- with reference to the speech of the watchman bell, Rosén, and Blanc were among the teachers from Dumah in Isa. 21.11–12 ( Addressee- invited to be part of this enterprise. Polotsky Switching), and Kaufman (1988:54–55), with himself did not conduct research on Modern attention to the book of Job, the Balaam Hebrew, but his scholarly inspiration and leg- oracles, the Massa material in Prov. 30–31, and acy, along with those of his younger collabora- the aforementioned Dumah passage (but see tors, have nurtured a great deal of structural also Baumgartner 1941:609 n. 89 [=1959:228 linguistic research of Modern Hebrew, too n. 3] and Tur-Sinai 1965:594). In the words of voluminous to be considered here. the latter, with special reference to the impres- sive number of Aramaisms in these texts “We References have not to do with late language or foreign Avinery, Isaac. 1946. The achievements of Mod- authors, but rather with the intentional stylistic ern Hebrew (in Hebrew). Merhavia: Ha-šomer representations of Trans-Jordanian speech on Ha-tsa≠ir. Blanc, Haim. 1953. “±Ota ha-gveret”. Masa. Reprinted the part of Hebrew authors within Hebrew in Blanc (1989:63–70). texts” (Kaufman 1988:54–55). © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 634 style-switching ,mònìm ‘times’ (Gen. 31.7 ֹמ ִנים (Building on these studies, Rendsburg (1991; ment, etc.; f n-ß-l (hif≠il) meaning ‘take נצ"ל focused on the two main environments 41); g) the root (1996 in which style-switching is employed: a) when away’ (Gen. 31.9, 16), whose normal Hebrew way-ya≈bèq ַו ַיּ ְד ֵ ֥בּק (the scene shifts to a foreign land; and b) when a meaning is ‘save, rescue’; h ְו ֣ל ֹא ְנ ַט ְשׁ ַ֔תּ ִני (foreigner is present in the land of Israel. A third ‘and he overtook’ (Gen. 31.23); i arena is also surveyed below, namely c) the wë-lò në†aštanì ‘and you did not allow me’ š-b-q שׁב"ק use of different dialects or registers of Hebrew (Gen. 31.28), calquing on Aramaic within inner-Hebrew contexts. ‘leave, forsake, abandon’, but also ‘allow’; and gënu∫μì ‘I was robbed’ (Gen. 31.39 ְגֻּ ֽנ ְב ִתי (Narratives set in a foreign land are found j most notably in Gen. 24 and Gen. 30–31, [2x]), an inflected participle (for these items see both of which are situated in Aram. In the first both Greenfield 1981:129–130 and Rendsburg episode, Abraham’s servant travels to Aram to 2006:166–168). procure a bride for Isaac. In the second, Jacob In addition to these more subtle nods to flees his native land to live with his uncle Laban Aramaic, the author also placed an actual in Aram for twenty years. These changes in two-word Aramaic phrase into the mouth of >yëg: ar «åh< ≥≈ùμå ְיַ ֖גר ָשׂ ֲה ָ ֑דוּתא ,the geographical setting of the Genesis narra- Laban, namely tives permit the author to pepper his Hebrew ‘heap of testimony’ (Gen. 31.47), the trans- text with a host of Aramaic-like features. Note lational equivalent of Jacob’s Hebrew term gal≠è≈ ‘heap of witness’, somewhat akin ַגּ ְל ֵ ֽﬠד that the examples presented below occur not only in direct speech (where they may be more to Shakespeare’s use of the single expression et expected), but in the narrator’s descriptions as tu, Brute in Julius Caesar, as a reminder that well (in an effort to transport the reader totally in its actual setting the entirety of the dialogue to the land of Aram). amongst the Romans took place in Classical Elements of style-switching in Gen. 24 Latin, not Elizabethan English. Some schol- lòhè haš-šåmayim< ars would classify this last Hebrew-Aramaic)± ֱא ֵֹלהי ַה ָשּׁ ַמ ִים (include: a (illustration (along with the English-Latin one ֲא ֶ֨שׁר ֽל ֹ ִא־תַ ֤קּח (God of heaven’ (Gen. 24.3, 7); b‘ ±≥šÆr lò-μiqqa™ ‘that you not take’ (Gen. 24.3), as Code-switching, that is, with the involve- ment of more than one language—reserving the דלא with the negator calquing on Aramaic -im used term style-switching for lexical and grammati± ִאם dë-là±, instead of expected Hebrew cal issues within a single language, even if many גמ"א in oaths and swearings; c) the verbal root g-m-± ‘give drink’ (Gen. 24.17); d) the verbal of the features bespeak foreignness (Aramaic .(r-y ‘pour’ (Gen. 24.20); e) the ver- mainly, in the texts canvassed herein-≠ ער"י root š-±-y ‘gaze, watch’ (Gen. 24.21); The Massa material in Prov. 30–31 is not שׁא"י bal root —im-lò ‘but rather’ (Gen. 24.38), technically a story set in a foreign land± ִא ֧ם־ל
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