DOCSLIB.ORG

Front Matter

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Front Matter Torrey_WWI on the Romanian Front 5/5/14 11:43 AM Page v © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. Contents List of Illustrations vii Preface xi List of Abbreviations xv 1. The Road to War, 1914–1916 1 2. The Romanian Army and War Plan 14 3. On the Eve of War 30 4. The Invasion of Transylvania 45 5. The War Opens on the Dobrogean Front 61 6. The Flămânda Maneuver 75 7. The Austro-German Counteroffensive in Transylvania 91 8. Battles on the Frontiers 110 9. The Battle for Wallachia 134 10. Retreat to Moldavia 154 11. Reconstructing the Romanian Army: January–June 1917 170 12. The Russo-Romanian Offensive: Mărăşti, July 1917 189 13. The Austro-German Offensive: Mărăşeşti, August 1917 210 14. The Austro-German Offensive: Oituz, August 1917 237 15. Between War and Peace: September 1917–January 1918 257 Torrey_WWI on the Romanian Front 5/5/14 11:43 AM Page vi © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. vi CONTENTS 16. Bessarabia and the Peace of Buftea: January–March 1918 271 17. Peace, Demobilization, Reentry: March–November 1918 293 Epilogue 314 In Conclusion 328 Notes 335 Selected List of Sources 395 Index 409 Torrey_WWI on the Romanian Front 5/5/14 11:43 AM Page vii © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. Illustrations MAPS 1. Romania: Pre-1914 and Post-1918. 2 2. Romanian War Plan—Hypothesis Z. 22 3. Romanian Advance into Transylvania. 47 4. The War Opens in Dobrogea. 63 5. The Battle of Sibiu, 26–29 September. 92 6. Counteroffensive of the German 9th Army, 25 September– 9 October. 101 7. Russo-Romanian Retreat in Dobrogea. 111 8. Battles in the Carpathian Passes. 119 9. Romanian Retreat on the Olt and the Jiu. 123 10. The Battle of Bucharest. 139 11. The Battles of Râmnicu-Sărat, Focşani, and Vrancea, December 1916–1917. 160 12. Offensive Plans for 1917. 192 13. The Battle of Mărăşti, 24 July–1 August 1917. 201 14. The Battle of Mărăşeşti, 6 August–3 September 1917. 213 15. The Battle of Oituz, 8–21 August 1917. 239 16. Romanian Military Occupation of Bessarabia. 274 17. Demarcation Lines in Transylvania, 1918–1919. 321 vii Torrey_WWI on the Romanian Front 5/5/14 11:43 AM Page viii © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. viii ILLUSTRATIONS PHOTOGRAPHS 1. King Ferdinand and Queen Marie. 5 2. Premier Ion I. C. Brătianu. 6 3. Romanian Generals. 27 4. German–Bulgarian higher command. 33 5. Field Marshal August von Mackensen, General Arthur Arz von Straussenburg, General Erich von Falkenhayn. 35 6. Romanian infantry crossing the Carpathians, 28 August 1916. 46 7. General Constantin Prezan, commander, North Army. 48 8. General Stefan Toshev, commander, Bulgarian 3rd Army. 62 9. General Andrei Zaionchkovskii. 65 10. General Alexandru Averescu. 76 11. Turkish infantry on the Romanian Front, 1916. 81 12. Pontoon bridge over the Danube, Flămânda Maneuver, 1 October 1916. 85 13. General Krafft von Delmensingen reports to Archduke Karl near Sibiu. 94 14. Alpine Corps monument. Olt Pass, “Das Alpenkorps 26–29 IX 1916.” 100 15. Romanians who died defending Braşov, 7–8 October 1916. 105 16. Returning Hungarian troops welcomed in Braşov, 8 October 1916. 106 17. General Falkenhayn at the front. 118 18. Romanian prisoners captured on the Olt. 127 19. General Ioan Dragalina, commander, 1st Army. 130 20. German prisoners captured on the Jiu. 132 21. Mackensen in Bucharest. 151 22. Destruction of Romanian oil district. 152 23. Romanians in full retreat toward Moldavia. 156 24. Behind the lines. 178 25. General Berthelot with some officers of the French military mission. 180 26. “Luncheon of the Franco-Romanian Farman 5 Aviation Group,” 1/14 June 1917. 186 27. General Dimitri Shcherbachev, commander, Romanian front. 191 28. Austro-Hungarian prisoners taken in Battle of Mărăşti. 206 Torrey_WWI on the Romanian Front 5/5/14 11:43 AM Page ix © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. ILLUSTRATIONS ix 29. German command observation post, Battle of Mărăşeşti. 215 30. General Curt von Morgen, commander, I Res. Corps. 218 31. General Eremia Grigorescu, commander of the Romanian First Army, confers with General Berthelot. 