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Molecular Detection of Dirofilaria Spp. and Host Blood-Meal Identification

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Molecular Detection of Dirofilaria Spp. and Host Blood-Meal Identification Khanzadeh et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:548 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04432-4 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Molecular detection of Diroflaria spp. and host blood-meal identifcation in the Simulium turgaicum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Aras River Basin, northwestern Iran Fariba Khanzadeh1, Samad Khaghaninia1, Naseh Maleki‑Ravasan2,3*, Mona Koosha4 and Mohammad Ali Oshaghi4* Abstract Background: Blackfies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are known as efective vectors of human and animal pathogens, world‑ wide. We have already indicated that some individuals in the Simulium turgaicum complex are annoying pests of humans and livestock in the Aras River Basin, Iran. However, there is no evidence of host preference and their possible vectorial role in the region. This study was conducted to capture the S. turgaicum (s.l.), to identify their host blood‑ meals, and to examine their potential involvement in the circulation of zoonotic microflariae in the study areas. Methods: Adult blackfies of the S. turgaicum complex were bimonthly trapped with insect net in four ecotopes (humans/animals outdoors, irrigation canals, lands along the river, as well as rice and alfalfa farms) of ten villages (Gholibaiglou, Gungormaz, Hamrahlou, Hasanlou, Khetay, Khomarlou, Larijan, Mohammad Salehlou, Parvizkhanlou and Qarloujeh) of the Aras River Basin. A highly sensitive and specifc nested PCR assay was used for detection of flarial nematodes in S. turgaicum (s.l.), using nuclear 18S rDNA‑ITS1 markers. The sources of blood meals of engorged specimens were determined using multiplex and conventional cytb PCR assays. Results: A total of 2754 females of S. turgaicum (s.l.) were collected. The DNA of flarial parasites was detected in 6 (0.62%) of 960 randomly examined individuals. Sequence analysis of 420 base pairs of 18S rDNA‑ITS1 genes identifed Diroflaria spp. including 5 D. immitis and 1 D. repens. Importantly, all flarial positive specimens have been captured from humans and animals outdoors. Cytb‑PCR assays showed that in all ecotypes studied, members of the S. turgai- cum complex had preferably fed on humans, dogs, bovids, and birds, respectively. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the frst report of D. immitis/D. repens detection in blackfies. Results showed that S. turgaicum (s.l.) was the most abundant (97%) and anthropophilic (45%) blackfy in all studied ecotypes/villages and that DNA of Diroflaria spp. was detected in the fies taken from six villages. Diroflariasis is a *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran 4 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Khanzadeh et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:548 Page 2 of 9 common zoonosis between humans and carnivores, with mosquitoes (Culicidae) as the principal vectors. Further investigations are needed to demonstrate that blackfies are actual vectors of Diroflaria in the studied region. Keywords: Simulium turgaicum complex, Vector incrimination, Diroflaria immitis, D. repens, Blood meal Background Simulium turgaicum is a species complex in the S. Blackfies, bufalo gnats or turkey gnats (Diptera: Simulii- equinum species-group in the subgenus Wilhelmia. dae) are known to be efective vectors among arthropod We recently showed with detailed morphological and groups since they are vigorous in circulation of 28 ver- molecular studies that S. turgaicum comprises three well- tebrate pathogens and parasites, besides the causal agent supported lineages in Iran [9]. Te divergence within S. of human onchocerciasis is vectored by 25 Simulium spp. turgaicum has previously been shown by other research- [1, 2]. Potentially they are responsible for transmitting ers, as well [16–18]. pathogenic agents ranging from protozoan parasites (n = Simuliids are reported to be the most insidious insects 17) to flarial nematodes (n = 15) and several arboviruses in the Aras River Basin, so that farmers and ranchers among numerous hosts [2]. In this spectrum, only two have had to wear beekeeping hats or alter their working human diseases, onchocerciasis and mansonellosis, are hours from day to night. In this region, blackfies enter caused by simuliid-borne flarial nematodes [1]. farmers’ eyes, ears, mouth, and nose throughout the day. Onchocerciasis is caused by the parasitic