June 2014 the WAR FOLLOWS THEM

June 2014 THE WAR FOLLOWS THEM

Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon

By: Keith David Watenpaugh, Adrienne L. Fricke, and James R. King June 2014 THE WAR FOLLOWS THEM

Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon

This publication was made possible in part by a grant from Carnegie Corporation of New York to the Institute of International Education (IIE) and the Global Platform for Syrian Students. The statements made and views expressed are solely the responsibility of the authors. or the report’s funders.

To download additional copies of this report, please visit us online at www.iie.org.

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Institute of International Education Institute of International Education Scholar Rescue Fund

This report on the conditions and educational needs of Syrian university students and scholars in Lebanon is part of a broader regional states. The study aims to provide policy and program recommendations for use by governments, multilateral agencies, international NGOs, donors, universities, and other institutions, with the overall goal of improving access to higher education for displaced Syrian university New York in September 2014, and at other conferences and events. The study will be published in the winter of 2014.

Institute of International Education A world leader in the international exchange of people and ideas, the Institute of International Education (IIE) designs and implements programs of study and training for students, educators, young professionals, and trainees from all sectors. Established in 1919 as an

IIE, Higher Education Emergencies, and the Scholar Rescue Fund (IIE-SRF) This study derives from IIE’s longstanding commitment to supporting higher education and national academies during periods of repression or emergency. IIE has assisted displaced and persecuted students and scholars since its founding, and has helped students and intellectuals who face threats to their lives or careers.

In response to the crisis in Syria, IIE has provided emergency support and educational opportunities to over 200 Syrian faculty and university more than 500 university students from Syria, Libya, and the Philippines, among other countries.

University of California, Davis Human Rights Initiative original research and policy recommendations that can be used by IIE, Consortium members, and other institutions, universities, multilateral agencies, and governments in their efforts to support Syrian faculty and university students.

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1. Introduction ...... 5

2. ...... 6 3. ...... 7 4. ...... 9 The Scope of the Problem ...... 9 ...... 11 ...... 13 5. ...... 13 ...... 10 Lebanon and Past Refugee Crises ...... 14 ...... 15 6. ...... 16 Lebanese Residency Permits ...... 17 Residency in Lebanon for Palestinian Residents of Syria ...... 17 ...... 18 7. ...... 19 ...... 19 8. ...... 20 ...... 21 ...... 21 ...... 22 9. ...... 22 Lack of Resources ...... 22 ...... 23 Restrictions on Course of Study and Issues of Language Preparation ...... 24 ...... 25 Political Threats / Fear of Violence ...... 25 10. ...... 26 11. Institutional Case Studies ...... 28 ...... 28 ...... 30 ...... 31 12. ...... 32 13. ...... 33 14. Further Readings ...... 36 15. Acknowledgements ...... 37 16. Endnotes ...... 38 View of the Tripoli coast. J. King, March 2014 4 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

INTRODUCTION

I schemes and program models internationally that are effectively supporting a limited number of Syrian refugees’ higher education needs. In addition, although the report addresses Syrians’ access to higher education within Lebanon, 1 we consider this issue to be the shared responsibility of the global higher education community at large, including Syria itself.2 Yahya spoke for millions of displaced Syrians universities, educational NGOs, and governments. Although Lebanon’s fragile and ineffective political system, as well have hope that things will get better, but it gets worse. Life is very hard here. There’s no work or anything to do. Now it’s as the severe economic problems facing the country, will render any intervention challenging, there is nonetheless a signiﬁcant collaboration between the Institute of International Education opportunity to increase the capacity of a number of existing programs while—potentially—replicating them, as well as to develop new how to improve their access to educational opportunities in initiatives in alliance with Lebanese and Syrian partners. and Turkey.

5 The situation for Syrian students and academics in Lebanon is constraints and physical threats, unwritten discriminatory meeting with Syrian students at an outdoor coffeehouse in the policies make Syrian students and academics vulnerable to northern city of Tripoli, unknown assailants attacked a nearby exclusion from higher education in Lebanon. At the same building. For members of the research team, that attack, time, the country’s weak regulatory system allows for along with personal narratives of terrible discrimination, universities are largely absent in terms of programs or policies Syria, the conditions are far from ideal for displaced students to address the critical higher education needs of displaced Syrians in Lebanon. Although Lebanon’s fragile and Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie ineffective political system, as well as the severe economic problems facing the country, will render any intervention R$)$!*+, T$!- M$-"$*),./ increase the capacity of a number of existing programs while – potentially – replicating them, as well as to develop new initiatives in alliance with Lebanese and Syrian partners. Any such efforts will need to take into account the problems that Syrian students face in terms of their physical and economic security; the entrenched and complex sectarian system of nature of networks of support. worked throughout the Arab world. Additional support for government forces captured the strategic city of Yabrud,

