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Pathophysiology and Gastrointestinal Impacts of Parasitic Helminths in Human Being
Research and Reviews on Healthcare: Open Access Journal DOI: 10.32474/RRHOAJ.2020.06.000226 ISSN: 2637-6679 Research Article Pathophysiology and Gastrointestinal Impacts of Parasitic Helminths in Human Being Firew Admasu Hailu1*, Geremew Tafesse1 and Tsion Admasu Hailu2 1Dilla University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology, Dilla, Ethiopia 2Addis Ababa Medical and Business College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Firew Admasu Hailu, Dilla University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology, Dilla, Ethiopia Received: November 05, 2020 Published: November 20, 2020 Abstract Introduction: This study mainly focus on the major pathologic manifestations of human gastrointestinal impacts of parasitic worms. Background: Helminthes and protozoan are human parasites that can infect gastrointestinal tract of humans beings and reside in intestinal wall. Protozoans are one celled microscopic, able to multiply in humans, contributes to their survival, permits serious infections, use one of the four main modes of transmission (direct, fecal-oral, vector-borne, and predator-prey) and also helminthes are necked multicellular organisms, referred as intestinal worms even though not all helminthes reside in intestines. However, in their adult form, helminthes cannot multiply in humans and able to survive in mammalian host for many years due to their ability to manipulate immune response. Objectives: The objectives of this study is to assess the main pathophysiology and gastrointestinal impacts of parasitic worms in human being. Methods: Both primary and secondary data were collected using direct observation, books and articles, and also analyzed quantitativelyResults and and conclusion: qualitatively Parasites following are standard organisms scientific living temporarily methods. in or on other organisms called host like human and other animals. -
Review of the Genus Mansonella Faust, 1929 Sensu Lato (Nematoda: Onchocercidae), with Descriptions of a New Subgenus and a New Subspecies
Zootaxa 3918 (2): 151–193 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3918.2.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DE65407C-A09E-43E2-8734-F5F5BED82C88 Review of the genus Mansonella Faust, 1929 sensu lato (Nematoda: Onchocercidae), with descriptions of a new subgenus and a new subspecies ODILE BAIN1†, YASEN MUTAFCHIEV2, KERSTIN JUNKER3,8, RICARDO GUERRERO4, CORALIE MARTIN5, EMILIE LEFOULON5 & SHIGEHIKO UNI6,7 1Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Parasitologie comparée, UMR 7205 CNRS, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France 2Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected] 3ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa 4Instituto de Zoología Tropical, Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, PO Box 47058, 1041A, Caracas, Venezuela. E-mail: [email protected] 5Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Parasitologie comparée, UMR 7245 MCAM, CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 6Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] 7Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan 8Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] †In memory of our colleague Dr Odile Bain, who initiated this study and laid the ground work with her vast knowledge of the filarial worms and detailed morphological studies of the species presented in this paper Table of contents Abstract . -
Zoonotic Abbreviata Caucasica in Wild Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes Verus) from Senegal
pathogens Article Zoonotic Abbreviata caucasica in Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) from Senegal Younes Laidoudi 1,2 , Hacène Medkour 1,2 , Maria Stefania Latrofa 3, Bernard Davoust 1,2, Georges Diatta 2,4,5, Cheikh Sokhna 2,4,5, Amanda Barciela 6 , R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar 6,7 , Didier Raoult 1,2, Domenico Otranto 3 and Oleg Mediannikov 1,2,* 1 IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille Univ, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (H.M.); [email protected] (B.D.); [email protected] (D.R.) 2 IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France; [email protected] (G.D.); [email protected] (C.S.) 3 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Italy; [email protected] (M.S.L.); [email protected] (D.O.) 4 IRD, SSA, APHM, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille University, 19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France 5 VITROME, IRD 257, Campus International UCAD-IRD, Hann, Dakar, Senegal 6 Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal; [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (R.A.H.-A.) 7 Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-041-373-2401 Received: 19 April 2020; Accepted: 23 June 2020; Published: 27 June 2020 Abstract: Abbreviata caucasica (syn. -