222 32. Romanian prisoners carrying a wounded comrade. 229 33. Lieutenant Erwin Rommel in 1917. 242 34. Russian soldiers in Romania, 1917. 262 35. Armistice negotiators at Focşani, 9 December 1917. 265 36. Premier Alexandru Marghiloman with Sfatul Ţării at signing of the Act of Union of Bessarabia with Romania. 282 37. Premier Averescu arrives at Buftea to meet with Mackensen, 18 February 1918. 287 38. King Ferdinand and Queen Marie review troops as demobilization begins, March 1918. 295 39. Premier Alexandru Marghiloman, March–November 1918. 297 40. General Constantin Christescu, chief of the General Staff, March–November 1918. 306 41. Victory parade in Bucharest, 1 December 1918. 319 42. General Prezan with Command of Troops in Transylvania, 1919. 326 TABLES 1. Statistics from the I Army Corps (2nd ID, 4th ID, 11th ID) under reconstruction south of Iaşi, 1917 175 2. Romanian and Russian losses in the Battle of Mărăşeşti, 1917 235 Torrey_WWI on the Romanian Front 5/5/14 11:43 AM Page x © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. Torrey_WWI on the Romanian Front 5/5/14 11:43 AM Page xi © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. Preface As I have pointed out elsewhere, Romania’s participation in World War I had a far-reaching impact on all the belligerents. Both the Central Powers and the Allied Coalition diverted substantial military resources to the Ro- manian Front, to the detriment of operations elsewhere. Moreover, the promises of territorial acquisitions that the Entente Powers reluctantly gave to win their new ally tied their hands in negotiating a peace settlement later.1 The Romanians, for their part, suffered through a crushing defeat in 1916, a hard-won trial by fire on the battlefield in 1917, and the traumatic impact of the Russian Revolution, which forced them into a disastrous sep- arate peace with the Central Powers. The eventual victory of the Entente allowed them to achieve the war aims for which they fought. Romanian historians, naturally, have always given prominent attention to the events on the Romanian Front from 1916 to 1918, which were deci- sive for the creation of modern Romania. During the interwar period, his- torians of other nations also devoted substantial attention to the subject. Their accounts, like the Romanian ones, be they official histories or inde- pendent studies, reflected their particular national perspective in both em- phasis and documentation. After World War II, while Romanian historians continued to elaborate on their nation’s role in the Great War, other histo- rians gave it scant attention, neglecting 1917 altogether. This was partly the result of lack of interest, but it was also related to the difficulty in access- ing Romanian libraries and archives. As the latter situation began to ease slowly beginning in the 1960s, I was able, over the succeeding 30 years, to make a series of extended visits, not only to Romanian archival reposito- xi Torrey_WWI on the Romanian Front 5/5/14 11:43 AM Page xii © University Press of Kansas. All rights reserved. Reproduction and distribution prohibited without permission of the Press. xii PREFACE ries but also to those of its one-time allies and enemies. Using this docu- mentation, I have already written about a number of specific aspects of the theme of Romania and the belligerents during 1914–1918. In this book, I seek to present a balanced survey of military operations and closely related events on the Romanian Front during 1916–1918 that includes the per- spective of the Central Powers as well as that of Romania and its allies. The neglected 1917 campaign is given the attention it deserves. Although this study draws on some of my earlier writings, it is a new synthesis, covering new topics and incorporating additional archival sources and recent secondary literature. Thus it is not an exhaustive oper- ational history, but I believe it presents sufficient detail and maps to enable readers to understand strategic and tactical decisions and follow their con- sequences on the battlefield. It also seeks to portray a slice of the human side of the war by reference to published and unpublished personal docu- ments. Because most readers are