6 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

Maps of Lebanon and Beirut with 7 8 6 5 10 1 universities where Syrian students Shutterstock

interviewed were studying. 2 BEIRUT 3 11 Google Maps 2014 1 Lebanese University-Qubbeh 9 2 Al Jinan University 3 University of Balamand 4 Lebanese International 12 University-Khiyara 5 Lebanese American University 6 Arts, Sciences, & Technology University in Lebanon

4 7 American University of Beirut 8 Haigazian University 9 Beirut Arab University 10 La Sagesse University 11 Lebanese University

13 12 American University of Science & Technology 13 Islamic University of Lebanon

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This report is based on an assessment by a multidisciplinary or assist in overcoming – barriers this demographic faces in gaining access to higher education. by an earlier exploratory visit and extensive interviews and correspondence with stakeholders and experts in Lebanon. The research team conducted focus groups with more than education and within educational NGOs, the research team in 12 of Lebanon’s 44 universities, as well as students still seeking to enroll. Focus group sites included three areas with students enrolled in Lebanese universities and youths not 4 the concerns and travel restrictions at the time of the assessment, we did not conduct focus groups with university students In addition to their geographic diversity within Lebanon, participants represented Syria’s regional diversity as well. further attention and note that young people in this category face the added disadvantage of poor access to information

7 Syrian students discuss with Dr. Keith Watenpaugh challenges to further study. J. King, March 2014

professionals, some of whom have been in contact with IIE Syrians were interviewed, along with Syrians of Armenian through its Scholar Rescue Fund program. Palestinian refugee students from Syria. team was unable to provide any goods, services, or scholarship In addition to meeting with students, the team interviewed administrators and educational policymakers in Lebanon. obtained oral informed consent, including for photographs, and explained the security precautions we take to preserve obtain baseline data about the students’ educational of many of the country’s public and private higher education backgrounds, ages, geographical origins, and future goals, as resources, information exchange, and interactions with peers efforts to identify scholarship support and public service and institutions. The names of students included in this report have been changed to protect their privacy and safety.

8 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

Syrian students at Al Jinan University in Tripoli. J. King, March 2014

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The Scope of the Problem: Thousands of Syrian University Students Deprived from Higher Education Opportunities training, or a university. The rise of private universities after A common perception is that Syrian refugees come from boosted student numbers. As explained in detail in our earlier education was a critical engine of development and social education, professional development, and technical training has been disrupted as a result of the violence and general The war in Syria, however, has damaged university campuses deterioration at both Syria’s high schools and its public and private universities. Estimates from before the war indicate and travel to campus dangerous for many students and professors. As a result, it is likely that hundreds of thousands

9 of university students have had their education interrupted by She reported that she was not allowed to return to take her the violence, while thousands more have been prevented from even beginning their university education. after being arrested and detained four times for providing humanitarian assistance to displaced people in the suburbs had faced targeted violence in Syria. One such student – minutes longer, that would have been it. I don’t know how The role of highly-skilled and the Kata‘ib al-Ba‘ath, a paramilitary student group that has formed over the last year, and whose members wear uniforms educated young people in vulnerable and insignia on Syrian campuses. communities is not often the focus of established humanitarian policies and programs. This neglect of Syrian students are in Lebanon. Although neither the persists despite the fact that the stability of the Middle East- North Africa region, as well as the of the total registered refugee and displaced population in rebuilding of post-conﬂict Syria, depends on maintaining the human and intellectual capital these young displaced Syrian university students in Lebanon. people represent. and a serious expression – comes from a village near the into Lebanon over the last three years, data provided by the Lebanese 9 and a local NGO10 indicate that at most al-Ittihad al-Watani li-Tulab Suriyya), a be taken as representing the number of displaced Syrian prevented her from entering the campus after her name was university students in Lebanon, because they also include the listed as working with the Syrian Arab Red Crescent (SARC).

10 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

or came to its universities from abroad, particularly the is acute. In the years ahead, many Syrian refugees, including Arab Gulf. In fact, data suggests that rather than increasing those in Lebanon, will likely enter what is considered and sole public university – and several of Lebanon’s private universities is declining.11 low likelihood that the disruption at home that caused them (see table below). S!"#$%& E%"'(()* #% +,) L)-$%)&) U%#.)"&#+! (LU) 12 Taking into account this sobering timeline, the risks of ignoring access to higher 7000 9.00%

8.00% 6000 education for vulnerable Syrian youth in Lebanon are high. 7.00% 5000 6.00% 4000 5.00% 3000 4.00% 3.00% vulnerable communities is not often the focus of established 2000 2.00% 1000 humanitarian policies and programs. This neglect persists 1.00%

