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Using Frankencerts for Automated Adversarial Testing of Certificate
Using Frankencerts for Automated Adversarial Testing of Certificate Validation in SSL/TLS Implementations Chad Brubaker ∗ y Suman Janay Baishakhi Rayz Sarfraz Khurshidy Vitaly Shmatikovy ∗Google yThe University of Texas at Austin zUniversity of California, Davis Abstract—Modern network security rests on the Secure Sock- many open-source implementations of SSL/TLS are available ets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. for developers who need to incorporate SSL/TLS into their Distributed systems, mobile and desktop applications, embedded software: OpenSSL, NSS, GnuTLS, CyaSSL, PolarSSL, Ma- devices, and all of secure Web rely on SSL/TLS for protection trixSSL, cryptlib, and several others. Several Web browsers against network attacks. This protection critically depends on include their own, proprietary implementations. whether SSL/TLS clients correctly validate X.509 certificates presented by servers during the SSL/TLS handshake protocol. In this paper, we focus on server authentication, which We design, implement, and apply the first methodology for is the only protection against man-in-the-middle and other large-scale testing of certificate validation logic in SSL/TLS server impersonation attacks, and thus essential for HTTPS implementations. Our first ingredient is “frankencerts,” synthetic and virtually any other application of SSL/TLS. Server authen- certificates that are randomly mutated from parts of real cer- tication in SSL/TLS depends entirely on a single step in the tificates and thus include unusual combinations of extensions handshake protocol. As part of its “Server Hello” message, and constraints. Our second ingredient is differential testing: if the server presents an X.509 certificate with its public key. -
Anonymity in a Time of Surveillance
LESSONS LEARNED TOO WELL: ANONYMITY IN A TIME OF SURVEILLANCE A. Michael Froomkin* It is no longer reasonable to assume that electronic communications can be kept private from governments or private-sector actors. In theory, encryption can protect the content of such communications, and anonymity can protect the communicator’s identity. But online anonymity—one of the two most important tools that protect online communicative freedom—is under practical and legal attack all over the world. Choke-point regulation, online identification requirements, and data-retention regulations combine to make anonymity very difficult as a practical matter and, in many countries, illegal. Moreover, key internet intermediaries further stifle anonymity by requiring users to disclose their real names. This Article traces the global development of technologies and regulations hostile to online anonymity, beginning with the early days of the Internet. Offering normative and pragmatic arguments for why communicative anonymity is important, this Article argues that anonymity is the bedrock of online freedom, and it must be preserved. U.S. anti-anonymity policies not only enable repressive policies abroad but also place at risk the safety of anonymous communications that Americans may someday need. This Article, in addition to providing suggestions on how to save electronic anonymity, calls for proponents of anti- anonymity policies to provide stronger justifications for such policies and to consider alternatives less likely to destroy individual liberties. In -
DS Pokemon White 2.Pdf
NEED HELP WITH INSTALLATION, MAINTENANCE OR SERVICE? Nintendo Customer Service SUPPORT.NINTENDO.COM or call 1-800-255-3700 BESOIN D’AIDE POUR L’INSTALLATION, L’ENTRETIEN OU LA RÉPARATION? Service à la clientèle de Nintendo SUPPORT.NINTENDO.COM ou composez le 1 800 255-3700 Product recycling information: 77253A visit recycle.nintendo.com Information sur le recyclage Nintendo of America Inc. du produit : visitez P.O. Box 957 recycle.nintendo.com INSTRUCTION BOOKLET Redmond, WA 98073-0957 U.S.A. PRINTED IN USA www.nintendo.com IMPRIMÉ AUX É.-U. MANUEL D’INSTRUCTIONS PLEASE CAREFULLY READ THE SEPARATE HEALTH AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS BOOKLET WARNING - REPETITIVE MOTION INJURIES AND EYESTRAIN INCLUDED WITH THIS PRODUCT BEFORE USING YOUR NINTENDO® HARDWARE SYSTEM, GAME CARD OR ACCESSORY. THIS BOOKLET CONTAINS IMPORTANT HEALTH AND Playing video games can make your muscles, joints, or skin hurt. Follow these instructions to avoid problems such as SAFETY INFORMATION. tendinitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, skin irritation or eyestrain: IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION: READ THE FOLLOWING WARNINGS BEFORE YOU OR • Avoid excessive play. Parents should monitor their children for appropriate play. • Take a 10 to 15 minute break every hour, even if you don’t think you need it. YOUR CHILD PLAY VIDEO GAMES. • When using the stylus, you do not need to grip it tightly or press it hard against the screen. Doing so may cause fatigue or discomfort. WARNING - SEIZURES • If your hands, wrists, or arms become tired or sore while playing, or if you feel symptoms such as tingling, numbness, burning or stiffness, stop and rest for several hours before playing again. -