unlikely to have a detailed knowledge of Romania in this era, I have included background information about the country and its leaders. It is my hope that they, and even some academics whose specialties lie elsewhere, will gain a more complete understanding of this often overlooked chapter in the history of the First World War, one whose influence continues today. I would like to call the reader’s attention to the following. First, for con- sistency, all dates are given according to the Gregorian calendar in use today, even though Romania and Russia utilized the Julian calendar at that time. Second, while the terms Entente and Allies are used interchangeably to designate Romania’s brothers-in-arms until 1917, the latter designation is used after Russia left the war. Finally, the spelling of place-names in the text, and in the maps where possible, follows the Romanian form with a few exceptions—for example, Bucharest, Wallachia, Moldavia, Transylva- nia, Danube, Carpathian, and Bessarabia, which are given in the accepted English version.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mareşalul Alexandru Averescu, Un Om Pentru Istorie
    Magazin al Fundaţiei “Mareşal Alexandru Averescu” Străjer în calea Cadranfurtunilor militar buzoian Anul III, nr. 5, 9 martie 2009 Mareşalul 150 de ani de la naştere Alexandru Averescu, un om pentru istorie http://www.jointophq.ro ------------------- Străjer în calea furtunilor Magazin trimestrial Numai generalii care fac jertfe folositoare pătrund în Adresa: Buzău, str. Independenţei nr. 24 sufletul maselor. Tel. 0238.717.113 www.jointophq.ro Director : gl. bg. Dan Ghica-Radu COLECTIVUL DE REDACŢIE Redactor-şef: Redactor-şef adjunct: mr. Romeo Feraru Secretar de redacţie: col. (r) Constantin Dinu Redactori: - col (r) Mihai Goia - col. (r) Mihail Pîrlog - preot militar Alexandru Tudose - Emil Niculescu - Viorel Frîncu Departament economie: lt. col. (r) Gherghina Oprişan Departament difuzare: plt. adj. Dan Tinca Tipar: ISSN: 1843-4045 Responsabilitatea pentru conţinutul materialelor publicate aparţine exclusiv autorilor, conform art. 205- 206 Cod penal. Reproducerea textelor şi fotografiilor este permisă numai în condiţiile prevăzute de lege. Manuscrisele nu se înapoiază. Revista pune la dispoziţia celor interesaţi spaţii de publicitate. Numărul curent al revistei se găseşte pe site-ul fundaţiei, în format pdf. Revista se difuzează- 2 la - toate structurile militare din judeţul Buzău, la asociaţiile şi fundaţiile militare locale, precum şi la instituţiile civile interesate de conţinutul său. ------------------- Străjer în calea furtunilor Pro domo Numai generalii Evocarea unor personalităţi ale istoriei naţionale, rescrierea biografiei lor, radiografierea epocii şi, mai ales, a faptelor săvârşite de ei, precum care fac jertfe şi consemnarea acestor întâmplări în documente, jurnale, memorii şi iconografie, contribuie, esenţial, la o mai atentă evaluare a ceea ce am folositoare reprezentat şi, încă, mai reprezentăm în această parte a Europei.
    [Show full text]
  • World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives
    AP European History: Period 4.1 Teacher’s Edition World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives I. Long-term causes of World War I 4.1.I.A INT-9 A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente SP-6/17/18 1. 1871: The balance of power of Europe was upset by the decisive Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the German Empire. a. Bismarck thereafter feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France. b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans. 2. In 1879, the Dual Alliance emerged: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion. b. The Dual Alliance was based on German support for Austria in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans. c. This became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 a. It promised the neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890. This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it but now had no assurances it was safe from a German invasion. France courted Russia; the two became allies. Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria.
