Het Geslacht Pyrus
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Tree Planting and Management
COMMONWEALTH WAR GRAVES COMMISSION Tree Planting and Management Breadth of Opportunity The spread of the Commission's responsibilities over some 148 countries in temperate, mediterranean, tropical and desert climates provides wonderful opportunities to experiment with nature's wealth of tree species. We are particularly fortunate in being able to grow many interesting and beautiful trees and we will explain how we manage them and what splendid specimens they can make. Why Plant Trees? Trees are planted for a variety of reasons: their amenity value, leaf shape and size, flowers, fruit, habit, form, bark, landscape value, shelter or screening, backcloth planting, shade, noise and pollution reduction, soil stabilisation and to encourage wild life. Often we plant trees solely for their amenity value. That is, the beauty of the tree itself. This can be from the leaves such as those in Robinia pseudoacacia 'Frisia', the flowers in the tropical tree Tabebuia or Albizia, the crimson stems of the sealing wax palm (Cyrtostachys renda), or the fruit as in Magnolia grandiflora. above: Sealing wax palms at Taiping War Cemetery, Malaysia with insert of the fruit of Magnolia grandiflora Selection Generally speaking the form of the left: The tropical tree Tabebuia tree is very often a major contributing factor and this, together with a sound knowledge of below: Flowers of the tropical the situation in which the tree is to tree Albizia julibrissin be grown, guides the decision to the best choice of species. Exposure is a major limitation to the free choice of species in northern Europe especially and trees such as Sorbus, Betula, Tilia, Fraxinus, Crataegus and fastigiate yews play an important role in any landscape design where the elements are seriously against a wider selection. -
Pyrus Salicifolia 'Pendula'
http://www.vdberk.ru/derevya/pyrus-salicifolia-pendula/ Rosaceae Pyrus Pyrus salicifolia 'Pendula' Height 5 - 6 m ????? broad weeping, half-open crown ???? ? ????? bark silvery grey, young twigs silvery white ???? narrow elliptical to lanceolate, velvety white, 4 - 9 cm long ????? in umbels, creamy-white, Ø approx. 2.5 cm, April/May ????? pear-shaped, green with brown lenticels, 2 – 3 cm ???????/???? none ?????????? ?????????? (??????) ??? ????? places little demands ????????? ????? suitable for dry soil ??????? tolerates paving ????????????? 5b (-26,0 to -23,4 °C) Wind resistance good ?????, ?????, ???? resistant to frost (WH 1 - 6) ??????????? ? ????? light-loving ??????-????? ???????? ??? valuable for bees (honey plant), provides food for birds ???????? ?????, ????? ??? ????????, ????? ????????????, ????????, ???? ?? ?????, ?????????, ?????????? ???????????? ????, ??????? ????, ????????? ????, ?????????? ??????? ???/????? ????????? ??????, ????????????? ??????, ?????????? ??????, ??????? Origin unknown Broadly growing weeping tree with protruding, pendulous branches with thin twigs that grow straight downward. The height is approx 5 -6 m and the tree often grows equally broad. The bark is silvery grey, twigs are lighter grey. Young twigs in particular are slightly hairy. The twigs have irregular thorns. The narrow elliptical to leaceolate leaves are grey-white, later greyish green and have a velvety hair. The underside remains grey-white and practically bare. The leaf is very similar to willow leaves (salicifolia = willow leaf) and remains on the tree until late in the autumn. The creamy white flowers grow in umbels of 6 – 8 together and appear at the same time as the leaves. They do not stand out very well amidst the silvery grey leaves. Places little demands on the soil. Tolerates dry conditions. More weeping manner of growth than the species and thus used more frequently. © Copyright Boomkwekerij Gebr. Van den Berk B.V. 2021. -
Origin, Domestication, and Dispersing of Pear (Pyrus Spp.)
