BIBLIOGRAPHY Art by :

Christine Gangelhoff The College of The Bahamas1 Cathleen LeGrand Royal Thimphu College, Bhutan INTRODUCTION is a 20th century development (Best, 2005). Barbados, the easternmost of all the The festival, which originated Caribbean islands, was established as a during colonial times as a harvest festival and British colony in 1627 and control of the which was revived in the 1970s as both a island did not change hands during the cultural and commercial event, provides an colonial period (Bilby, 2008). Barbados annual venue for traditional and popular remained solely under British control until music as well as other cultural activities. gaining independence in 1966 and today Calypso is a prominent feature of Crop Over remains part of the British Commonwealth (“Barbados Crop Over,” 2013). The (Gragg, 2005). Landship, founded in the 19th century, Colonizers quickly created a plantation conducts parades of music and dance, loosely economy, supported by large numbers of patterned after the British navy. “Dances imported African slaves, with sugar during Landship parades … typify European- cultivation as its major cash crop (Gragg, African fusion: the British military march, jig, 2005). The Barbados sugar industry was hornpipe, and maypole dance of the village hugely lucrative for Great Britain, rendering green combine with African cross-rhythms Barbados one of its most valuable colonies and improvisation” (Millington, 1998, p. (Gragg, 2005). Owing much to its dual 819). heritage, Barbadian culture is a mix of The Barbados Ministry of Education, Youth primarily African and British traditions. Affairs and Culture encourages appreciation Unique forms of indigenous folk music of the musical and cultural heritage of the include tuk and music. Tuk music, a nation through the Cultural and Historical local version of the common fife-and-drum Exposure for Kids in Schools (CHEKS) marching , dates back to the 18th century program (Meredith, 2003). The Combermere (Bilby, 2008). Tuk music is “lively, with an school, one of the oldest secondary schools in intricate, pulsating and quick rhythm” the country, “has produced many students (Marshall & Watson, 2008, p. 347). Spouge over the years who excelled in music and [has

1Christine Gangelhoff, Assistant Professor, School of Communication and Creative Arts, The College of , P.O. Box N-4912, Nassau, Bahamas; Cathleen LeGrand, Librarian, Royal Thimphu College, Ngabiphu, Thimphu, Bhutan. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Roger Gittens, Sean Jackson and Elizabeth Watson for their contributions and assistance with this chapter. E-mail: [email protected] APA reference: Gangelhoff, C., & LeGrand, C. (2013). Art music by Caribbean composers: Barbados. The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 19(2), 11-16. Retrieved from http://journals.sfu.ca/cob/index.php/files/article/view/203/250

C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand, 2013. Journal compilation The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 2013 C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand. Art Music: Barbados. 12 become] known as the premiere secondary his , “Come to Me” Gittens explains: school in Barbados for ” (S. … this setting of the words of Jesus as Jackson, personal communication, May 22, recorded in Matthew 11:28-29 started as 2013). Among the musical alumni of an attempt to marry calypso-type rhythms Combermere are Arturo Tappin, the jazz with the contrapuntal traditions of saxophonist; Joy Knight, violinist and leader European art music. The piece is in of the Barbados Youth Orchestra; Samuel ternary form and the syncopated melody Springer, organist; the late James A. is found only in the A section. This Millington, violinist; and pop superstar music, like several of my pieces, was Rihanna (S. Jackson, personal inspired by my experience in Sunday communication, May 22, 2013). Sean worship at the Shrewsbury Methodist Jackson, another Combermere alumnus, is church in Barbados. It is my first a one of the outstanding Barbadian expat cappella composition and, although and composers. He serves as the conceived for a quartet, it has been Director of Music at Stanwich Church in performed by choirs (R. Gittens, personal Greenwich, Connecticut and performs organ communication, June 18, 2013). concerts all over the world (“Biography,” n.d.). The Barbados National Youth Symphony Orchestra, the Barbados Chamber Orchestra, The Barbados Community College Division The Myriad Singers of Barbados, and the St. of Fine Arts offers an AA in Music. Roger Leonard's Boys Choir provide opportunities Gittens, a Barbadian , arranger and for musicians to perform and for audiences to , helped write the program. Gittens enjoy art music. The Royal Barbados Police has composed a wide variety of pieces, from Force Band performs widely both nationally calypsos and jazz to gospel and choral music and internationally. (“About Roger Gittens,” 2008). In describing

REFERENCES Gragg, L. (2005). Barbados. In Britain and the About Roger Gittens. (2008). Retrieved from : Culture, politics, and history. http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/first.html Retrieved from http://www.credoreference. Best, C. (2005). Barbados. In Continuum com/entry/abcbramrle/barbados encyclopedia of of the world: Marshall, T. G., & Watson, E. F. (2008). Locations. Retrieved from Barbados. In M. Kuss (Ed.), Music in Latin http://www.credoreference.com/entry/contp America and the Caribbean: An mwl/barbados encyclopedic history (pp. 345-358). Austin: Barbados Crop Over Festival. (2013). University of Texas Press. Retrieved from Meredith, S. (2003). Barbadian tuk music: http://www.barbados.org/cropover.htm Colonial development and post- Bilby, K. (2008, July-Dec.). A Caribbean independence recontextualization. British musical enigma: Barbados. Caribbean Journal of , 12(2), 81-106. Studies, 36(2), 236-240. Millington, J. (1998). Barbados. In D. A. Biography: Sean Jackson. (n.d.). Retrieved Olsen & D. E. Sheehy (Eds.), Garland from http://www.seanjacksonmusic. encyclopedia of world music, volume 2 (pp. com/home.html 813-821). London, England: Routledge.