    [Show full text]
  • Political, Diplomatic and Military Aspects of Romania's Participation in the First World War
    Volume XXI 2018 ISSUE no.2 MBNA Publishing House Constanta 2018 SBNA PAPER OPEN ACCESS Political, diplomatic and military aspects of romania's participation in the first world war To cite this article: M. Zidaru, Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy, Vol. XXI 2018, pg. 202-212. Available online at www.anmb.ro ISSN: 2392-8956; ISSN-L: 1454-864X doi: 10.21279/1454-864X-18-I2-026 SBNA© 2018. This work is licensed under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 License Political, diplomatic and military aspects of romania's participation in the first world war M. Zidaru1 1Romanian Society of Historian. Constanta Branch Abstract: Although linked to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by a secret alliance treaty in 1883, Romania chose to declare itself neutral at the outbreak of hostilities in July 1914, relying on the interpretation of the "casus foederis" clauses. The army was in 1914 -1915 completely unprepared for such a war, public opinion, although pro-Entente in most of it, was not ready for this kind of war, and Ion I. C. Bratianu was convinced that he had to obtain a written assurance from the Russian Empire in view of his father's unpleasant experience from 1877-1878. This article analyze the political and military decisions after Romania entry in Great War. Although linked to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by a secret alliance treaty in 1883, Romania chose to declare itself neutral at the outbreak of hostilities in July 1914, relying on the interpretation of the "casus foederis" clauses. In the south, Romania has three major strategic interests in this region: - defense of the long Danubian border and the land border between the Danube and the Black Sea; - the keep open of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, through which 90% of the Romanian trade were made; - avoiding the isolation or political encirclement of Romania by keeping open the Thessaloniki-Nis- Danube communication, preventing its blocking as a result of local conflicts or taking over under strict control by one of the great powers in the region[1].
    [Show full text]
  • MONUMENTS for the ROMANIAN HEROES of 1917 Horia
    Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Online Edition Series on History and Archaeology ISSN 2067-5682 Volume 4, Number 4 / 2012 39 MONUMENTS FOR THE ROMANIAN HEROES OF 1917 ∗ Horia DUMITRESCU Abstract : During the Great War heavy battles took place on the Romanian teritorry, at Mǎrǎşti, M ărăş eşti and Oituz, in Vrancea County. In their memory were built the monuments presented below. Keywords : war, heroes, gratitude, monument, Mǎrǎşti, M ărăş eşti and Oituz. After two years of devastating war in Europe and after two years of neutrality, on August 14 th 1916, Romania joined the right and saint war of union, of fulfilling the national aims, legitimate and ancient, of the Romanian people. The inhabitans of Transylvania received the offensive of the Romanian army beyond the Carpathians with enthusiasm and joy. During only two months, the Romanian troops almost reached Sibiu. Being insufficiently supported by the countries of the Antanta, the Romanian army had to retreat fighting heroically for each piece of land. On the rivers Jiu and Olt, at Bucharest and Ramnicu-Sarat, the Romanian soldiers proved heroism simply legendary, sweeping away the intentions of the enemy to throw Romania out of war. The front became stable on the alignment of the Eastern Carpathians, the lower course of the rivers Putna and Siret and of the big river Danube. Moldavia remained the only free part of the country. Here was the strenght and the hope of the Romanian nation. After the recovery, after those intense preparations of June- July 1917, the fights of the Romanian army were to become real in the bright victory from Marasti since 24 th - 30 th of July 1917.