0 0.00% 2007–2008 2008–2009 2009–2010 2010–2011 2011–2012 2012–2013 2013–2014 Syrian Students Enrolled % of Total Enrollment Source: Ofﬁce of the Rector, Lebanese University, March 2014 depends on maintaining the human and intellectual capital a loss of overall income among Syrian families supporting education is important, but we must ask who the Syrian students in Lebanon; the need for students to suspend their teachers in the future will be if we neglect the university studies to seek paid employment; and the need to travel back to Syria or to other countries. In addition, male Syrian report Squandering Humanity, the economic losses in Syria students may have left the university, or never began, in order because of the collapse of its economy, health, and education Why Improving Higher Education Access for sectors. The failure to connect young Syrians in the refugee Displaced Syrians Matters population with higher educational and training opportunities now will only worsen that decline. It will also prevent them strategies for improving Syrians’ access to higher education recover in the future.

11 Educated young people also represent a possible resource several young Syrians of Armenian ethnicity, mostly from for an extended family group. As a young man in Tripoli was founded by Armenian Protestant missionaries. It has a small program for Syrian students that is supported by the before the war, he had no plans to go to a university and was able to continue their education in safety and security, and young men in his community, he faced an increasing threat of kidnapping for ransom, as well as forced military service. and society. Even if returning is not feasible, providing these These perils led his family to make the tough decision to students with higher education will enable them to be productive members of their community within their county of refuge, and mitigate the risk they will turn to extremism involved in humanitarian relief. or crime. In Tripoli, we interviewed a group of three very serious articulated a strong desire to return to Syria and help rebuild. from the embattled towns in Northern Syria, were studying

Diverse Syrian university-age students share their experiences with the research team in Beirut. J. King, March 2014 12 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

Islamic Studies after having completed a degree in French Literature. They reported that, in addition to picking up odd enrolled students were women. The dramatic decline in refugee crisis is having a negative impact on Syrian young established by Syrian exile groups that rent space in the women in particular. afternoons and evenings from private Lebanese elementary Advanced education helps foster the process of suburb near Tripoli.14 These young men expressed the hope empowerment and the delay of marriage and childbirth, that they might one day become leaders of the religious while displacement interrupts or ends altogether women’s Syrian women who are unable to pursue higher education Finally, providing displaced Syrian university students access may be vulnerable to being forced into economically strategic to educational opportunity is a practical demonstration of the marriages they may not want, as well as the loss of critical value of the human right to education. Though the authors professional and economic opportunities. One young Syrian of this right, the demonstrable relationship between higher future and we need support if we are going to be able to do education, peace, security, and development – not merely of Syrians but other displaced peoples as well – shows how inseparable that right is from the constellation of rights that that, regardless of how the right to education is construed, access to higher education is an issue of shared humanity, and, for university professionals and educators, a professional and collegial responsibility, with profound policy and humanitarian daughters to school, because university registration allows 15 young men to avoid compulsory military service.

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The presence of more than one million displaced Syrians has imposed an immense burden on the economy and social

13 Qualiﬁed young Syrian women who many of Lebanon’s own marginal poor, and those of existing are unable to pursue higher education may be vulnerable to being forced into economically strategic marriages Lebanon exacerbate the problems facing displaced Syrians. they may not want, as well as the loss of critical professional and Lebanon’s Sectarian Balance economic opportunities.

Politically, Lebanon is a weak state in the sense that its governmental institutions are less powerful than many woman wearing a large silver cross explained. She was clout. As a result, Lebanese policy makers and much of the population view social problems, politics, and security human rights have little currency. Central to this system, which is sometimes called a consociational regime, is the identity card at a checkpoint and her Syrian nationality was announced aloud. communities. The Shiite political and social movement Lebanon and Past Refugee Crises Lebanon is home to more than 450,000 Palestinian refugees, undermining the growing Shiite dominance of Lebanon. Another source of concern among many of Lebanon’s Shiites has become commonplace in the rhetoric of some of the to Palestinian disruption of the status quo ante. Regardless, rights or protections. 14 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

This same lack of protection applies to displaced articulate a coherent policy toward Syrian refugees will Syrians. Indeed, the historical memory of the perceived make the implementation of effective programs to address to a heightened anxiety about the presence of refugees, regardless of where they are from. That anxiety is manifest The Syrian Occupation of Lebanon: 1976-2005 have the appearance of permanence, although at the time of writing that decision was under review.20 In terms of access to universities, this anxiety contributes to reluctance by many Lebanon in an effort to assist Syria’s local allies. The effort to develop programs for displaced Syrians; such anxiety will also hamper any international or multinational effort to address that issue. The Lebanese government’s failure to should not stand, and indeed that Syrians and Lebanese were

Bullet holes on the Roman columns record the remnants of the Lebanese civil war. Solidere district, Beirut. J. King, March 2014