Molecular Detection of Dirofilaria Spp. and Host Blood-Meal Identification
Khanzadeh et al. Parasites Vectors (2020) 13:548 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04432-4 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Molecular detection of Diroflaria spp. and host blood-meal identifcation in the Simulium turgaicum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Aras River Basin, northwestern Iran Fariba Khanzadeh1, Samad Khaghaninia1, Naseh Maleki‑Ravasan2,3*, Mona Koosha4 and Mohammad Ali Oshaghi4* Abstract Background: Blackfies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are known as efective vectors of human and animal pathogens, world‑ wide. We have already indicated that some individuals in the Simulium turgaicum complex are annoying pests of humans and livestock in the Aras River Basin, Iran. However, there is no evidence of host preference and their possible vectorial role in the region. This study was conducted to capture the S. turgaicum (s.l.), to identify their host blood‑ meals, and to examine their potential involvement in the circulation of zoonotic microflariae in the study areas. Methods: Adult blackfies of the S. turgaicum complex were bimonthly trapped with insect net in four ecotopes (humans/animals outdoors, irrigation canals, lands along the river, as well as rice and alfalfa farms) of ten villages (Gholibaiglou, Gungormaz, Hamrahlou, Hasanlou, Khetay, Khomarlou, Larijan, Mohammad Salehlou, Parvizkhanlou and Qarloujeh) of the Aras River Basin. A highly sensitive and specifc nested PCR assay was used for detection of flarial nematodes in S. turgaicum (s.l.), using nuclear 18S rDNA‑ITS1 markers. The sources of blood meals of engorged specimens were determined using multiplex and conventional cytb PCR assays. Results: A total of 2754 females of S. turgaicum (s.l.) were collected. -
Ceratopogonidae (Diptera: Nematocera) of the Piedmont of the Yungas Forests of Tucuma´N: Ecology and Distribution
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Crossref Ceratopogonidae (Diptera: Nematocera) of the piedmont of the Yungas forests of Tucuma´n: ecology and distribution Jose´ Manuel Direni Mancini1,2, Cecilia Adriana Veggiani-Aybar1, Ana Denise Fuenzalida1,3, Mercedes Sara Lizarralde de Grosso1 and Marı´a Gabriela Quintana1,2,3 1 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucuma´n, Instituto Superior de Entomologı´a “Dr. Abraham Willink”, San Miguel de Tucuma´n, Tucuma´n, Argentina 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicas, San Miguel de Tucuma´n, Tucuma´n, Argentina 3 Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Puerto Iguazu´ , Misiones, Argentina ABSTRACT Within the Ceratopogonidae family, many genera transmit numerous diseases to humans and animals, while others are important pollinators of tropical crops. In the Yungas ecoregion of Argentina, previous systematic and ecological research on Ceratopogonidae focused on Culicoides, since they are the main transmitters of mansonelliasis in northwestern Argentina; however, few studies included the genera Forcipomyia, Dasyhelea, Atrichopogon, Alluaudomyia, Echinohelea, and Bezzia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the presence and abundance of Ceratopogonidae in this region, their association with meteorological variables, and their variation in areas disturbed by human activity. Monthly collection of specimens was performed from July 2008 to July 2009 using CDC miniature light traps deployed for two consecutive days. A total of 360 specimens were collected, being the most abundant Dasyhelea genus (48.06%) followed by Forcipomyia (26.94%) and Atrichopogon (13.61%). Bivariate analyses showed significant differences in the abundance of the genera at different sampling sites and climatic Submitted 15 July 2016 Accepted 4 October 2016 conditions, with the summer season and El Corralito site showing the greatest Published 17 November 2016 abundance of specimens. -
Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts from the Northern Gulf of Mexico CRCDU7M COPY Sea Grant Depositor
h ' '' f MASGC-B-78-001 c. 3 A MARINE MALADIES? Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts From the Northern Gulf of Mexico CRCDU7M COPY Sea Grant Depositor NATIONAL SEA GRANT DEPOSITORY \ PELL LIBRARY BUILDING URI NA8RAGANSETT BAY CAMPUS % NARRAGANSETT. Rl 02882 Robin M. Overstreet r ii MISSISSIPPI—ALABAMA SEA GRANT CONSORTIUM MASGP—78—021 MARINE MALADIES? Worms, Germs, and Other Symbionts From the Northern Gulf of Mexico by Robin M. Overstreet Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564 This study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Office of Sea Grant, under Grant No. 04-7-158-44017 and National Marine Fisheries Service, under PL 88-309, Project No. 2-262-R. TheMississippi-AlabamaSea Grant Consortium furnish ed all of the publication costs. The U.S. Government is authorized to produceand distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation that may appear hereon. Copyright© 1978by Mississippi-Alabama Sea Gram Consortium and R.M. Overstrect All rights reserved. No pari of this book may be reproduced in any manner without permission from the author. Primed by Blossman Printing, Inc.. Ocean Springs, Mississippi CONTENTS PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION TO SYMBIOSIS 2 INVERTEBRATES AS HOSTS 5 THE AMERICAN OYSTER 5 Public Health Aspects 6 Dcrmo 7 Other Symbionts and Diseases 8 Shell-Burrowing Symbionts II Fouling Organisms and Predators 13 THE BLUE CRAB 15 Protozoans and Microbes 15 Mclazoans and their I lypeiparasites 18 Misiellaneous Microbes and Protozoans 25 PENAEID -
Filarial Worms
Filarial worms Blood & tissues Nematodes 1 Blood & tissues filarial worms • Wuchereria bancrofti • Brugia malayi & timori • Loa loa • Onchocerca volvulus • Mansonella spp • Dirofilaria immitis 2 General life cycle of filariae From Manson’s Tropical Diseases, 22 nd edition 3 Wuchereria bancrofti Life cycle 4 Lymphatic filariasis Clinical manifestations 1. Acute adenolymphangitis (ADLA) 2. Hydrocoele 3. Lymphoedema 4. Elephantiasis 5. Chyluria 6. Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) 5 Figure 84.10 Sequence of development of the two types of acute filarial syndromes, acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) and acute filarial lymphangitis (AFL), and their possible relationship to chronic filarial disease. From Manson’s tropical Diseases, 22 nd edition 6 Bancroftian filariasis Pathology 7 Lymphatic filariasis Parasitological Diagnosis • Usually diagnosis of microfilariae from blood but often negative (amicrofilaraemia does not exclude the disease!) • No relationship between microfilarial density and severity of the disease • Obtain a specimen at peak (9pm-3am for W.b) • Counting chamber technique: 100 ml blood + 0.9 ml of 3% acetic acid microscope. Species identification is difficult! 8 Lymphatic filariasis Parasitological Diagnosis • Staining (Giemsa, haematoxylin) . Observe differences in size, shape, nuclei location, etc. • Membrane filtration technique on venous blood (Nucleopore) and staining of filters (sensitive but costly) • Knott concentration technique with saponin (highly sensitive) may be used 9 The microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti are sheathed and measure 240-300 µm in stained blood smears and 275-320 µm in 2% formalin. They have a gently curved body, and a tail that becomes thinner to a point. The nuclear column (the cells that constitute the body of the microfilaria) is loosely packed; the cells can be visualized individually and do not extend to the tip of the tail. -
Phylogenetic and Population Genetic Studies on Some Insect and Plant Associated Nematodes