    [Show full text]
  • Instructori Autorizati Pentru Pregatirea Practica
    INSTRUCTORI AUTORIZATI PENTRU PREGATIREA PRACTICA CATEGORIA JUDET COD FISCAL DENUMIRE PFA ADRESA LOCALITATE TELEFON FAX AUTO AB 26375870 ALBU ALEXANDRU STR.TUDOR VLADIMIRESCU NR.46 A ALBA IULIA 258812591 B AB 19345841 AVRAM FLORIN STR.AMPOIULUI NR.6 BL.D2 AP.16 ALBA IULIA 722724151 B AB 20704434 BENA GHEORGHE ALEEA LACULUI NR.5 AP.16 SEBES 258734917 B AB 20348116 BISBOACA IOAN ALEEA DETUNATA NR.10 AP.19 ALBA IULIA 723729049 B AB 22878801 BORDA IOAN STR.AXENTE SEVER BL.11 AP.12 AIUD B AB 26283229 BUCUR VIOREL STR.FANTANELE NR.24 A ALBA IULIA 0258834799;0729942567 B AB 20972984 BULEA OCTAVIAN STR.CIOCIRLIEI NR.24 SEBES 0740-501147 B AB 23957032 CAPATA STEFAN STR.CETATII NR.5 SASCIORI 258741288 B AB 20859005 CATELINA IOAN SAT.SUGAG NR.11 SUGAG 742045465 B AB 25298116 CHINDEA VIOREL STR.MIHAI VITEAZU BL.2 AP.13 AIUD 745581847 B, A1 AB 25378134 CHIRILA VICTOR B-DUL REVOLUTIEI 1989 NR.22A AP.10 ALBA IULIA 0727-191214 B NICOLAE AB 20477510 CHIS IOAN STR.PETRU MAIOR NR.3 BL.15 AP.8 ALBA IULIA 745617714 B AB 26394588 CIOARA GEANI STR.HOREA NR.64 A CIMPENI 744779428 B SEPTIMIU AB 20364308 CIRA TEOFIL STR.CLOSCA NR.6 AP.80 ALBA IULIA 741660120 B AB 24407908 CORODEA NICOLAE POSAGA NR.221 POSAGA DE JOS 258776029 B 1 / 142 CATEGORIA JUDET COD FISCAL DENUMIRE PFA ADRESA LOCALITATE TELEFON FAX AUTO AB 24471617 COSTAN LAURENTIU- STR.GHEORGHE DOJA BL.D11 AP.5 AIUD 788784511 B VASILE AB 23378537 CRET VASILE RADU SAT.LUNCA MERILOR NR.55 BISTRA 741049908 B AB 24382587 CRISTIAN OVIDIU- STR.DACILOR NR.44 C ALBA IULIA 788402064 B IOAN AB 26638348 DREGHICI VASILE
    [Show full text]
  • The German Army, Vimy Ridge and the Elastic Defence in Depth in 1917
    Journal of Military and Strategic VOLUME 18, ISSUE 2 Studies “Lessons learned” in WWI: The German Army, Vimy Ridge and the Elastic Defence in Depth in 1917 Christian Stachelbeck The Battle of Arras in the spring of 1917 marked the beginning of the major allied offensives on the western front. The attack by the British 1st Army (Horne) and 3rd Army (Allenby) was intended to divert attention from the French main offensive under General Robert Nivelle at the Chemin des Dames (Nivelle Offensive). 1 The French commander-in-chief wanted to force the decisive breakthrough in the west. Between 9 and 12 April, the British had succeeded in penetrating the front across a width of 18 kilometres and advancing around six kilometres, while the Canadian corps (Byng), deployed for the first time in closed formation, seized the ridge near Vimy, which had been fiercely contested since late 1914.2 The success was paid for with the bloody loss of 1 On the German side, the battles at Arras between 2 April and 20 May 1917 were officially referred to as Schlacht bei Arras (Battle of Arras). In Canada, the term Battle of Vimy Ridge is commonly used for the initial phase of the battle. The seizure of Vimy ridge was a central objective of the offensive and was intended to secure the protection of the northern flank of the 3rd Army. 2 For detailed information on this, see: Jack Sheldon, The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914-1917 (Barnsley: Pen&Sword Military, 2008), p. 8. Sheldon's book, however, is basically a largely indiscriminate succession of extensive quotes from regimental histories, diaries and force files from the Bavarian War Archive (Kriegsarchiv) in Munich.