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Agriculture Volume 2014, Article ID 541097, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/541097 Review Article Origin, Domestication, and Dispersing of Pear (Pyrus spp.) G. J. Silva, Tatiane Medeiros Souza, Rosa Lía Barbieri, and Antonio Costa de Oliveira Plant Genomics and Breeding Center, Federal University of Pelotas, 96001-970 Pelotas, RS, Brazil Correspondence should be addressed to Antonio Costa de Oliveira; [email protected] Received 11 March 2014; Accepted 29 April 2014; Published 9 June 2014 Academic Editor: Innocenzo Muzzalupo Copyright © 2014 G. J. Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The pear (Pyrus communis L.) is a typical fruit of temperate regions, having its origin and domestication at two different points, China and Asia Minor until the Middle East. It is the fifth most widely produced fruit in the world, being produced mainly in China, Europe, and the United States. Pear belongs to rosaceous family, being a close “cousin” of the apple, but with some particularities that make this fruit special with a delicate flavor. Thus, it deserves a special attention and a meticulous review of all the history involved, and the recent research devoted to it, because of the economic and cultural importance of this fruit in a range of countries and cultures. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review is to approach the history of the origin, domestication, and dispersal of pears, as well as reporting their botany, their current scenario in the world, and their breeding and conservation. -
Pěstujeme Hrušně a Kdouloně
��������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������� ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �������������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ������������ ������ �� ������������ ���������� ��������� ������������� ����������� ����������������� ������������ ����������� ������ ����� �� ������������ ����������� ���������� ������ ������������ ��������� ������������� ����� ������������� ����������� �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� -
Reconstruction of the Largest Pedigree Network for Pear Cultivars and Evaluation of The
G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics Early Online, published on July 16, 2020 as doi:10.1534/g3.120.401327 1 Title 2 Reconstruction of the largest pedigree network for pear cultivars and evaluation of the 3 genetic diversity of the USDA-ARS National Pyrus collection 4 5 Authors 6 Sara Montanari*1, Joseph Postman†, Nahla V. Bassil† and David B. Neale* 7 8 * Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA 9 † USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, 10 OR, USA. 11 1 © The Author(s) 2020. Published by the Genetics Society of America. 12 Short running title: Pyrus germplasm genetic characterization 13 14 Key words 15 population structure; germplasm characterization; single nucleotide polymorphism markers; 16 biodiversity conservation; pear breeding 17 18 1 Corresponding author: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields 19 Avenue, 95616 Davis, CA, USA. Email: [email protected]; current email address: 20 [email protected] 21 22 Abstract 23 The USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon, 24 maintains one of the world’s largest and most diverse living Pyrus collection. A thorough 25 genetic characterization of this germplasm will provide relevant information to optimize the 26 conservation strategy of pear biodiversity, support the use of this germplasm in breeding, and 27 increase our knowledge of Pyrus taxonomy, evolution, and domestication. In the last two 28 decades simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been used at the NCGR for cultivar 29 identification and small population structure analysis. However, the recent development of 30 the Applied Biosystems™ Axiom™ Pear 70K Genotyping Array has allowed high-density 31 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genotyping of almost the entire collection. -
Isolation and Characterization of Putative Functional Long Terminal
Jiang et al. Mobile DNA (2016) 7:1 DOI 10.1186/s13100-016-0058-8 RESEARCH Open Access Isolation and characterization of putative functional long terminal repeat retrotransposons in the Pyrus genome Shuang Jiang1,2, Danying Cai3, Yongwang Sun1,4,5 and Yuanwen Teng1,4,5* Abstract Background: Long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons constitute 42.4 % of the genome of the ‘Suli’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia white pear group), implying that retrotransposons have played important roles in Pyrus evolution. Therefore, further analysis of retrotransposons will enhance our understanding of the evolutionary history of Pyrus. Results: We identified 1836 LTR-retrotransposons in the ‘Suli’ pear genome, of which 440 LTR-retrotransposons were predicted to contain at least two of three gene models (gag, integrase and reverse transcriptase). Because these were most likely to be functional transposons, we focused our analyses on this set of 440. Most of the LTR-retrotransposons were estimated to have inserted into the genome less than 2.5 million years ago. Sequence analysis showed that the reverse transcriptase component of the identified LTR-retrotransposons was highly heterogeneous. Analyses of transcripts assembled from RNA-Seq databases of two cultivars of Pyrus species showed that LTR-retrotransposons were expressed in the buds and fruit of Pyrus. A total of 734 coding sequences in the ‘Suli’ genome were disrupted by the identified LTR-retrotransposons. Five high-copy-number LTR-retrotransposon families were identified in Pyrus. These families were rarely found in the genomes of Malus and Prunus, but were distributed extensively in Pyrus and abundance varied between species. Conclusions: We identified potentially functional, full-length LTR-retrotransposons with three gene models in the ‘Suli’ genome. -
