BIBLIOGRAPHY Art Music by Caribbean Composers: Barbados Christine Gangelhoff The College of The Bahamas1 Cathleen LeGrand Royal Thimphu College, Bhutan INTRODUCTION is a 20th century development (Best, 2005). Barbados, the easternmost of all the The Crop Over festival, which originated Caribbean islands, was established as a during colonial times as a harvest festival and British colony in 1627 and control of the which was revived in the 1970s as both a island did not change hands during the cultural and commercial event, provides an colonial period (Bilby, 2008). Barbados annual venue for traditional and popular remained solely under British control until music as well as other cultural activities. gaining independence in 1966 and today Calypso is a prominent feature of Crop Over remains part of the British Commonwealth (“Barbados Crop Over,” 2013). The (Gragg, 2005). Landship, founded in the 19th century, Colonizers quickly created a plantation conducts parades of music and dance, loosely economy, supported by large numbers of patterned after the British navy. “Dances imported African slaves, with sugar during Landship parades … typify European- cultivation as its major cash crop (Gragg, African fusion: the British military march, jig, 2005). The Barbados sugar industry was hornpipe, and maypole dance of the village hugely lucrative for Great Britain, rendering green combine with African cross-rhythms Barbados one of its most valuable colonies and improvisation” (Millington, 1998, p. (Gragg, 2005). Owing much to its dual 819). heritage, Barbadian culture is a mix of The Barbados Ministry of Education, Youth primarily African and British traditions. Affairs and Culture encourages appreciation Unique forms of indigenous folk music of the musical and cultural heritage of the include tuk and spouge music. Tuk music, a nation through the Cultural and Historical local version of the common fife-and-drum Exposure for Kids in Schools (CHEKS) marching band, dates back to the 18th century program (Meredith, 2003). The Combermere (Bilby, 2008). Tuk music is “lively, with an school, one of the oldest secondary schools in intricate, pulsating and quick rhythm” the country, “has produced many students (Marshall & Watson, 2008, p. 347). Spouge over the years who excelled in music and [has 1Christine Gangelhoff, Assistant Professor, School of Communication and Creative Arts, The College of The Bahamas, P.O. Box N-4912, Nassau, Bahamas; Cathleen LeGrand, Librarian, Royal Thimphu College, Ngabiphu, Thimphu, Bhutan. Acknowledgments: The authors thank Roger Gittens, Sean Jackson and Elizabeth Watson for their contributions and assistance with this chapter. E-mail: [email protected] APA reference: Gangelhoff, C., & LeGrand, C. (2013). Art music by Caribbean composers: Barbados. The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 19(2), 11-16. Retrieved from http://journals.sfu.ca/cob/index.php/files/article/view/203/250 C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand, 2013. Journal compilation The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 2013 C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand. Art Music: Barbados. 12 become] known as the premiere secondary his song, “Come to Me” Gittens explains: school in Barbados for music education” (S. … this setting of the words of Jesus as Jackson, personal communication, May 22, recorded in Matthew 11:28-29 started as 2013). Among the musical alumni of an attempt to marry calypso-type rhythms Combermere are Arturo Tappin, the jazz with the contrapuntal traditions of saxophonist; Joy Knight, violinist and leader European art music. The piece is in of the Barbados Youth Orchestra; Samuel ternary form and the syncopated melody Springer, organist; the late James A. is found only in the A section. This Millington, violinist; and pop superstar music, like several of my pieces, was Rihanna (S. Jackson, personal inspired by my experience in Sunday communication, May 22, 2013). Sean worship at the Shrewsbury Methodist Jackson, another Combermere alumnus, is church in Barbados. It is my first a one of the outstanding Barbadian expat cappella composition and, although musicians and composers. He serves as the conceived for a quartet, it has been Director of Music at Stanwich Church in performed by choirs (R. Gittens, personal Greenwich, Connecticut and performs organ communication, June 18, 2013). concerts all over the world (“Biography,” n.d.). The Barbados National Youth Symphony Orchestra, the Barbados Chamber Orchestra, The Barbados Community College Division The Myriad Singers of Barbados, and the St. of Fine Arts offers an AA in Music. Roger Leonard's Boys Choir provide opportunities Gittens, a Barbadian composer, arranger and for musicians to perform and for audiences to musician, helped write the program. Gittens enjoy art music. The