    [Show full text]
  • Heritage, Landscape and Conflict Archaeology
    THE EDGE OF EUROPE: HERITAGE, LANDSCAPE AND CONFLICT ARCHAEOLOGY by ROXANA-TALIDA ROMAN A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham May 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The research presented in this thesis addresses the significance of Romanian WWI sites as places of remembrance and heritage, by exploring the case of Maramureș against the standards of national and international heritage standards. The work provided the first ever survey of WWI sites on the Eastern Front, showing that the Prislop Pass conflictual landscape holds undeniable national and international heritage value both in terms of physical preservation and in terms of mapping on the memorial-historical record. The war sites demonstrate heritage and remembrance value by meeting heritage criteria on account of their preservation state, rarity, authenticity, research potential, the embedded war knowledge and their historical-memorial functions. The results of the research established that the war sites not only satisfy heritage legal requirements at various scales but are also endangered.
    [Show full text]
  • CONSTANTIN ARGETOIANU GLIMPSES on HIS LIFE Elena
    CONSTANTIN ARGETOIANU GLIMPSES ON HIS LIFE Elena-Mirela Ciuchea Rezumat: Autoarea – pornind de la cercetarea unor informaţii inedite din arhivele craiovene ale familiei Argetoianu, de la memoriile omului politic şi de la ceea ce s-a scris până la această dată – reconstituie principalele momente şi componente ale formării şi afirmării lui Constantin Argetoianu. Anii de studiu, mediul familial, prietenii, aptitudinile, posibilităţile şi disponibilităţile intelectuale, trăsăturile de caracter, interesul pentru studiu şi pasiunea pentru limbile străine, intrarea şi afirmarea în viaţa politică, contextul mai larg al epocii interbelice etc. sunt câteva din aspectele semnificative, decisive ale vieţii, activităţii şi personalităţii sale, pe care le rezumă acest articol. The interwar period in Romania had its political men presented either as “martyrs” of the nation or like some common thieves, forgetting that when it comes to Mother Nature, only few things keep their white or black nuance, everything maintaining rich varied grey nuances … because otherwise the world would be bored, isn’t it? Maniu hasn’t been too nice. Why? His Jesuit face made many people stay aside…still the same “sobriety” didn’t prevent him from washing his hands in a Pillatian way from things on which his whole life philosophy was based on. A lot more likable, but extremely controversial was Constantin Argetoianu, the chameleon of the interwar Romanian politics, the man that managed to show how easy it was to pass from bitter hatred to friendship and admiration, all depending on the interest. This Oltenian boyar, loved and admired by many, hated and sworn by more, tried with the use of some delicious “Memories” to exculpate him in front of history and time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diplomatic Battle for the United States, 1914-1917
    ACQUIRING AMERICA: THE DIPLOMATIC BATTLE FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1914-1917 Presented to The Division of History The University of Sheffield Fulfilment of the requirements for PhD by Justin Quinn Olmstead January 2013 Table of Contents Introduction 1: Pre-War Diplomacy 29 A Latent Animosity: German-American Relations 33 Britain and the U.S.: The Intimacy of Attraction and Repulsion 38 Rapprochement a la Kaiser Wilhelm 11 45 The Set Up 52 Advancing British Interests 55 Conclusion 59 2: The United States and Britain's Blockade 63 Neutrality and the Declaration of London 65 The Order in Council of 20 August 1914 73 Freedom of the Seas 83 Conclusion 92 3: The Diplomacy of U-Boat Warfare 94 The Chancellor's Challenge 96 The Chancellor's Decision 99 The President's Protest 111 The Belligerent's Responses 116 First Contact: The Impact of U-Boat Warfare 119 Conclusion 134 4: Diplomatic Acquisition via Mexico 137 Entering the Fray 140 Punitive Measures 145 Zimmerman's Gamble 155 Conclusion 159 5: The Peace Option 163 Posturing for Peace: 1914-1915 169 The House-Grey Memorandum 183 The German Peace Offer of 1916 193 Conclusion 197 6: Conclusion 200 Bibliography 227 Introduction Shortly after war was declared in August 1914 the undisputed leaders of each alliance, Great Britain and Gennany, found they were unable to win the war outright and began searching for further means to secure victory; the fonnation of a blockade, the use of submarines, attacking the flanks (Allied attacks in the Balkans and Baltic), Gennan Zeppelin bombardment of British coastal towns, and the diplomatic search for additional allies in an attempt to break the stalemate that had ensued soon after fighting had commenced.