List of Notable Handheld Game Consoles (Source
List of notable handheld game consoles (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_game_console#List_of_notable_handheld_game_consoles) * Milton Bradley Microvision (1979) * Epoch Game Pocket Computer - (1984) - Japanese only; not a success * Nintendo Game Boy (1989) - First internationally successful handheld game console * Atari Lynx (1989) - First backlit/color screen, first hardware capable of accelerated 3d drawing * NEC TurboExpress (1990, Japan; 1991, North America) - Played huCard (TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine) games, first console/handheld intercompatibility * Sega Game Gear (1991) - Architecturally similar to Sega Master System, notable accessory firsts include a TV tuner * Watara Supervision (1992) - first handheld with TV-OUT support; although the Super Game Boy was only a compatibility layer for the preceding game boy. * Sega Mega Jet (1992) - no screen, made for Japan Air Lines (first handheld without a screen) * Mega Duck/Cougar Boy (1993) - 4 level grayscale 2,7" LCD - Stereo sound - rare, sold in Europe and Brazil * Nintendo Virtual Boy (1994) - Monochromatic (red only) 3D goggle set, only semi-portable; first 3D portable * Sega Nomad (1995) - Played normal Sega Genesis cartridges, albeit at lower resolution * Neo Geo Pocket (1996) - Unrelated to Neo Geo consoles or arcade systems save for name * Game Boy Pocket (1996) - Slimmer redesign of Game Boy * Game Boy Pocket Light (1997) - Japanese only backlit version of the Game Boy Pocket * Tiger game.com (1997) - First touch screen, first Internet support (with use of sold-separately -
NEW SUPER MARIO BROS.™ Game Card for Nintendo DS™ Systems
NTR-A2DP-UKV INSTRUCTIONINSTRUCTION BOOKLETBOOKLET (CONTAINS(CONTAINS IMPORTANTIMPORTANT HEALTHHEALTH ANDAND SAFETYSAFETY INFORMATION)INFORMATION) [0610/UKV/NTR] WIRELESS DS SINGLE-CARD DOWNLOAD PLAY THIS GAME ALLOWS WIRELESS MULTIPLAYER GAMES DOWNLOADED FROM ONE GAME CARD. This seal is your assurance that Nintendo 2–4 has reviewed this product and that it has met our standards for excellence WIRELESS DS MULTI-CARD PLAY in workmanship, reliability and THIS GAME ALLOWS WIRELESS MULTIPLAYER GAMES WITH EACH NINTENDO DS SYSTEM CONTAINING A entertainment value. Always look SEPARATE GAME CARD. for this seal when buying games and 2–4 accessories to ensure complete com- patibility with your Nintendo Product. Thank you for selecting the NEW SUPER MARIO BROS.™ Game Card for Nintendo DS™ systems. IMPORTANT: Please carefully read the important health and safety information included in this booklet before using your Nintendo DS system, Game Card, Game Pak or accessory. Please read this Instruction Booklet thoroughly to ensure maximum enjoyment of your new game. Important warranty and hotline information can be found in the separate Age Rating, Software Warranty and Contact Information Leaflet. Always save these documents for future reference. This Game Card will work only with Nintendo DS systems. IMPORTANT: The use of an unlawful device with your Nintendo DS system may render this game unplayable. © 2006 NINTENDO. ALL RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE COPYRIGHTS OF GAME, SCENARIO, MUSIC AND PROGRAM, RESERVED BY NINTENDO. TM, ® AND THE NINTENDO DS LOGO ARE TRADEMARKS OF NINTENDO. © 2006 NINTENDO. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This product uses the LC Font by Sharp Corporation, except some characters. LCFONT, LC Font and the LC logo mark are trademarks of Sharp Corporation. -
Manual De Instrucciones
MANUAL DE INSTRUCCIONES Este producto es un dispositivo de alta precisión que puede dañarse si sufre un impacto fuerte o si entra en contacto con polvo u otro material externo. El uso de una funda protectora (se vende por separado) puede ayudar a evitar que se dañe tu consola New Nintendo 3DS XL. Lee detenidamente este manual de instrucciones antes de configurar o utilizar la consola New Nintendo 3DS XL. Si después de leer todas las instrucciones sigues teniendo preguntas, visita la sección de atención al consumidor en support.nintendo.com o llama al 1-800-255-3700. Algunos programas tienen un manual de instrucciones integrado, el cual podrás acceder mediante el menú HOME (consulta la página 156). NOTA ACERCA DE LA COMPATIBILIDAD: la consola New Nintendo 3DS XL solo es compatible con programas de Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo Pantalla 3D DSi y Nintendo DS. Las tarjetas de Nintendo 3DS son solamente compatibles con las consolas New Nintendo 3DS XL, Nintendo 3DS, Imágenes 3D optimizadas con el Nintendo 3DS XL y Nintendo 2DS (referidas de ahora en adelante como “consolas de la familia Nintendo 3DS”). Puede que algunos estabilizador 3D (página 154). accesorios no sean compatibles con la consola. Incluye: Regulador 3D Ajusta la profundidad de las imágenes 3D • Consola New Nintendo 3DS XL (alimentación 4.6 Vcc 900mA) (página 155). • Lápiz de New Nintendo 3DS XL (dentro del hueco para el lápiz, consulta la página 148) • Tarjeta de memoria microSDHC (insertada dentro de la ranura para tarjetas microSD, consulta la página 186) • Tarjetas AR Card Botón deslizante • Manual de instrucciones Permite un control preciso de 360˚ en programas específicamente diseñados para su uso (página 147). -