15 occupation is the general sense that elements of the Syrian mukhabarat) presence in the country. The occupation was generally unpopular among the for example, reported that they believed they have been spied upon, as well as harassed, by individuals they believed to be Syrian agents, who may or may not be students but are physically present on campus. Syria will ultimately lead to a renewed Syrian presence L)1$( C'%+)0+: L)-$%'%’& O2)% B'"*)" $%* C('&)* S'/#$( P'(#/#)&

One law student told us, “We’re displaced students, not the or otherwise limiting choices to maintain their legal status in Lebanon. Several of these options are discussed below. government or another group. Deal with us with humanity…I was just Lebanese Residency Permits a kid during the occupation. Don’t blame me.” In general, Lebanon has maintained an open border with bilateral agreement, Syrians entering Lebanon with valid may be renewed at no cost for an additional six months. At Lebanese people from alleged Israeli aggression and other threats, and that it was a humanitarian intervention. Younger Syrians remember that their country had helped Lebanese back over the border for at least 24 hours in order to obtain 20 Although a number of young people we interviewed reported that they had in the past arising from this memory of occupation, comes as a great returned to Syria through a legal checkpoint to gain a new surprise and disillusionment. As one law student told us, border with Syria appears to open or close based on sectarian

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regime, the Syrian Embassy is more like a secret 21). Similarly, a young woman attending the Lebanese Yet Lebanon is the only option for some Syrians, despite the perceived risks. One student, who had completed two years minutes to over four hours due to checkpoints. In contrast, Egyptian government abruptly suspended visas for Syrians reported that he was tempted to return to Aleppo despite the loses legal residency. Although it is technically possible to The high cost of residency permit renewal, and the danger for appeal for reinstatement, this appeal costs approximately many Syrians of crossing the border back into Syria in order 21 to gain a new free permit, means that maintaining residency through study in Lebanon may become even more important permits on the basis of their student status, which is less to young people hoping to keep their options open. expensive, others indicated that they were pursuing a Residency in Lebanon for Palestinian Residents of Syria the Syrian military.22 Palestinian residents of Syria face heightened residency Crossing the border may be dangerous on the Lebanese side when a Syrian holds an identity card showing he or she is of Interior announced the decision to restrict Palestinian suspected, cards have been destroyed by Lebanese border forms of documentation.24 guards in certain instances. In general, many of the students violate the customary international humanitarian legal norm we interviewed – Sunnis in particular – feared the Syrian of non-refoulement, which states that refugees cannot be state’s presence in Lebanon. According to one Lebanese returned or expelled to places where their lives or freedoms are threatened.25

17 medicine. Like many young Palestinian residents of Syria, Palestinian residents of Syria with a valid student visa for Lebanon were allowed to enter without restriction, although it is not clear whether they can still do so. ordered to leave. In Lebanon, he had hoped to study medicine, but because of many restrictive policies was unable to do so. kind of travel document he could use, as explained below. the renewal fees for his permit. In light of the new Lebanese government policies, he could not risk traveling back to Registering as Refugees with the UNHCR In considering the interplay of higher education and residency from the crowded Palestinian camp outside Tripoli to meet us, hoping to discover strategies for resuming his education. features of the legal frameworks for refugees there. Still another explained that he had trained in Syria as an forecloses third country study opportunities (or travel for any reason to third countries), since these countries are While some young men appear to be unlikely to issue visas to individuals who are claiming seeking residency permits on the basis refugee status, due to the perceived likelihood that they will seek asylum upon arrival. Lebanon has not signed the 1951 of their student status, which is less Refugee Convention, and therefore is not obliged to provide expensive, others indicated that they Convention travel documents to registered persons of concern were pursuing a university education because it grants them the added beneﬁt of deferment. They would register refugees in Lebanon. Although registration may otherwise be required to serve in the provide access to limited resources, and affords no formal legal protections against deportation, it does allow for the Syrian military.

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Syrian students with resources and scholarship support may be able to access elite universities like AUB, pictured here. J. King, March 2014

Overview of the Lebanese Higher on third countries making spaces available, and few Syrian Education System E*3/$+#'%$( C'%+)0+: public and private higher education sector, with 44 Lebanon’s Higher Education Sector and its institutions of higher education.29 Challenges for Displaced Syrian Students universities, and some are accredited internationally. Colleges and universities range from small campuses with fewer branch campuses, Lebanon’s higher education sector is now educational styles, and opportunities inherent in the Lebanese either on an American liberal arts model or, as a legacy of system, all of which affect Syrians’ access. Lebanon’s colonial past, the French university model. Several universities employ English or French as the language of instruction; only a few conduct coursework entirely in Arabic.

