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Barbados Green Economy Scoping Study

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Barbados Green Economy Scoping Study Government of Barbados Permanent Secretary Ministry of the Environment and Drainage, Environment Division Warrens Tower 2 9th and 10th Floors Warrens, St. Michael Barbados T: +1 (246) 467 5721/5700 F: +1 (246) 437 8859 E: [email protected] www.gisbarbados.gov.bb Scoping Study University of the West Indies Office of the Pro Vice-Chancellor and Principal University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus St. Michael Barbados T: +1 (246) 417 4030-32 BARBADOS F: +1 (246) 417 0246 E: [email protected] www.cavehill.uwi.edu UNEP Division of Technology, Industry & Environment Economics and Trade Branch 11-13, chemin des Anémones 1219 Châtelaine / Geneva Switzerland T: +41 (0)22 917 8243 F: +41 (0)22 917 8076 E: [email protected] www.unep.org/greeneconomy Job No. DTI/1801/GE Citation Moore, W., Alleyne ,F., Alleyne, Y., Blackman, K., Blenman, C., Carter, S., Cashman, A., Cumberbatch, J., Downes, A., Hoyte, H., Mahon, R., Mamingi, N., McConney, P., Pena, M., Roberts, S., Rogers, T., Sealy, S., Sinckler, T. and A. Singh. 2014. Barbados’ Green Economy Scoping Study. Government of Barbados, University of West Indies - Cave Hill Campus, United Nations Environment Programme, 244p. Copyright © 2014 United Nations Environment Programme This publication was produced in close cooperation with the Government of Barbados and the University of West Indies – Cave Hill Campus. BARBados’ This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The copyright holders would appreciate GREEN ECONOMY SCOPING STUDY receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the copyright holders. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Printed by COT Printery, 16 Newton Industrial Estate Christ Church BB 17047, Barbados Cover photo credits: From left to right: Beach: Creative Commons/Marc Connell; Small-scale agriculture plot: Travis Sinckler; Bus: Creative Commons/Munir Squires; Harrison’s Cave sustainable reconstruction project: Travis Sinckler; Traditional fishing boats: Creative Commons/myheimu JUNE 2014 (REV. JANUARY 2015) UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices globally and in its own activities. This publication is printed on eco-friendly paper. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. BARBADOS GREEN ECONOMY SCOPING STUDY 47 2 TrANSFORMATION TO A GREEN ECONOMY TABLE OF CONTENTS 48 2.1 Concept of green economy 53 2.2 Relationship between regional and international environmental framework and green economy 55 2.3 Applicability of the green economy concept to small open economies 57 2.4 Barbados’ definition of a green economy 59 3 THE POTENTIAL FOR GREENING VARIOUS SECTORS 60 3.1 Agriculture 60 Key messages x Acknowledgements 61 3.1.1 Background vi List of annexes 66 3.1.2 Resource use and efficiency measures vii List of figures 67 3.1.3 Investment gaps vii List of tables 71 3.1.4 Potential returns in terms of economic growth, development and poverty reduction viii List of boxes 72 3.1.5 Potential for green jobs creation and transmigration ix List of acronyms 72 3.1.6 Potential for environmental improvement xii Forewords 72 3.1.7 Conclusions 73 3.1.8 Summary 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 76 3.2 Fisheries 76 Key messages 2 The genesis of Barbados’ Green Economy Scoping Study 77 3.2.1 Background 2 Transformation to a green economy 83 3.2.2 Resource use and efficiency measures 3 The potential for greening various sectors 85 3.2.3 Investment gaps 3 Agriculture 87 3.2.4 Potential returns in terms of economic growth, development and poverty reduction 4 Fisheries 90 3.2.5 Potential for green jobs creation and transmigration 6 Building/Housing 91 3.2.6 Potential for environmental improvement 7 Transportation 92 3.2.7 Conclusions 8 Tourism 92 3.2.8 Summary 10 Analysis of enabling conditions for a transition to a green economy 96 3.3 Building/Housing 10 Finance 96 Key messages 10 Development, access and transfer of clean technology 97 3.3.1 Background 11 Trade, tariffs and investment 104 3.3.2 Resource use and efficiency measures 11 Taxation, incentives and fiscal reform 106 3.3.3 Investment gaps 12 Education, training and capacity enhancement 112 3.3.4 Potential returns in terms of economic growth, development and poverty reduction 12 Standards and regulation 113 3.3.5 Potential for green jobs creation and