worm Oncho- However, in the late hours of the day and in crowded cerca volvulus and may lead to itching, disfguring der- places, blackfies fy recklessly against all parts of humans matitis, and eye lesions, including permanent blindness and animals (our personal observations). Te S. turgai- in humans. Although most infected people reside in cum complex dominates the blackfy community in the Africa south of the Sahara, the disease is widespread to Aras River Basin, accounting for 97% of the specimens in some areas in Latin America and Yemen, as well. Esti- our previous study [9]. mates in 2017 exposed that there were 21 million O. vol- Tere is little knowledge of the potential vectorial role vulus infections worldwide; 14.6 million of the infected of blackfies in Iran where no documentation exists on people with skin disease and 1.15 million with vision loss their role in the circulation of anthroponotic or zoonotic [3]. pathogens in the country. Although to date Simulium Te pathology of mansonellosis, caused by Mansonella spp. have been described as vectors of Diroflaria ursi, ozzardi, appears to be mild [4]. Te disease is restricted a parasite of American and Asian bears [19], to the best to the New World tropics where the disease is vectored of our knowledge, no studies have been carried out via at least fve simuliid species and biting midges of the regarding blackfies as vectors of mosaic zoonoses of D. genus Culicoides [5]. immitis/D. repens. Tis study aimed to (i) determine the In addition to being profcient vectors of important abundance of S. turgaicum complex in the Aras River disease agents, blackfies are annoying pests of humans basin of Iran, (ii) identify their host blood meals through and animals due to their swarming and long-term blood- PCR assays, and (iii) examine the potential involvement sucking behaviors resulting in signifcant economic losses of the S. turgaicum complex in the circulation of zoonotic in sectors of society from agriculture, animal husbandry, microflariae in the region. and forestry to tourism, and entertainment [6–10]. Tese fies are among the few arthropods that have the poten- Methods tial to kill animals by their extreme blood-feeding and Study area, blackfy collection and identifcation serious toxemia (simuliotoxicosis) originated from the Te study was conducted in the south of the Aras River, saliva [11, 12]. in Khoda-Afarin County, East Azarbaijan Province, in According to the last inventory of blackfies, a total of northwestern Iran. Due to the climatic conditions, water 2348 species including 2331 living and 17 fossil have been resources are abundant in this region so that the main recorded as valid species worldwide [13]. Te Palaearc- occupations of the population are farming and animal tic Region covers the most described blackfies species, husbandry. Adult blackfies were bimonthly trapped with with 33%, followed by the Oriental (17%), and Neotropi- a conventional insect net in four ecotopes (humans/ani- cal (16%) Regions [13]. Te Palaearctic Simulium subge- mals outdoors, irrigation canals, lands along the Aras nus Wilhelmia comprises 31 living species throughout River, and rice and alfalfa felds) of 10 villages (Gholi- Europe, Asia and Africa that are acknowledged as note- baiglou, Gungormaz, Hamrahlou, Hasanlou, Khetay, worthy and dominant pests of humans and livestock [8, Khomarlou, Larijan, Mohammad Salehlou, Parvizkhan- 9, 14–17]. lou and Qarloujeh) from May to October 2016–2018. Khanzadeh et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:548 Page 3 of 9 Specimens were stored in 70% ethanol at 4 °C until inves- Genetic Codon Company (Tehran, Iran), using the same tigation. Morphological identifcations of the specimens primers as for amplifcation. were achieved using the key by Crosskey [20]. Te speci- Te respective sequences of 6 specimens are deposited mens with empty and blood-fed abdomens were applied in GenBank. Twenty-two reference sequences belonging for flarial and mammalian hosts’ genome analysis, to various nematodes were retrieved from GenBank and respectively. used for multiple sequence alignment and relationship inference by MEGA X [23]. DNA extraction, flarial species detection and sequencing A subset (31–71%) of the specimens with empty abdo- Blood‑meal analysis of blackfies men (unfed or fully gravid) from each site was selected Two multiplex and conventional cytb-PCR methods for flarial genome analysis. Te selected specimens were employed to investigate host use by the blackfies, included representatives of all the blackfies caught per according to the protocol modifed from Lahif et al.
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