19 participation in certain Faculties of the state university. Lebanon’s universities were established after the end of neighboring Syria, foreign students made up as many as political party, or politician, and draw students from a limited T!2'('1#)& '4 S!"#$% U%#.)"&#+! geographical range. They rarely have an endowment or S+3*)%+& #% L)-$%'% payments for expenses and salaries. Transportation and travel three broad categories of displaced Syrian university students branch campuses in other parts of the country. young people whose families were living outside of Syria States. These students did not identify as displaced, and they experienced relatively less fear and loss than their peers.

Members of the research team (left) speak with Syrian student focus groups in Beirut. 20 K. Watenpaugh, March 2014 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

Although they saw Lebanon as a place to pursue higher education rather than a refuge, they also reported an interest in helping less fortunate Syrians. For example, Amal, a 22 they expressed concerns about conscription, as well as their ability to renew passports and travel. Several students we met were active in raising awareness about the needs of Syrian planned to continue their studies in North America or Europe, refugees. She pointed out a model shelter they had erected and, while indicating that they would like to return to Syria at some point, saw little opportunity there and would most likely seek employment and build careers elsewhere. effectiveness of these initiatives is unclear, they nonetheless indicate awareness even among the most elite Syrians in Urban Students at Risk Far and away the largest group our study encountered falls Students with Means Syrian youth who are able to attend Lebanon’s expensive private universities generally have access to external sources help support their families. This category includes students of funding. Often, money is received from relatives working who have received scholarship assistance and partial tuition outside of Syria, although some have scholarships. In general, remission from universities or foundations and NGOs, students attending expensive private universities in Lebanon including some in Syria like the Association of Religious receive support from relatives abroad in addition to support they may receive from their families in Syria. The biggest challenge facing even these students with their enrollment is to avoid military service in Syria. to completion of university studies. Nonetheless, there is a tremendous range of private university tuition costs in service, construction, and retail – with study is among the situation when they believe that such study will allow them to education options and relatively good resources, students the worse.

21 View from the campus of Al Jinan University. J. King, March 2014

Informal Camp-Based Student Refugees C,$(()%1)& $%* P"'-()5& F$/#%1 R)431)) $%* D#&2($/)* S+3*)%+& Lebanon has disallowed the establishment of refugee camps informal settlements, often renting open space from landlords and constructing temporary shelters. As discussed in the methodology section, we were unable to conduct focus Lack of Resources percentage of enrolled students prior to 2011, we believe to attend a university in Lebanon. They are ineligible for there are many displaced students in these communities. cost of living is high in Lebanon when compared to Syria, and those costs continue to rise as refugees’ demand for housing One student told us, “I’m working to afford to go to university, but I told us of having to choose between supporting themselves and their families, and paying tuition. Additional problems don’t actually have time to go to include higher tuition costs, devaluation of the Syrian Pound, the university.” struggles to pay residency fees, and inability to secure

22 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

All of these factors combine with the issues below and contribute to high dropout and deferment rates. In fact, many of the students we met appeared barely able to both study to go to university, but I don’t actually have time to go to the that young Syrians face few legal obstacles to employment situation, visibly shaken at the limited prospects in his future. workers elsewhere, they are at risk of workplace exploitation and wage theft, and have no legal recourse in the face of abuse by employers. accounting and has almost completed enough credits to enter One student, Gina, a tall blonde from Aleppo, was working a day, he could never have continued his studies without the Although she complained of being paid less than a Lebanese good to us, but in the end this is not a charity, it is a business. Employment and Lack of Post-Graduation Opportunities Young Syrian refugees, especially those with some university Lebanese law, their employment is illegal, but none of our restrictions, competitive work environment, and popular attitudes toward Syrians in the country. One researcher at social prowess, literacy, numeracy, and cultural competency. a Lebanese university told us that as part of a study he was conducting related to the refugee crisis, he had planned to cell phones in the local mall, healthcare, tutoring, and test hire Syrian data collectors but was refused by his university, preparation. Others are in construction, house painting, and childcare. Students admit to working long hours to support he must hire Lebanese.

23 Restrictions on Course of Study and Issues of Language Preparation added. A senior researcher on Lebanese education framed the high tuition and fees, de facto restrictions on possible courses they are not eligible but because they are not able to compete of study, and de jure limitations on professional opportunities with Lebanese students. The entry exams to such faculties are have all contributed to the Syrian higher educational crisis based on national secondary exams (the Lebanese curriculum) in Lebanon. of Syrian students pursue courses of study such as Letters from studying in various Faculties, due to a number of issues – including the language of instruction, differing curricula, Non-Lebanese are denied membership and a widespread belief that Syrians are not well educated in at least 25 professional syndicates, – Syrians reported that they believed study for careers in which effectively bars them from pharmacy, engineering, and medicine were not open to them crucial upwardly-mobile white-collar in at least 25 professional syndicates, which effectively bars opportunities in medicine, engineering, ﬁnance, and the law, were they to complete the relevant course of study. complete the relevant course of study.