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COMPOSERS Oh Lord you know me (2009, solo with choir, Cecil Archer (1901-1988) marimba & piano) Ryan Boyce (1977- ) Psalm of hope (2008, for piano) Prince Cave (1921-1997) Psalm 118 (2009, for choir) Jason Catlyn (1980- ) Cave Roland Edwards (1912-1985) The conciliator (1967, for military band) John Fletcher (1931- ) Siesta (for military band) Arnold Josiah Ford (1877-1935) Catlyn Roger Gittens (1964- ) Enter into his gates (2006, processional march) Gerard Hudson (c.1907-1975) Enter into his gates (2010, for organ) Frederich Samuel “Sam” Hunte HMBS Pelican (2009, march) Sean Jackson (1973- ) My march (2009, march) Damian Leacock (1990- ) Sunny isle (2009, for band) Andrew Lynch (1962- ) You can be the one (2007, for choir) Kenrick Moore (1931-2011) Edwards Bernard Morris (1917?- ) The federation song Litchfield Nurse (1947- ) The goodman song Victor Pilgrim (1940- ) In plenty and in time of need (1966, Barbados national anthem) Christopher “Kit” Spencer (1938- ) The St. Andrew murder Carley “Andy” Williams (1949- ) Welcome to Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II (1966, sung on her visit to St. Elizabeth School COMPOSITIONS, by composer in St. Joseph, Barbados) Boyce Ford Ancestors on the auction block (2007, a Universal Ethiopian anthem capella, from a poem by Vera Ball of ) Gittens Ave verum (2003, for choir) Bajan folk suite (2010, for orchestra) Baptist melody (2003, for a cappella choir) Be still (for choir) Farewell my friend (2008, duet) Come to me (for choir) God is glorious (2011, for choir & organ) Emmerton (2010, for orchestra) How great is your name (2010, for choir, Feed my lambs (for choir) based on Psalm 110) From all that dwell below the skies (for choir) I’m the greatest (2008, solo with barbershop Go in faith (for choir) choir) Orchestra and steel no.1 (for big band) Just in time (2006, for choir & orchestra) Psalm 1 (2013, for choir) Psalm 23 (2005, for choir)

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Psalm 67 (2009, for choir) Dark encounter (2009-2011) Psalm 100 (for choir) Delight in 'A' (2009-2011) Psalm 121(for choir) Forget-me-not (2009-2011) Rest of the weary (for choir) Glorious sky (2009-2011) Sing your praises (for choir) God's hands are over St. Ann's (1995, school Te deum (for choir) song for St. Ann's Church of England School, London, UK) When morning gilds the skies (for choir) Horizon appearing (2009-2011) Hudson Hot topic (2009-2011) Te deum laudamus (mass) I was lost (1995, for soprano & piano) There was war in Heaven (for choir) Instantly lonely (2009-2011) Hunte It's happening now (2009-2011) Bathsheba (1997, slow march) Leading onwards (2009-2011) Broken trident (1988, unfinished quick march) Mad kicker (2009-2011) The crane (1992, slow march) Mirage (2009-2011) The garrison Savannah (2003, slow march) Misty view (2009-2011) Hackleton (1988, unfinished quick march) Out of time (2009-2011) Mount Hillaby (2003, quick march) Serene smile (2009-2011) Paragon (2003, slow march) Sweet encounter (2009-2011) Pico Tenerife (1987, unfinished quick march) Sweeter dreams (2009-2011) Pride and industry (1991, slow march) Tongue-in-cheek (2009-2011) RBPF (2003, quick march) Transport me (2009-2011) Saint Celia (1988, unfinished slow march) Women of vision 10th anniversary (2011, film score) Silver sands (1991, slow march) Writing on the wall (2009-2011) Jackson Yes we care (2009-2011) Advancing on the enemy (2009-2011) Leacock Allegro for piano and strings (2009-2011) Across the galaxy (2011, for orchestra) Barbados we greet you (1987, for the 21st anniversary of independence in Barbados) Blue blossoms (2012, for chamber orchestra) Bassoon andante (2009-2011) Blue waterfall bird (2008-09, for flute quartet) Breath of Jesus (2009, for soprano duet & Dawn (2011, for orchestra) organ) Faeries and leprechauns (2011) The call (2008, for soprano, tenor, choir, Flute quartet #6 (2008-09) piano, violin, cello, trumpet, & snare drum) Jane's army (2011, for orchestra) C'est la vie (2009-2011) Orchestral poem #1 (2011, for string & wind A Christmas treat (2009-2011) orchestra)