    [Show full text]
  • Special Libraries, January 1914 Special Libraries Association
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Special Libraries, 1914 Special Libraries, 1910s 1-1-1914 Special Libraries, January 1914 Special Libraries Association Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1914 Part of the Cataloging and Metadata Commons, Collection Development and Management Commons, Information Literacy Commons, and the Scholarly Communication Commons Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, January 1914" (1914). Special Libraries, 1914. Book 1. http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1914/1 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1910s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1914 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Special Libraries Where the Special Library is a Necessity The scientific spirit is always that which seeks to learn all the facts on any one subject and when they are found strives to formulatc laws based on the facts and to put these laws into operation. It is a mark of the truly scientific spirit that it is impatient with those who assume a truth from a part only of the facts; or who initiate practice without that thorough comprehension of the laws of the subject which can only he had when all the facts are known and their rclntions determined. The advocates of what is now popularly called "Scientific Management" assert that they aim to learn the truth concerning factory production in all its varied phases and to base upon such study a practical system of standard industrial operation -Honorable William C.
    [Show full text]
  • Service in the United States Military 1909 William Q. Reno, Sr. Army
    MEN FOR OTHERS Service in the United States Military 1909 William Q. Reno, Sr. Army Lieutenant Veteran World War I 1923 Neal E. Fitzgerald Lieutenant Veteran World War II 1925 Joseph A. Mendryga KIA World War II Killed in action 1928 Paul J. Schafer Army Retired World War II Somewhere in 1929 Adam B. Kronk Army Lieutenant Veteran France "suffered injuries to his legs" World War II Battalion Surgeon 1931 Stephen M. Gillespie Army Major Veteran with the 1st Army on the Wetern Front; Bronze Star World War II Participated in D- Day with the 18th Infantry 1931 William M. Moynihan Army Major Veteran Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division 1932 James G. Andary Veteran World War II 1932 Raymond M. Andries Veteran World War II 1932 Elmer J. Barton Veteran World War II Updated: January 30, 2018 Page 1 of 114 MEN FOR OTHERS Service in the United States Military 1932 James C. Berg Veteran World War II World War II Dental Corps; Served in European Theater " … 1932 Robert E. Coleman Army Captain Veteran from the Beaches of Normandy to ... Bremen, as my four battle stars will attest." 1932 C. Creedon Veteran World War II 1932 William Janecek Army Veteran World War II Dental Corps Lieutenant 1932 William R. Mulleavy Veteran World War II Colonel 1932 Casimir J. Rozak Veteran World War II 1932 Ralph S. Sharkey Army Veteran World War II 1932 F. Sward Veteran World War II World War II Decorated Naval 1932 Dawson Taylor Navy Veteran Officer "radar school before he went to sea." 1932 W.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Overlord James Clinton Emmert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2002 Operation overlord James Clinton Emmert Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Emmert, James Clinton, "Operation overlord" (2002). LSU Master's Theses. 619. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/619 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OPERATION OVERLORD A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Arts in The Interdepartmental Program in Liberal Arts by James Clinton Emmert B.A., Louisiana State University, 1996 May 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the support of numerous persons. First, I would never have been able to finish if I had not had the help and support of my wife, Esther, who not only encouraged me and proofed my work, but also took care of our newborn twins alone while I wrote. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Stanley Hilton, who spent time helping me refine my thoughts about the invasion and whose editing skills helped give life to this paper. Finally, I would like to thank the faculty of Louisiana State University for their guidance and the knowledge that they shared with me.
    [Show full text]