One Syrian student explained the broader functional but the placement tests are completely in English and very Issues of communal identity may also play a role – usually subtle and unstated – in university admissions policies and of study involve a number of entrance exams in English, hiring practices for faculty. A specialist in Lebanese higher including math, physics and chemistry, which are reputed to

24 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

effects on them. Respondents reported high levels of worry and frustration. One Syrian university student candidly stated, within each branch to the same confessional groups, although In addition, for some Syrians with older family members and familial obligations, refugee registration would make travel to Syria impossible. A university administrator we spoke with experience with Palestinian refugees has contributed to the described a male student in his third year who had decided hostile reception many students face. In a group meeting attitudes exhibited by many Lebanese university administrators when discussing possible programs and policies for Syrians. In several cases, it was clear that their sense of educational Students expressed interest in personal, academic, and career mission or recognition of the basic human right to education did not extend to Syrians. Also, their collective attitude toward Syrian young people included a degree of animus that we, as found troubling. One Lebanese university administrator told Political Threats / Fear of Violence The perception that Syrian university students may pose a willingness to accept external funding for Syrian students, they way they are treated in both public and private educational be resented by Lebanese students and would risk exacerbating institutions. In areas of Lebanon where Christian or Shiite tensions on campus. This set of attitudes is in sharp contrast to the kind of support provided by small private universities, personal safety are common. In other parts of Lebanon, in particular Tripoli, which is overwhelmingly Sunni and whose Psycho-Social Problems and Isolation central Syria, Sunni students reported much better treatment. The reality that their homeland is at war and that many students have not seen or even heard from their families for – explained that they do not feel comfortable in metropolitan extended periods has had obvious social and psychological Tripoli, but feel safe in their confessional enclave.

25 generally treated fairly by their fellow Lebanese students, they association with the Syrian secret police. They also worry about the political allegiances of other Syrians on campus, and initial degree, but his family was against it. D#&2($/)* S!"#$% A/$*)5#/&

from continuing their education in Lebanon – political, One student stated, “I studied for my exams but I have no idea when academics as well. The primary challenge they face is I will get to take them. It has been weeks now. How can we call this a already saturated with prospective faculty. Legal impediments to employment, popular hostility to hiring Syrians, and the university? I attend only by risking perceived inferiority of the Syrian academy renders Syrians my blood.” He added that he was less competitive. This perception is further exacerbated tempted to return to Aleppo to try to ﬁnish his initial degree, but his compared to their Lebanese counterparts. As a Syrian professor who has taught in Lebanon for several decades family was against it.

Finally, some displaced Syrian university students may risk and contacts in Lebanon, others were struggling to increasingly plays out in Lebanon. This risk is especially navigate Lebanon’s diverse, complex, and competitive higher education sector. The role of a candidate’s religious for example, explained that she had initially believed that lies between the two warring communities, and the students we interviewed noted that they had been unable to take their her hijab, or veil, which shows the prevailing perception of

26 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

confessional bias. Another Syrian described the importance promise of attractive international partnerships for Lebanese universities – it is highly unlikely that Syrian scholars will be at the university who could help him with applying. able to continue their work in Lebanon’s current environment, Several seeking employment at Lebanon’s largest university. university administrators we spoke with, including partner with programs like IIE’s Scholar Rescue Fund to Lebanese higher education institutions face problems due to support their Syrian colleagues. the country’s restrictive labor laws and the obtuse criteria and processes for securing Lebanese work permits and residency Another important issue confronting Syrian academics barriers are compounded by the widespread sensitivity to academic who, as part of the hiring process at a Lebanese Syrian faculty employed at public institutions. Through this university, was compelled to have his wife sign a contract decision, which has implications far beyond Lebanon, the Syrian regime has effectively made it impossible for Syrian sign, she would have been denied residency in the country. academics to work temporarily outside Syria and keep their Syrian positions. The result is that they may be compelled to Lebanon’s tenuous political situation is also affecting Syrian academics. As with students, Syrian scholars with a history livelihood by leaving. in the country, fearing that the hands of the regime stretch into Lebanese universities. Several Lebanese university administrators expressed reluctance to hire Syrian faculty position in Lebanon. After applying for sabbatical from his who may be opposed to the Assad regime. One administrator home university in early 2014 and receiving conditional informed us that, for his university to hire a Syrian, the professor would need to sign a statement pledging to avoid broader decision. The scholar described attending a faculty any engagement in political activity. role in facilitating the academic integration of Syrian faculty about his ability to return to his university position in Syria