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Paper heart suite (2011, for string orchestra Melody in blue (1987, for piano) with piccolo & flute duet) Music for recorders (from Barbadian folk , Lynch for descant recorder, treble recorder, tenor recorder & bass recorder) The blue and gold (2006, for military band) My gift (from a poem by J. A. Lynch, for Moore children's choir & piano) The trident of Bimshire (for military band) Prelude & fugue on two Barbadian folk songs (1985, for piano, dedicated to J.S. Bach on his Nurse 300th birthday) Jonathan (1992, quick march) Rondoletto (1996, for piano) Pilgrim A short ramble (1986, for piano) Let all the peoples praise you [Todos los That younge childe (for a cappella choir) pueblos canten] (with Patrick Prescod, for Three connected pieces for flute and piano choir) (2013, for flute & piano) Spencer Three pieces (2006, for descant recorder, treble Allegretto (for piano) recorder & piano) Allegro molto (1987, for piano) Three songs about morning (from poems by Esther Phillips, 1998, for mezzo soprano & Ballad of an old woman (from a poem by clarinet) Frank Collymore, for a cappella choir) Transformation (from a poem by Michael Foster, Coventry carol (for children's chorus, descant 2008, for male voice & piano) recorders & piano) Variations (2010, for piano) Cradle song (for piano) Williams Dance, "a two-part invention" (for piano) Centennial (2002, for military band, Dance around D minor (for piano) commissioned for the Barbados Cadet Corps) Diary in mosaic (1980-82, for piano) The drill hall (1994, for military band) Diversions (2009, for descant & treble Independence day (1991, slow march, for recorder) military band) Folk song medley (from Barbadian folk songs, A theme and variation (1991, based on a theme for a cappella choir) by Franz Joseph Haydn) Folk song medley (for descant recorder, treble Visions (1989, quick march, for military band) recorder & tenor recorder)

Four songs (from poems by Michael Foster, RECORDINGS 2006, for tenor & piano) Edwards Jesu sweet Jesu mild (1998, for a cappella choir) National anthems of the commonwealth [CD]. (2005). Hong Kong: Naxos. Catalogue No: Lullaby (from a poem by Frank Collymore, 8.570126-27 1979, for mezzo soprano & piano) Track 6. In plenty and in time of need (1:34) Manger lullaby (from a poem by J. A. Lynch, for children's choir & piano)

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National anthems of the world, vol. 1 [CD]. Come to me. (2008). (2006). Hong Kong: Marco Polo. Catalogue http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/doc/11- no: 8.225319 come-to-me.mp3 Track 33. In plenty and in time of need Feed my lambs. (2008). (1:34) http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/doc/10- Track 34. In plenty and in time of need feed-my-lambs.mp3 (Olympic version, 1:23) From all that dwell below the skies. (2008). Gittens http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/doc/01- Make a joyful noise [CD]. (n.d.). from-all-that-dwell-below-the-skies.mp3 www.rogergittensmusic.com Go in faith. (2008). Williams http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/doc/12-go- in-faith.mp3 The Royal Barbados Police Force Band. (2007). Visions [CD]. [Barbados]: CRS Psalm 100. (2008). Music & Media Ltd. http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/doc/02- Track 1. Visions (3:37) make-a-joyful-noise.mp3 Psalm 121. (2008). SCORES http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/doc/05-i- will-lift-up-my-eyes-to-the-hills.mp3 Boyce Rest of the weary. (2008). Ave verum. (2013). www.free-scores.com http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/doc/08-rest- /download-sheet-music.php?pdf=13189 of-the-weary.mp3 Baptist melody. (2013). www.free-scores.com Sing your praises. (2008). /download-sheet-music.php?pdf=13190 http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/doc/13- Psalm of hope. (2013). www.free-scores.com sing-your-praises.mp3 /download-sheet-music.php?pdf=10718 When morning gilds the skies. (2008). Pilgrim http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/doc/07- when-morning-glids-the-skies.mp3 Todos los pueblos canten. (n.d.). San Juan, Puerto Rico: Ediciones Schola Cantorum de BOOKS, ARTICLES AND THESES Puerto Rico. Barbadian music: Barbadian discographies, SOUND FILES Barbadian jazz musicians, Barbadian jazz trumpeters, Barbadian music critics. (2010). Edwards Memphis, TN: LLC Books. ISBN 978- In plenty and in time of need. (n.d.). 1156038406 http://www.nationalanthems.info/bb.mp3 Braithwaite, P. J. (n.d.). The development of the Gittens English choral tradition in the USA and the Be still. (2008). Caribbean. Retrieved from http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/2.html www.wcmt.org.uk/reports/8_1.pdf Handler, J. S., & Frisbie, C. J. (1972). Aspects of slave life in Barbados: Music and its cultural context. Caribbean Studies, 11(4), 5-46.

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