transmigration 12 Government procurement 114 3.3.6 Potential for environmental improvement 13 Considerations for a green economy policy roadmap 116 3.3.7 Conclusions 117 3.3.8 Summary 15 1 INTRODUCTION 120 3.4 Transport 120 Key messages 16 1.1 Country profile 121 3.4.1 Background 16 1.1.1 Geography and demography 125 3.4.2 Resource use and efficiency measures 18 1.1.2 Ecosystem services 128 3.4.3 Investment gaps 19 1.1.3 Water 131 3.4.4 Potential returns in terms of economic growth, development and poverty reduction 23 1.1.4 Waste 134 3.4.5 Potential for green jobs creation and transmigration 25 1.1.5 Energy 135 3.4.6 Potential for environmental improvement 32 1.1.6 Economic review and outlook 136 3.4.7 Conclusions 34 1.1.7 Sustainable development policies, plans, legislation and projects 137 3.4.8 Summary 37 1.2 Barbados’ Green Economy Scoping Study 140 3.5 Tourism 37 1.2.1 Basis of a scoping study 140 Key messages 37 1.2.2 Defining Barbados’ scoping study 141 3.5.1 Background 38 1.2.3 Terms of reference of Barbados’ scoping study 145 3.5.2 Resource use and efficiency measures 38 1.2.4 Methodological approach and process 149 3.5.3 Investment gaps 44 1.2.5 Structure of the report 153 3.5.4 Potential returns in terms of economic growth, development and poverty reduction iv v BARBADOS GREEN ECONOMY SCOPING STUDY 156 3.5.5 Potential for green jobs creation and transmigration LIST OF FIGURES 156 3.5.6 Potential for environmental improvement 22 Figure 1 Development of control zones 156 3.5.7 Conclusions 25 Figure 2 Fuel imports (% of merchandise imports) 157 3.5.8 Summary 26 Figure 3 Electricity consumption by industry (2009, in GWh) 27 Figure 4 CO2 emissions from electricity generation by sector, 2009 161 4 ANALYSIS OF ENABLING CONDITIONS FOR A TRANSITION TO A GREEN ECONOMY 28 Figure 5 Nitrous oxide emissions in Barbados 28 Figure 6 Methane emissions in Barbados 162 4.1 Analysis of existing macro enabling conditions 29 Figure 7 Annual CO2 emissions in Barbados 162 4.1.1 Finance and investment 31 Figure 8 Commercially-viable renewable energy technologies 165 4.1.2 Development, access and transfer of clean technology 32 Figure 9 Human Development Index in Barbados 168 4.1.3 Tariffs and trade policy 34 Figure 10 Inflation and key components of the retail price index 169 4.1.4 Taxation, incentives and fiscal reform 39 Figure 11 Relationship between cross-cutting issues and industry analysis 172 4.1.5 Education, training and capacity enhancement 41 Figure 12 Integrated Assessment Process 174 4.1.6 Standards and regulation 45 Figure 13 Umbrella methodology utilised for the Green Economy Scoping Study 177 4.1.7 Government procurement 48 Figure 14 Elements of sustainable development 177 4.1.8 Governance and Institutions 142 Figure 15 Number of rooms at various accommodation establishments 179 4.1.9 Data, information and communication 165 Figure 16 Facilitating technology transfer 182 4.2 Enabling conditions for identified sectoral opportunities 175 Figure 17 Core principles of Collaborative Standards Initiative 183 4.3 Conclusions 189 Figure 18 Strategic roadmap for Barbados 187 5 CONSIDERATIONS FOR A GREEN ECONOMY POLICY ROADMAP LIST OF TABLES 20 Table 1 Legislation aimed at protecting ecosystem services 189 5.1 Operational principles of sustainability for building a resource efficient 21 Table 2 Breakdown of available water resources green economy 21 Table 3 Estimated water consumption 190 5.2 Policy cohesion, governance and institutions 26 Table 4 Energy supply in Barbados (GWh) 192 5.3 Public sector leadership and public procurement 27 Table 5 GHG emissions for fuel types 193 5.4 Private sector commitment 30 Table 6 Electricity tariffs in Barbados 194 5.5 Public education 30 Table 7 Renewable energy technology potential of Barbados 195 5.6 Partnerships and synergies 33 Table 8 Key macroeconomic indicators of Barbados 198 5.7 Periodic monitoring 35 Table 9 Labour market statistics 199 5.8 Promote SIDS-SIDS Knowledge transfer of green economic policies and 54 Table 10 Barbados’ participation in MEAs practices 62 Table 11 Estimated production of selected crops (‘000 kgs) 200 5.9 Capacity building 62 Table 12 Livestock and dairy production (‘000 kgs) 202 5.10 Building a science policy research platform 63 Table 13 Initiatives aimed at enabling sustainable agriculture development 68 Table 14 Strengths and challenges in greening the agriculture sector 205 6 CONCLUSIONS 69 Table 15 Assessment of selected
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