27 I%&+#+3+#'%$( C$&) S+3*#)& the number of Syrian university students enrolled at Lebanese has provided more than 250 scholarships to Syrian students, age students, there are some examples of Lebanese and Syrians establishing initiatives to support the integration of Syrians into Lebanon’s universities. Two such initiatives are Technology; and Lebanese International. might be applied as a model for Syrians. It should also be noted that various programs exist on an institutional basis to provide displaced Syrian students with students who are paying reduced tuition. LASeR supplements these tuition discounts with its own partial scholarships. by a Syrian businessman. There are also several programs that seek to assist Syrian students by connecting them to scholarships outside of Lebanon, such as the IIE Syria admissions and placement process. The LASeR scholarship is limited to Syrian university students who have been unable Platform, a Consortium partner. The Global Platform recently to continue their studies in Lebanon and are registered with from Lebanon to Portugal, where the students are pursuing undergraduate and graduate studies at universities in seven Portuguese cities. need. LASeR submits the list of its accepted students to partner universities. These universities then decide which C!)$ O'$: LASeR’s “Syrian Refugees Scholarship Program” The students are offered reduced tuition rates, while the remaining fees are paid by LASeR to the university as a university students into Lebanon, the Lebanese Association scholarship. Students who are accepted by LASeR and

28 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

In response to the massive inﬂux recipients of partial scholarships who cannot pay the remaining of displaced Syrian university students into Lebanon, the Lebanese

Association for Scientiﬁc Research LASeR recently expanded its compass to offer vocational (LASeR) developed the “Syrian and leadership training to scholarship recipients in the areas Refugees Scholarship Program,” a emotional intelligence. As part of this training, in the future, pilot initiative to increase the number of Syrian university students enrolled at Lebanese universities. to begin offering English language courses to its students their choice are offered counseling through LASeR to during summer 2014, in recognition of the fact that English different university. professional success for Syrians in Lebanon.

private universities by negotiating scholarships at little to no LASeR’s Syrian Refugees Scholarship Program could cost to the institution. It also taps into the universities’ desire enable many more Syrian university students to continue for positive exposure; it allows them to be seen as socially their education in Lebanon. In addition, although the LASeR responsible and supportive of the Syrian refugees, which is constituency is primarily Sunni, which represents the vast important in northern Lebanon in particular. replicated in other regions and communities as well. support primarily Sunni Syrians; rather, this focus is addressing the needs of Syrian refugees and that afford more natural constituency. employed given the various professional restrictions placed on

29 Drawings by Syrian children participating in Jusoor’s educational programs in Beirut. J. King, March 2014

C!)$ T5%: Jusoor’s “Refugee Education and students seeking to continue their university studies Program: Generation Hope for Syria” supports various educational initiatives for Syrians affected number of these students, who expressed a desire to both continue their education and help their fellow Syrians. enrolls Syrian students in primary and secondary schools effects, represents an important example of the benefits that throughout the country and provides informal education at students to opportunities to serve and work within their own communities. Syrian children. on their higher education options, both in Lebanon and displaced Syrian university students, with fundraising and internationally. These activities could be expanded with donor support and could also include the formal administration of networks among displaced Syrians, experience in higher

30 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

Grafﬁti near the former Green Line in Beirut. J. King, March 2014

as an effective link between international NGOs and donors, Syrian university students, and Lebanese universities. In addition, it has the advantage of being largely perceived by demonstrate a history of community service and leadership. from a variety of Syrian cities, religions, and ethnic groups, supplementary support to its students. In addition to paying the students’ tuition fees, the scholarship offers a monthly stipend, C!)$ T,*$$: USAID’s “University housing or a transportation allowance, medical insurance, a Scholarship Program” take intensive English courses.41 Finally, the program focuses Program in Lebanon, which provides undergraduate and the students’ future employment prospects. scholarships and supplemental support for Lebanese public 40 Although this program focuses exclusively sanctions on Syria and Syrians, could be replicated to target Syrian university students in Lebanon, especially if additional important scholarship models that are directly applicable to resources were devoted to language and leadership training the Syrian university student population in Lebanon.

31 KEY FINDINGS

1. students in Lebanon are not continuing any form of higher vulnerable Lebanese students as well in order to succeed. education or advanced training. 7. 2. attitudes and discriminatory practices toward them both Syrian students in Lebanon are unable to complete high on and off campus. as the resources of currently enrolled university students 8. are depleted. available resources all affect displaced Syrians’ ability to navigate Lebanon’s institutions of higher education, or, 3. for scholars, to secure academic employment. and male attendance rates at universities, male enrollment in Lebanon appears to stand at a much higher rate. 9. is increasingly playing out in the country, including on 4. a number of university campuses. Security concerns for Syrian university students and faculty in Lebanon are very hardship; the historical relationship between Lebanon and real, particularly for those who may have been politically Syria, local political issues; popular attitudes toward Syrians; and Lebanese university policies and practices. 10. Educational initiatives and opportunities that are 5. The practical impact of Syrian student enrollment on innovative and replicable, and for which the international Lebanon’s academic infrastructure has been negligible thus community could provide funding and build capacity, gap for private universities, as enrollment, especially from the Arabian Peninsula, has declined due to the insecurity in Lebanon. Enrollment of Syrian students at the Lebanese 11. Effective existing programs providing scholarship declined, as it has at several of Lebanon’s private universities. and displaced people have limited capacity as measured by personnel and funding, but are succeeding in local 6. Lebanese higher education institutions are generally resistant to establishing programs to support Syrian and creative solutions in part because they do not

