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Université François – Rabelais De Tours UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS – RABELAIS DE TOURS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SHS Histoire des Représentations THÈSE de co-tutelle avec New York University présentée par : Esra ARICI soutenue le : 30 juin 2010 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université François – Rabelais ; Discipline/ Spécialité : Lettres modernes / Littérature française (XVIII e siècle) LA RESURGENCE ET LA LIQUIDATION DES MODELES POLITIQUES ANTIQUES AU XVIII e SIECLE – DE DIDEROT A CHATEAUBRIAND THÈSE dirigée par : M. TATIN-GOURIER Jean-Jacques Professeur, Université François-Rabelais de Tours Mme DENEYS-TUNNEY Anne Professeur, New York University RAPPORTEURS : M. HOLLIER Denis Professeur, New York University Mme MILLER Judith Professeur, New York University JURY : Mme DENEYS-TUNNEY Anne Professeur, New York University M. GOMEZ-MULLER Alfredo Professeur, Université François-Rabelais de Tours M. HOLLIER Denis Professeur, New York University Mme MILLER Judith Professeur, New York University Mme QUETIN Laurine Professeur, Université François-Rabelais de Tours M. TATIN-GOURIER Jean-Jacques Professeur, Université François-Rabelais de Tours 1 A Catherine 2 REMERCIEMENTS J’exprime mes profonds remerciements à mes directeurs de thèse, Mme Anne Deneys- Tunney et M. Jean-Jacques Tatin-Gourier d’avoir accepté de diriger mes recherches dans le cadre d’une co-tutelle. Je remercie Mme Deneys-Tunney de m’avoir donné le goût du dix-huitième siècle, de ses précieux conseils et de ses vifs encouragements. J’exprime ma gratitude à M. Tatin-Gourier pour m’avoir accueillie au sein de son équipe à l’Université François-Rabelais. Je lui suis reconnaissante des ses lectures patientes, mais aussi de la liberté qu’il m’a accordée. Je remercie Mme Laurine Quétin, Messieurs Alfredo Gomez-Muller et Denis Hollier des efforts consentis pour participer à ce jury. Et je remercie Mme Judith Miller qui m’a suivie et guidée tout au long de mon cursus de Paris à New York, et qui est aujourd’hui à Tours. Mes remerciements vont également au Département de français de New York University dont l’appui administratif et financier m’a permis de mener à terme ce projet. Je tiens également à remercier M. et Mme Hunter, à l’origine de mon parcours américain et mes amis pour leur intérêt porté à mon travail. Merci à toute ma famille à qui je dois tout et plus encore ! Merci enfin à Catherine pour sa présence et son soutien indéfectible. 3 RESUME Le discours politique, à partir de 1770, période qui coïncide avec la crise parlementaire, est marqué par la récurrence des références à l’Antiquité : références positives aux modèles démocratiques, figures négatives des tyrans. Avec la Révolution, se produit une véritable saturation des références aux modèles politiques de l’Antiquité. Pourtant, les divisions des rangs révolutionnaires (modérés/girondins, jacobins/thermidoriens) entament peu à peu la crédibilité de ces modèles, dont l’œuvre de Chateaubriand, l’ Essai sur les Révolutions (1796, rééd. 1826), achèvera de manière systématique le démantèlement. Dans cette étude, nous nous proposons d’analyser les modalités de résurgence et de liquidation des modèles politiques antiques dans les œuvres de Diderot ( Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron ) (1778 rééd. 1782), la poésie d’André Chénier postérieure au départ du poète à Londres en 1787, sa prose et ses ïambes, l’œuvre dramaturgique du frère de celui-ci, Marie-Joseph Chénier, dans l’iconographie de David et enfin dans l’ Essai sur les révolutions de Chateaubriand. Mots clés : Diderot, André Chénier, Marie-Joseph Chénier, David, Chateaubriand, modèle, politique, antique, esthétique, stoïcisme, Sénèque, Juste Lipse, mimésis, tragédie, ïambe, néo-classicisme, Winckelmann 4 RESUME (English translation) The political discourse in the 1770s, which coincides with the parliamentary crisis, is marked by a recurrence of references to the Antiquity with positive references to democratic models and negative figures of tyranny. These references reach a true peak with the French Revolution before the divisions between the revolutionary parties (moderate Girondists/radical Jacobins) gradually degrade their credibility. Texts of certain eliminated revolutionaries, such as that of André Chénier, demonstrate that decline. Chateaubriand’s Essai sur les revolutions (1796, reed. 1826) disintegrates, in a systematic manner, the political antique models, which henceforth, become perceived as triggers of revolutionary acts in the post-thermidorian period. This thesis investigates the modalities of the revival and the liquidation of the political antique models through diverse esthetical genres during the late XVIII th and early XIX th centuries in Diderot’s Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron (1782), the poetry and the prose of André Chénier, the theater of Marie-Joseph Chénier, David’s paintings and Chateaubriand’s Essai sur les revolutions. Key