Progress in Pear Improvement
PROGRESS IN PEAR IMPROVEMENT J. R. MAGNESS, Principal Pomologist, Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry X HE pear, like the apple, first came to us from western Asia by way of European countries. Its history in Europe closely parallels that of the apple. Apparently indigenous in the region from the Caspian Sea westward into Europe, whence so many of our fruits came, the pear was doubtless used as food long before agriculture was developed as an industry. ^ Hedrick, in the Pears of New York, gives an excellent summary of its history and development during the last 3,000 years. Nearly 1,000 years before the Christian Era, Homer listed pears as one of the fruits in the garden of Alcinous, thus indicating that they were known to the Greeks of his day. Prior to the Christian Era at least a few varieties were known. Theophrastus (370-286 B. C.) mentioned both wild pears and cultivated named varieties and de- scribed grafting. Pliny, of ancient Rome, named more than 40 varieties. With the migrations of the Romans the pear was distrib- uted throughout temperate Europe. At the time of the discovery of North America, a number of varieties were known in Italy, France, Germany, and England, but there was little progress in the culture of the pear, at least as far as is known, from the early Christian Era until about the beginning of the sixteenth century. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there was a tre- mendous interest in pear breeding and improvement, particularly in Belgium and France. -
Correspondence
Persian J. Acarol., 2021, Vol. 10, No. 23, pp. 351–357. https://doi.org/10.22073/pja.v10i3.68875 Journal homepage: http://www.biotaxa.org/pja Correspondence Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Prostigmata) on common pear (Pyrus communis L.): species diversity and varietal attractiveness in the Fomin Botanical Garden (Kyiv, Ukraine) Lesia M. Bondareva1* and Рetro Ya. Chumak2 1. Department of Integrated Protection and Plant Quarantine, Faculty of Plant Protection, Biotechnology and Ecology, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyiv, Ukraine; E-mail: [email protected] 2. Department of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Agronomy Faculty, Polissia National University, Zhytomyr, Ukraine; E-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author PAPER INFO.: Received: 18 May 2021, Accepted: 10 July 2021, Published: 15 July 2021 Mites of the superfamily Eriophyoidea Nalepa, 1898, are important pests in agriculture and forestry worldwide (Lindquist et al. 1996; de Lillo et al. 2018). The high economic significance of four- legged mites is associated with their ability to carry phytopathogens and cause the formation of various damages on plants, such as galls, "witch brooms", bud overgrowth, etc. (Sukhareva 1992). That is why many species of four-legged mites, along with spider mites, aphids and other plant pests, are included in the quarantine lists of phytosanitary control services around the world (Chetverikov et al. 2015). To date, about 5000 species of eriophyoids have been described, which, according to some researchers, is no more than 20% of their world diversity (Amrine et al. 2003). Most of the described species freely live on plants, and only 15–20% of the species live in natural shelters on the host or inside the galls they form. -
Growing Cider Apples
MAY 2008 PRIMEFACT 796 (REPLACES AGFACT H4.1.11) Growing cider apples David Pickering damage to cider fruit does not present anywhere Technical Officer, Science and Research, Orange near as much of a problem as it does in dessert fruit. Harvesting. The crop can be mechanically harvested (see warning notes under ‘Rootstocks’) Introduction since the apple-crushing procedure is usually Growing cider apples is very similar to growing carried out shortly after harvesting. The pulping and dessert apple varieties. They have similar cultural pressing processes quickly nullify any bruising of requirements of climate, soils, site selection, the fruit caused during the harvest. However, if the nutrition, irrigation and pest and disease control. fruit is to be stored for a period before it is processed, then the overall quality of the finished juice product will be reduced if there are significant Making cider quantities of bruised and damaged fruit. Cider is made by pressing apples to produce juice, The equipment used in a mechanical harvesting then fermenting that juice to make cider. Most operation can include tree shakers, blowers, commercial ciders available in Australia are a blend sweepers and washers. of dessert and cider apple varieties, although cider can be made exclusively from cider apple juice. Biennial bearing The term ‘cider’ is used in Britain and Europe in much the same way as it is used in Australia, i.e. to Biennial bearing, where heavy yields one year are refer to the fermented and therefore alcoholic followed by light or non-existent yields the next, product. Cider is also a popular drink in France can be a major problem with some cider varieties. -