RSA BSAFE Crypto-C 5.21 FIPS 140-1 Security Policy2.…
RSA Security, Inc. RSA™ BSAFE® Crypto-C Crypto-C Version 5.2.1 FIPS 140-1 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Level 1 Validation Revision 1.0, May 2001 © Copyright 2001 RSA Security, Inc. This document may be freely reproduced and distributed whole and intact including this Copyright Notice. Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 3 1.1 PURPOSE ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 DOCUMENT ORGANIZATION ............................................................................................... 3 2 THE RSA BSAFE PRODUCTS............................................................................................ 5 2.1 THE RSA BSAFE CRYPTO-C TOOLKIT MODULE .............................................................. 5 2.2 MODULE INTERFACES ......................................................................................................... 5 2.3 ROLES AND SERVICES ......................................................................................................... 6 2.4 CRYPTOGRAPHIC KEY MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 7 2.4.1 Protocol Support........................................................................................................ -
Sizzle: a Standards-Based End-To-End Security Architecture for the Embedded Internet
Sizzle: A Standards-based end-to-end Security Architecture for the Embedded Internet Vipul Gupta, Matthew Millard,∗ Stephen Fung*, Yu Zhu*, Nils Gura, Hans Eberle, Sheueling Chang Shantz Sun Microsystems Laboratories 16 Network Circle, UMPK16 160 Menlo Park, CA 94025 [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], {nils.gura, hans.eberle, sheueling.chang}@sun.com Abstract numbers of even simpler, more constrained devices (sen- sors, home appliances, personal medical devices) get con- This paper introduces Sizzle, the first fully-implemented nected to the Internet. The term “embedded Internet” is end-to-end security architecture for highly constrained em- often used to refer to the phase in the Internet’s evolution bedded devices. According to popular perception, public- when it is invisibly and tightly woven into our daily lives. key cryptography is beyond the capabilities of such devices. Embedded devices with sensing and communication capa- We show that elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) not only bilities will enable the application of computing technolo- makes public-key cryptography feasible on these devices, it gies in settings where they are unusual today: habitat mon- allows one to create a complete secure web server stack itoring [26], medical emergency response [31], battlefield including SSL, HTTP and user application that runs effi- management and home automation. ciently within very tight resource constraints. Our small Many of these applications have security requirements. footprint HTTPS stack needs less than 4KB of RAM and For example, health information must only be made avail- interoperates with an ECC-enabled version of the Mozilla able to authorized personnel (authentication) and be pro- web browser. -
Arxiv:1911.09312V2 [Cs.CR] 12 Dec 2019
Revisiting and Evaluating Software Side-channel Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures in Cryptographic Applications Tianwei Zhang Jun Jiang Yinqian Zhang Nanyang Technological University Two Sigma Investments, LP The Ohio State University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—We systematize software side-channel attacks with three questions: (1) What are the common and distinct a focus on vulnerabilities and countermeasures in the cryp- features of various vulnerabilities? (2) What are common tographic implementations. Particularly, we survey past re- mitigation strategies? (3) What is the status quo of cryp- search literature to categorize vulnerable implementations, tographic applications regarding side-channel vulnerabili- and identify common strategies to eliminate them. We then ties? Past work only surveyed attack techniques and media evaluate popular libraries and applications, quantitatively [20–31], without offering unified summaries for software measuring and comparing the vulnerability severity, re- vulnerabilities and countermeasures that are more useful. sponse time and coverage. Based on these characterizations This paper provides a comprehensive characterization and evaluations, we offer some insights for side-channel of side-channel vulnerabilities and countermeasures, as researchers, cryptographic software developers and users. well as evaluations of cryptographic applications related We hope our study can inspire the side-channel research to side-channel attacks. We present this study in three di- community to discover new vulnerabilities, and more im- rections. (1) Systematization of literature: we characterize portantly, to fortify applications against them. the vulnerabilities from past work with regard to the im- plementations; for each vulnerability, we describe the root cause and the technique required to launch a successful 1. -