PHYLOGENETIC AND POPULATION GENETIC STUDIES ON SOME INSECT AND PLANT ASSOCIATED NEMATODES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Amr T. M. Saeb, M.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Professor Parwinder S. Grewal, Adviser Professor Sally A. Miller Professor Sophien Kamoun Professor Michael A. Ellis Approved by Adviser Plant Pathology Graduate Program Abstract: Throughout the evolutionary time, nine families of nematodes have been found to have close associations with insects. These nematodes either have a passive relationship with their insect hosts and use it as a vector to reach their primary hosts or they attack and invade their insect partners then kill, sterilize or alter their development. In this work I used the internal transcribed spacer 1 of ribosomal DNA (ITS1-rDNA) and the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nd4) genes to investigate genetic diversity and phylogeny of six species of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis. Generally, cox1 sequences showed higher levels of genetic variation, larger number of phylogenetically informative characters, more variable sites and more reliable parsimony trees compared to ITS1-rDNA and nd4. The ITS1-rDNA phylogenetic trees suggested the division of the unknown isolates into two major phylogenetic groups: the HP88 group and the Oswego group. All cox1 based phylogenetic trees agreed for the division of unknown isolates into three phylogenetic groups: KMD10 and GPS5 and the HP88 group containing the remaining 11 isolates. KMD10, GPS5 represent potentially new taxa. The cox1 analysis also suggested that HP88 is divided into two subgroups: the GPS11 group and the Oswego subgroup. -
Historic Accounts of Mansonella Parasitaemias in the South Pacific and Their Relevance to Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Efforts Today
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016; 9(3): 205–210 205 HOSTED BY Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine journal homepage: http://ees.elsevier.com/apjtm Review http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.040 Historic accounts of Mansonella parasitaemias in the South Pacific and their relevance to lymphatic filariasis elimination efforts today J. Lee Crainey*,Tullio´ Romão Ribeiro da Silva, Sergio Luiz Bessa Luz Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazonia,ˆ Instituto Leonidasˆ e Maria Deane-Fiocruz Amazoniaˆ Rua Terezina, 476. Adrian´opolis, CEP: 69.057-070, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: There are two species of filarial parasites with sheathless microfilariae known to Received 15 Dec 2015 commonly cause parasitaemias in humans: Mansonella perstans and Mansonella ozzardi. Received in revised form 20 Dec In most contemporary accounts of the distribution of these parasites, neither is usually 2015 considered to occur anywhere in the Eastern Hemisphere. However, Sir Patrick Manson, Accepted 30 Dec 2015 who first described both parasite species, recorded the existence of sheathless sharp-tailed Available online 11 Jan 2016 Mansonella ozzardi-like parasites occurring in the blood of natives from New Guinea in each and every version of his manual for tropical disease that he wrote before his death in 1922. Manson's reports were based on his own identifications and were made from at Keywords: least two independent blood sample collections that were taken from the island. Pacific Mansonella ozzardi region Mansonella perstans parasitaemias were also later (in 1923) reported to occur in Mansonella perstans New Guinea and once before this (in 1905) in Fiji. -
Identification of Protective Immune Responses and the Immunomodulatory Capacity of Litomosoides Sigmodontis
Identification of protective immune responses and the immunomodulatory capacity of Litomosoides sigmodontis Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von JESUTHAS AJENDRA aus Dillingen/Saar Bonn 2016 i Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Achim Hörauf 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Waldemar Kolanus Tag der Promotion: 25.08.2016 ii Erscheinungsjahr: 2016 Erklärung Die hier vorgelegte Dissertation habe ich eigenständig und ohne unerlaubte Hilfsmittel angefertigt. Die Dissertation wurde in der vorgelegten oder in ähnlicher Form noch bei keiner anderen Institution eingereicht. Es wurden keine vorherigen oder erfolglosen Promotionsversuche unternommen. Bonn, 23.03.2016 Teile dieser Arbeit wurden vorab veröffentlicht in folgenden Publikationen: “ST2 deficiency does not impair type 2 immune responses during chronic filarial infection but leads to an increased microfilaremia due to an impaired splenic microfilarial clearance.” Ajendra J, Specht S, Neumann AL, Gondorf F, Schmidt D, Gentil K, Hoffmann WH, Taylor MJ, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 24;9(3):e93072. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093072. eCollection 2014. “Development of patent Litomosoides sigmodontis infections in semi-susceptible C57BL/6 mice in the absence of adaptive immune responses.” Layland LE, Ajendra J, Ritter M, Wiszniewsky A, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Parasit Vectors. 2015 Jul 25;8:396. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-1011-2. “Combination of worm antigen and proinsulin prevents type 1 diabetes in NOD mice after the onset of insulitis.” Ajendra J, Berbudi A, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Clin Immunol. 2016 Feb 16; 164:119- 122. -
A Centennial Review Short Title: the Wolbachia World Authors
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 12 March 2021 doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0338.v1 TITLE: Living in the endosymbiotic world of Wolbachia: A centennial review Short Title: The Wolbachia World Authors: Rupinder Kaur1,2*, J. Dylan Shropshire1,2, Karissa L. Cross1,2, Brittany Leigh1,2, Alexander J. Mansueto1,2, Victoria Stewart1,2, Sarah R. Bordenstein1,2, and Seth R. Bordenstein1,2,3,4* 1Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA 2Vanderbilt Microbiome Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA 3Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA 4Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37235, USA *Correspondence to: Rupinder Kaur, Nashville, TN, 37235, email: [email protected] Seth Bordenstein, Nashville, TN, 37235, email: [email protected] Abstract The most widespread intracellular bacteria in the animal kingdom are maternally-inherited endosymbionts of the genus Wolbachia. Their prevalence in arthropods and nematodes worldwide and stunning arsenal of parasitic and mutualistic adaptations make these bacteria a biological archetype for basic studies of symbiosis and applied outcomes for curbing human and agricultural diseases. Here, we conduct a summative, centennial analysis of living in the Wolbachia world. We synthesize literature on Wolbachia’s host range, phylogenetic diversity, genomics, cell biology, and applications to filarial, arboviral, and agricultural diseases. We also review the mobilome of Wolbachia including phage WO and its essentiality to hallmark phenotypes in arthropods. Finally, the Wolbachia system is an exemplar for discovery-based science education using biodiversity, biotechnology, and bioinformatics lessons. As we approach a century of Wolbachia research, applications, and education, the interdisciplinary science and knowledge 1 © 2021 by the author(s). -
Classification and Nomenclature of Human Parasites Lynne S
C H A P T E R 2 0 8 Classification and Nomenclature of Human Parasites Lynne S. Garcia Although common names frequently are used to describe morphologic forms according to age, host, or nutrition, parasitic organisms, these names may represent different which often results in several names being given to the parasites in different parts of the world. To eliminate same organism. An additional problem involves alterna- these problems, a binomial system of nomenclature in tion of parasitic and free-living phases in the life cycle. which the scientific name consists of the genus and These organisms may be very different and difficult to species is used.1-3,8,12,14,17 These names generally are of recognize as belonging to the same species. Despite these Greek or Latin origin. In certain publications, the scien- difficulties, newer, more sophisticated molecular methods tific name often is followed by the name of the individual of grouping organisms often have confirmed taxonomic who originally named the parasite. The date of naming conclusions reached hundreds of years earlier by experi- also may be provided. If the name of the individual is in enced taxonomists. parentheses, it means that the person used a generic name As investigations continue in parasitic genetics, immu- no longer considered to be correct. nology, and biochemistry, the species designation will be On the basis of life histories and morphologic charac- defined more clearly. Originally, these species designa- teristics, systems of classification have been developed to tions were determined primarily by morphologic dif- indicate the relationship among the various parasite ferences, resulting in a phenotypic approach.