words: Diderot, André Chénier, Marie-Joseph Chénier, David, Chateaubriand, politics, antique, esthetical, model, stoicism, Seneca, Justus Lipsius, mimesis, tragedy, neo- classicism, Winckelmann 5 TABLE DES MATIERES Dédicace 2 Remerciements 3 Résumé 4 Résumé en anglais 5 Table des matières 6 Liste des tableaux 8 Introduction 9 I. La résurgence et la réanimation des modèles antiques dans l’ Essai sur les règnes de Claude et de Néron de Diderot 19 I.1. La libre appropriation des historiens classiques et la redéfinition des modèles héroïques de l’Antiquité 20 I.2. L’ Ethos princier et la nature du Peuple : prudentia, justicia, auctoritas, ingenium populi 47 I.3. Une réflexion politique théorique 74 6 II. La réactualisation révolutionnaire des modèles antiques 94 II.1. André Chénier : de l’imitation à l’invention, de la poésie à la politique 95 II.2. Marie-Joseph Chénier : une fidélité ambiguë aux modèles antiques 141 II.3. David : la peinture des corps entre l’antique et le contemporain 178 II.3.a. Le néo-classicisme : Winckelmann et le Beau 179 II.3.b. La politisation de l’esthétique picturale 192 II.3.c. Une dépolitisation de l’esthétique picturale : le retour au Beau idéal 219 III. Le démantèlement des références antiques dans l’ Essai sur les révolutions de Chateaubriand 227 III.1. De l’ancienneté des hommes à l’ancienneté des révolutions 228 III.2. Les parallèles des Anciens et des Modernes 239 III.2.a. De la supériorité des Anciens : la fin des illusions modernes 248 III.2.b. De l’ancienneté des Anciens : la liquidation de l’Idéal antique 252 III.3. L’épuisement des modèles : le deuil du gouvernement idéal 257 III.4. La reprise de 1826 : la modernité des modernes 265 Conclusion 274 Annexe 287 Bibliographie 296 7 LISTE DES TABLEAUX Fig. 1 Antinoüs du Belvédère p. 287 Fig. 2 Hercule Farnèse p. 287 Fig. 3 Apollon du Belvédère p. 287 Fig. 4 Le Serment des Horaces , 1784, David p. 288 Fig. 5 Tyrannicides p. 288 Fig. 6 Les licteurs rapportent à Brutus les corps de ses fils, 1789, David p. 289 Fig. 7 Buste de Brutus p. 289 Fig. 8 Le Serment du Jeu de Paume , 1791, David p. 290 Fig. 9 Le Triomphe du Peuple français, 1794, David p. 290 Fig. 10 Indicateur du Serment du Jeu de Paume p. 291 Fig. 11 Marat à son dernier soupir, 1793, David p. 292 Fig. 12 Derniers moments de Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1793, David p. 293 Fig. 13 La mort du jeune Bara, 1794, David p. 293 Fig. 14 Les Sabines, 1799, David p. 294 Fig. 15 La Bastille dans les premiers jours de sa démolition, 1789, H. Robert p. 294 Fig. 16 Léonidas aux Thermopyles , 1814, David p. 295 Fig. 17 L’Amour et Psyché, 1817, David p. 295 8 INTRODUCTION 9 L’Antiquité constamment construite, déconstruite, réécrite semble avoir accompagné l’homme pendant des siècles dans sa marche vers la modernité. Ce constat liminaire peut paraître une évidence alors qu’il est, en vérité, complexe, multidisciplinaire et ambigu – ambiguïté, d’ailleurs en partie responsable du succès de l’Antiquité. Ce constat occulte en fait les questions de la vision de l’Antiquité en jeu et du public qui l’utilise et la diffuse. Toutefois, il est parfaitement possible d’examiner chaque période historique afin de répondre à ces questions. Les divergences contextuelles qui se multiplient et se complexifient au fur et à mesure de l’« éloignement » spatial et temporel de l’Antiquité, donnent nécessairement lieu à des interprétations protéiformes en fonction des époques et des épistémès. L’Antiquité chez les Pères de l’Eglise est distincte de celle des humanistes du XVIe siècle, celle-ci étant également différente de l’Antiquité telle que la représente la Cour du Roi Soleil. Pour ces diverses époques, les représentations de l’Antiquité, les enseignements qu’on y puise, influent, à l’aube de l’ère chrétienne, sur la formation des grands principes du christianisme, à la Renaissance, sur l’émergence de l’humanisme, et avec Louis XIV sur la mise en scène du pouvoir absolu du monarque. Ce qui unit ces regards portés sur les sources antiques, c’est que l’Antiquité, dont la supériorité est tantôt justifiée, tantôt fantasmée, se voit érigée en modèle. Elle s’affirme ainsi non seulement comme l’autorité ultime communément acceptée, mais elle devient le biais par lequel celui qui s’y réfère s’attribue cette même prépondérance. Bien entendu, ce rétablissement périodique du pouvoir des modèles antiques (qu’ils soient esthétiques, 10 philosophiques ou politiques) surtout face au christianisme et à certains courants « modernistes » masque des tensions et des rapports de force aussi complexes qu’épineux. Le XVIII e siècle ne fait pas exception. Mais dans ce siècle des philosophes s’opère une rupture majeure quant à l’usage des références antiques et quant aux enjeux dont ces dernières sont porteuses. Il serait bien évidemment fallacieux de proposer une date, un événement qui marqueraient cette rupture par rapport à ce qui précède, puisqu’il semble que ces grands changements s’opèrent insensiblement, insidieusement.
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