Black-Box Security Analysis of State Machine Implementations Joeri De Ruiter
Black-box security analysis of state machine implementations Joeri de Ruiter 18-03-2019 Agenda 1. Why are state machines interesting? 2. How do we know that the state machine is implemented correctly? 3. What can go wrong if the implementation is incorrect? What are state machines? • Almost every protocol includes some kind of state • State machine is a model of the different states and the transitions between them • When receiving a messages, given the current state: • Decide what action to perform • Which message to respond with • Which state to go the next Why are state machines interesting? • State machines play a very important role in security protocols • For example: • Is the user authenticated? • Did we agree on keys? And if so, which keys? • Are we encrypting our traffic? • Every implementation of a protocol has to include the corresponding state machine • Mistakes can lead to serious security issues! State machine example Confirm transaction Verify PIN 0000 Failed Init Failed Verify PIN 1234 OK Verified Confirm transaction OK State machines in specifications • Often specifications do not explicitly contain a state machine • Mainly explained in lots of prose • Focus usually on happy flow • What to do if protocol flow deviates from this? Client Server ClientHello --------> ServerHello Certificate* ServerKeyExchange* CertificateRequest* <-------- ServerHelloDone Certificate* ClientKeyExchange CertificateVerify* [ChangeCipherSpec] Finished --------> [ChangeCipherSpec] <-------- Finished Application Data <-------> Application Data -
1 Term of Reference Reference Number TOR-VNM-2021-21
Term of Reference Reference number TOR-VNM-2021-21 (Please refer to this number in the application) Assignment title International Gender Consultant Purpose to develop a technical paper comparing legal frameworks and setting out good practices for legal recognition of gender identity/protection of the human rights of trans persons in other countries/regions. Location Home-based Contract duration 1 June 2021 – 31 August 2021 (32 working days) Contract supervision UN Women Programme Specialist UN Women Viet Nam Country Office I. Background UN Women Grounded in the vision of equality enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women) works for the elimination of discrimination against women and girls; the empowerment of women; and the achievement of substantive equality between women and men. The fundamental objective of UN Women is to enhance national capacity and ownership to enable national partners to formulate gender responsive laws, policies and upscale successful strategies to deliver on national and international commitments to gender equality. UN Women Viet Nam Country Office is the chair of the UN Gender Theme Group and has been an active member of the UN Human Rights Thematic Group (HRTG) and Viet Nam UN HIV Thematic Group and acts as a leading agency in related to promoting gender equality in the national HIV response. The result under this LOA will contribute to the achievements of the following outcome and output of UN Women Viet Nam’s Annual Work Plan. - VCO Impact 3 (SP outcome 4): Women and girls live a life free from violence. -
Operations Manual Using Software Adjusting System Settings Troubleshooting Thank You for Purchasing This System
Preparations Operations Manual Software Using Adjusting System Settings System Adjusting Troubleshooting Thank you for purchasing this system. Please read this Operations Manual before use, paying careful attention to the Health and Safety Information section on p. 9, and follow all the instructions carefully. Adults should supervise the use of this product by children. Note: • See p. 2 for a complete list of items included with the system. • In this manual, the term “Nintendo 3DS system” refers to all systems in the Nintendo 3DS™ family, which includes New Nintendo 3DS™, New Nintendo 3DS XL, New Nintendo 2DS™ XL, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo 3DS XL and Nintendo 2DS™. Nintendo may change product specifications and update the manual from time to time. The latest version of the manual is available at http://docs.nintendo-europe.com. (This service may not be available in some countries.) [0612/UKV/HW] T his seal is your assurance that Nintendo has reviewed this product and that it has met our standards for excellence in workmanship, reliability and entertainment value. Always look for this seal when buying games and accessories to ensure complete compatibility with your Nintendo Product. Thank you for selecting the New Nintendo 2DS XL system. Set Contents New Nintendo 2DS XL system (JAN-001) x 1 Nintendo 3DS AC adapter (WAP-002(UKV)/WAP-002(EUR)) x 1 New Nintendo 2DS XL stylus (JAN-004) x 1 Note: The stylus is located in the stylus holder on the underside of the system ( p. 13). Circle Pad microSDHC memory card x 1 Allows for precision movement Note: ( p.