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Prometheus Through the Ages Trijsje Franssen Prometheus Through the Ages Prometheus through the Ages From Ancient Trickster to Future Human Submitted by Trijsje-Marie Franssen to the University of Exeter as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Philosophy September 2014 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ........................................................................... 1 Trijsje Franssen Prometheus Through the Ages Abstract This dissertation explores the role and significance of the ancient Greek myth of Prometheus in Western philosophy from Antiquity to today. Paying particular attention to its moral and existential meanings, an analysis of this in-depth investigation produces an overview of the exceptional array of the myth’s functions and themes. It demonstrates that the most significant functions of the Prometheus myth are its social, epistemic, ontological and moral functions and that the myth’s most significant themes are fire, rebellion, creation, human nature and ambiguity. The dissertation argues that this analysis brings to light meaningful information on two sides of a reference to the Prometheus myth: it reveals the nature, functions, themes and connotations of the myth, while information about these functions and themes provides access to fundamental meanings, moral statements and ontological concepts of the studied author. Based on its findings this work claims that, as in history, first, the Prometheus myth will still be meaningful in philosophy today; and second, that the analysis of the myth’s functions and themes will provide access to essential ideas underlying contemporary references to the myth. To prove the validity of these claims this thesis examines the contemporary debate on ‘human enhancement’. Advocates as well as opponents of enhancement make use of the Prometheus myth in order to support their arguments. Employing the acquired knowledge about the myth’s functions and themes, the dissertation analyses the references encountered. The results of this analysis confirm that the Prometheus myth still has a significant role in a contemporary philosophical context. They improve our understanding of the philosophical argument, ontological framework and ethics of the debate’s participants; and thus demonstrate that the information about the Prometheus myth acquired in this thesis is a useful means to reveal fundamental ideas and conceptualisations underlying contemporary (and possibly future) references to the myth. 2 Trijsje Franssen Prometheus Through the Ages Table of Contents 1. Introduction.............................................................................................6 1.1. Dissertation Subject and Aims............................................................6 1.2. A Definition of Myth.............................................................................8 1.3. The Myth of Prometheus....................................................................8 1.4. Mythological Characters.....................................................................9 1.5. The Plan for this Study.....................................................................11 2. The Ancient Myth of Prometheus........................................................13 2.1. Hesiod..............................................................................................13 2.1.1. Life’s Hardness........................................................................13 2.1.2. The Cunning Trickster.............................................................14 2.1.3. Humanity’s Benefactor?..........................................................15 2.1.4. Analysis...................................................................................18 2.2. Aeschylus........................................................................................20 2.2.1. Brute Force versus Cunning....................................................21 2.2.2. Hope, Foresight and Mortality.................................................21 2.2.3. Founder of the Arts..................................................................24 2.2.4. The Cunning and Foreseeing Rebel.......................................28 2.2.5. The End...................................................................................31 2.2.6. Analysis...................................................................................33 2.3. Plato.................................................................................................35 2.3.1. Gorgias....................................................................................35 2.3.2. Protagoras...............................................................................39 2.3.3. Analysis...................................................................................42 Conclusion....................................................................................................46 3. Prometheus’ Journey through History...............................................48 3.1. From Antiquity to Christianity............................................................48 3.1.1. Crafts, Customs and Practices................................................48 3.1.2. The Creation of the Human.....................................................54 3.1.3. Early Christianity.....................................................................56 3.2. From Early Middle Ages to Renaissance..........................................61 3.2.1. Boccaccio................................................................................62 3.2.2. Ficino.......................................................................................67 3.2.3. Pico della Mirandola................................................................72 3.2.4. Bovelles, Erasmus and Alciati.................................................74 3.3. From Renaissance to the Scientific Revolution................................79 3.3.1. Bacon......................................................................................79 3.3.2. Hobbes....................................................................................86 3.4. The Enlightenment............................................................................89 3.4.1. Rousseau................................................................................89 3 Trijsje Franssen Prometheus Through the Ages 3.4.2. Kant.........................................................................................89 3.5. The Romantic Era.............................................................................91 3.5.1. Goethe.....................................................................................91 3.5.2. Lord Byron...............................................................................95 3.5.3. Percy Bysshe Shelley..............................................................97 3.5.4. Mary Shelley..........................................................................103 3.6. The Masters of Suspicion...............................................................113 3.6.1. Marx......................................................................................113 3.6.2. Nietzsche...............................................................................117 3.6.3. Freud.....................................................................................123 3.7. The Modern Prometheus................................................................128 3.7.1. Gide.......................................................................................129 3.7.2. Kafka.....................................................................................135 3.7.3. Camus...................................................................................139 3.7.4. Anders...................................................................................141 Conclusion..................................................................................................147 4. Promethean Functions and Themes..............................................149 4.1. Myth – its Nature and Functions................................................149 4.1.1. Myth’s Reciprocal Relation with Society...............................150 4.1.2. Myth as Knowledge Formation.............................................153 4.1.3. Myth’s Ontological Meaning..................................................156 4.1.4. Myth’s Moral Function...........................................................159 4.2. The Promethean Themes..........................................................161 4.2.1. Fire........................................................................................162 4.2.1.1. Real-life Fire...............................................................162 4.2.1.2. Symbols and Meanings..............................................165 4.2.2. Rebellion...............................................................................168 4.2.2.1. The Ancient Rebel......................................................169 4.2.2.2. Heroic Boundary-Crossing.........................................170 4.2.2.3. Reckless Insurgency and Hubris................................173 4.2.2.4. Hubristic Heroism.......................................................175
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