Dendrobiology 60.Vp
2008, vol. 60, 45–49 Wojciech Antkowiak, Aneta Czarna, Magdalena Wawrzyniak Pyrus × myloslavensis (P. communis L. × P. salicifolia Pall.) – a new spontaneous pear hybrid Received: 12 September 2008, Accepted: 8 December 2008 Abstract: The paper describes a new taxon: Pyrus × myloslavensis, i.e. a spontaneous hybrid between P. communis (Common Pear) and P. salicifolia (Willowleaf Pear), found near Miłosław town (Wielkopolska province, West Poland). No such hybrid has been reported in the literature so far. P. × myloslavensis has ellip- tic leaves, 1.1–7.6 cm long and 1.0–2.9 cm wide, margin entire, near the apex shallowly and remotely serrate, shortly acute, silvery tomentose on both sides. Fruit of the hybrid is relatively large (mean weight 56.2 g), green-yellow, without rust-coloured patches and blush. Additional key words: Pyrus communis, Pyrus salicifolia, Pyrus hybrid, Pyrus × myloslavensis, taxonomy Address: Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Botany, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznań, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] Introduction In Poland, in the wild, the most common is Wild Pear Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. and its frequent hy- brids with the cultivated European Pear P. communis L. (= P. domestica Med.), termed P. × amphigenea Domin ex Dostálek. During floristic field research in 2001, in the village of Nowa Wieś Podgórna (Fig. 1) near the road to Pyzdry (West Poland), we found a pear tree that clearly differed from the above-mentioned taxa. It is characterized by narrowly elliptic, tomentose leaves, and relatively large fruit. A detailed analysis of characteristics of this unique pear tree suggests that it can be a hybrid between the commonly cultivated P. -
Dwarfing-Canopy and Rootstock Cultivars for Fruit Trees
ISSN 0100-2945 DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.1590/0100-29452019997 Propagation Dwarfing-canopy and rootstock cultivars for fruit trees 1 2 3 4 Luiz Carlos Donadio , Ildo Eliezer Lederman , Sergio Ruffo Roberto , Eduardo Sanches Stucchi Abstract - As fruit trees generally have a large size, the production of small or even dwarf trees is of great interest for most of fruit crops. In this review, some of the main tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit trees that have small or even dwarfing cultivars are approached. The causes of dwarfism, although the use of dwarfing rootstocks, is the main theme of this review. The factors that affect the size of the fruit trees are also approached, as well the dwarf cultivars of banana, papaya and cashew, and the dwarf rootstocks for guava, mango, anonaceae, loquat, citrus, apple and peach trees. Index terms: high-density plantings; spacings; dwarf fruit trees. Cultivares-copa e porta-enxertos ananicantes para plantas frutíferas Resumo - Como as plantas frutíferas apresentam em geral porte elevado, a obtenção de plantas de porte reduzido, ou até anãs, é de grande interesse na fruticultura. Nesta revisão são comentadas algumas das principais plantas frutíferas de clima tropical, subtropical ou temperado que têm variedades de porte reduzido, ou mesmo anãs. As causas do nanismo e o uso de porta-enxertos ananicantes são os principais temas desta revisão. São abordados também os fatores que afetam o porte das plantas frutíferas, as variedades-copa anãs em bananeira, mamoeiro e cajueiro, bem como os porta-enxertos ananicantes para goiabeira, mangueira, anonáceas, nespereira, citros, macieira e pessegueiro. -
A Cooperative Guide
A Cooperative Guide Growing Trees and Vegetation Within Electrical Transmission Line Corridors A Cooperative Effort Between College of Natural Resources University of Wisconsin – Stevens Point Richard Hauer, Assistant Professor of Urban Forestry Michael Demchik, Associate Professor of Forestry John DuPlissis, Extension Forestry Outreach Specialist Andrew Koser, Undergraduate Research Specialist Andrew Noth, Undergraduate Research Specialist And Dairyland Power Cooperative A Cooperative Guide - Growing Trees and Vegetation Within Electrical Transmission Line Corridors PROJECT CREDITS Technical Writing Team: Andrew Koser, Andrew Noth, Dr. Richard Hauer, Dr. Michael Demchik, John DuPlissis Graphic Design and Layout: Dr. Richard Hauer Photo Credits: Richard Hauer, Dave Hanson, Laura Jull or as noted. Figure 3 (Reprinted with permission of the Edison Electric Institute) The authors gratefully thank Dennis Fallon (Excel Energy), Brian Asmus (Minnesota Power), and Byron Johnson (Great River Energy) and Dairyland Power Cooperative for their constructive reviews and comments with this publication. A Cooperative Guide - Growing Trees and Vegetation Within Electrical Transmission Line Corridors airyland Power Cooperative has developed a long history of providing safe, reliable and economical electrical energy to its member cooperatives from its beginning in D 1941. Today, Dairyland supplies the total wholesale electrical energy requirements for its member rural electric cooperatives, as well as a number of municipalities, within a service territory