32 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

12. academic work at Lebanese universities without external where many international NGOs and educational service providers are not, in some cases they may reinforce

GENERAL AND LEBANON!SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS

General Recommendations: to serve their community, especially in education, human rights, and physical and mental health care. This effort 1. might include university scholarships that are directly connect to higher education opportunities should become a graduation employment. Such programs can serve as a the intellectual capacity needed to undertake the work of other antisocial behavior. Furthermore, they represent an important opportunity to empower highly motivated youth with advanced skills and training to help meet the vast human right to education. humanitarian and educational needs of the Syrian refugee population. 2. 4. A range of higher education programs and solutions should be developed that can account for the diverse This research should also seek to understand how best to contexts within which displaced Syrians are living. In close the evident gender gaps in university attendance. agencies, NGOs, and universities should work with 3. Programs and initiatives should connect Syrian university coordinated response that offers targeted solutions to meet

33 students’ diverse needs. For example, the higher education opportunities and challenges for Syrians in Lebanon differ and Lebanon – to support displaced Syrian academics 7. North American and European governments should states, others have the educational background to pursue their studies in North America or Europe, and should be and visiting scholar visas to displaced Syrians, especially supported in this pursuit. 5. The international community, working primarily with international scholarships due to visa limitations from global higher education, should begin to shift the cost of the hosting country. connecting Syrian university students with educational opportunities in contiguous host states through various Lebanon-Speciﬁc Recommendations: measures, including helping those states expand capacity for all students, especially in language instruction. In 1. International NGOs, donor agencies, and universities particular, European and North American institutions of should work with consortia of Lebanese universities that higher learning should build collaborative relationships are interested in developing or expanding programs that with universities and educational NGOs in these countries to provide opportunities for scholarships and other support. Such programs should build these universities’ capacity in the areas of preparatory language instruction, academic and with universities in the region, assistance to Syrians should peer counseling, and work study opportunities, potentially IIE Syria Consortium, can help by connecting scholarships with applicants, assisting institutions in hosting Syrian 2. life abroad. 6. the number of visiting faculty positions at their institutions Scholarship Program. Given these campuses’ close for displaced and endangered Syrian university academics proximity, they could potentially share the costs for and professionals. Partnering with programs like the IIE intensive English language training programs and Scholar Rescue Fund can help ease this process. It is psychosocial, academic, and career counseling services,

34 The War Follows Them: Syrian University Students and Scholars in Lebanon | IIE | UCD-HRI

within the Syrian context, these scholarships have generally and faculty exchange programs with universities in the training. The implementation of a hybrid need / merit Syrian students. These consortia would be a platform from which fellowship and scholarship opportunities and service, rather than simply academic credentials, would achieving students with leadership potential who may lack 3. Establish an academic center for Syrians through established local NGOs that empowers local young Syrians with leadership roles. Such a center should work Scholarship Archetypes

Financial support could be tailored to meet the programmatic interests and priorities of institutional donors and might include several counseling, and visa advising; serve as an information hub for academic and scholarship opportunities; and interface Merit-based scholarships for elite students: with local, regional, and international NGOs. This direct funding to Lebanon’s top universities to ensure that Syria’s most promising students collaboration should also connect students to volunteer, are able to continue their studies. Merit- and need-based scholarships to non- elite students with academic promise and 4. Intergovernmental bodies, NGOs, universities, and donors demonstrated commitment to working with should be conscious of how their scholarship programs and refugees: priorities may or may not foster the perception or reality LASeR to develop programs that reach students with some access to funding (scholarships can be partial), and who have already demonstrated some potential of higher education to ease sectarian tension and ability, but will face challenges without support. build social comity and solidarity. Need-based scholarships to non-elite students: 5. LASeR that are able to access the vulnerable students who lack means.

6. a new generation of Syrian human rights and humanitarian activists from among vulnerable Syrian youth. refugees to provide educational and medical services within the Palestinian refugee environment. Such a model 7. would both increase opportunities for vulnerable Syrian term strategy toward the Syrian refugee population, the youth and enhance the ability of the Syrian community to international community should encourage it to ease labor meet its own basic educational and development needs by restrictions that might prevent Syrians from working within the refugee communities, especially in sectors such some extent, this effort is already underway in the context as education, health care, and the delivery of services. of second shift schools for Syrian children in Tripoli.