Royal Barbados Police has composed a wide variety of pieces, from Force Band performs widely both nationally calypsos and jazz to gospel and choral music and internationally. (“About Roger Gittens,” 2008). In describing REFERENCES Gragg, L. (2005). Barbados. In Britain and the About Roger Gittens. (2008). Retrieved from Americas: Culture, politics, and history. http://www.rogergittensmusic.com/first.html Retrieved from http://www.credoreference. Best, C. (2005). Barbados. In Continuum com/entry/abcbramrle/barbados encyclopedia of popular music of the world: Marshall, T. G., & Watson, E. F. (2008). Locations. Retrieved from Barbados. In M. Kuss (Ed.), Music in Latin http://www.credoreference.com/entry/contp America and the Caribbean: An mwl/barbados encyclopedic history (pp. 345-358). Austin: Barbados Crop Over Festival. (2013). University of Texas Press. Retrieved from Meredith, S. (2003). Barbadian tuk music: http://www.barbados.org/cropover.htm Colonial development and post- Bilby, K. (2008, July-Dec.). A Caribbean independence recontextualization. British musical enigma: Barbados. Caribbean Journal of Ethnomusicology, 12(2), 81-106. Studies, 36(2), 236-240. Millington, J. (1998). Barbados. In D. A. Biography: Sean Jackson. (n.d.). Retrieved Olsen & D. E. Sheehy (Eds.), Garland from http://www.seanjacksonmusic. encyclopedia of world music, volume 2 (pp. com/home.html 813-821). London, England: Routledge. The International Journal of Bahamian Studies Vol. 19, no. 2 (2013) C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand. Art Music: Barbados. 13 COMPOSERS Oh Lord you know me (2009, solo with choir, Cecil Archer (1901-1988) marimba & piano) Ryan Boyce (1977- ) Psalm of hope (2008, for piano) Prince Cave (1921-1997) Psalm 118 (2009, for choir) Jason Catlyn (1980- ) Cave Roland Edwards (1912-1985) The conciliator (1967, for military band) John Fletcher (1931- ) Siesta (for military band) Arnold Josiah Ford (1877-1935) Catlyn Roger Gittens (1964- ) Enter into his gates (2006, processional march) Gerard Hudson (c.1907-1975) Enter into his gates (2010, for organ) Frederich Samuel “Sam” Hunte HMBS Pelican (2009, march) Sean Jackson (1973- ) My march (2009, march) Damian Leacock (1990- ) Sunny isle (2009, for band) Andrew Lynch (1962- ) You can be the one (2007, for choir) Kenrick Moore (1931-2011) Edwards Bernard Morris (1917?- ) The federation song Litchfield Nurse (1947- ) The goodman song Victor Pilgrim (1940- ) In plenty and in time of need (1966, Barbados national anthem) Christopher “Kit” Spencer (1938- ) The St. Andrew murder Carley “Andy” Williams (1949- ) Welcome to Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II (1966, sung on her visit to St. Elizabeth School COMPOSITIONS, by composer in St. Joseph, Barbados) Boyce Ford Ancestors on the auction block (2007, a Universal Ethiopian anthem capella, from a poem by Vera Ball of Jamaica) Gittens Ave verum (2003, for choir) Bajan folk suite (2010, for orchestra) Baptist melody (2003, for a cappella choir) Be still (for choir) Farewell my friend (2008, duet) Come to me (for choir) God is glorious (2011, for choir & organ) Emmerton (2010, for orchestra) How great is your name (2010, for choir, Feed my lambs (for choir) based on Psalm 110) From all that dwell below the skies (for choir) I’m the greatest (2008, solo with barbershop Go in faith (for choir) choir) Orchestra and steel no.1 (for big band) Just in time (2006, for choir & orchestra) Psalm 1 (2013, for choir) Psalm 23 (2005, for choir) C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand, 2013. Journal compilation The International Journal of Bahamian Studies, 2013 C. Gangelhoff & C. LeGrand. Art Music: Barbados. 14 Psalm 67 (2009, for choir) Dark encounter (2009-2011) Psalm 100 (for choir) Delight in 'A' (2009-2011) Psalm 121(for choir) Forget-me-not (2009-2011) Rest of the weary (for choir) Glorious sky (2009-2011) Sing your praises (for choir) God's hands are over St. Ann's (1995, school Te deum (for choir) song for St. Ann's Church of England School, London, UK) When morning gilds the skies (for choir) Horizon appearing (2009-2011) Hudson Hot topic (2009-2011) Te deum laudamus (mass) I was lost (1995, for soprano & piano) There was war in Heaven (for choir) Instantly lonely (2009-2011) Hunte It's happening now (2009-2011) Bathsheba (1997, slow march) Leading onwards (2009-2011) Broken trident (1988, unfinished quick march) Mad kicker (2009-2011) The crane (1992, slow march) Mirage (2009-2011) The garrison Savannah (2003, slow march) Misty view (2009-2011) Hackleton (1988, unfinished quick march) Out of time (2009-2011) Mount Hillaby (2003, quick march) Serene smile (2009-2011) Paragon (2003, slow march) Sweet encounter (2009-2011) Pico Tenerife (1987, unfinished quick march) Sweeter dreams (2009-2011) Pride and industry (1991, slow march) Tongue-in-cheek (2009-2011)