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Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Sampling Methods Sampling Methods for Forest and Shade Tree Insects of North America, Volume 2 Theresa A. Dellinger Jeffrey G. Fidgen Scott M. Salom Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team — Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2010-03 Department of Service Agriculture April 2010 he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. CAUTION: PESTICIDES References to pesticides appear in this publication. Publication of these statements does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of them by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated by state and federal laws. Applicable regulations must be obtained from the appropriate regulatory agency prior to their use. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish and other wildlife if they are not handled and applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices given on the label for use and disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795- 3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper. Sampling Methods for Forest and Shade Tree Insects of North America, Volume 2 Theresa A. Dellinger Jeffrey G. Fidgen and Scott M. Salom Acknowledgements We are grateful to Ryan Mays of Virginia Tech for support in locating journal articles for this project, and to Carrie Jubb and Kara Tourje for helping assemble the glossary. In addition, we thank Eric Day of Virginia Tech and Drs. John L. Foltz of the University of Florida and T. Evan Nebeker of Mississippi State University for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. We also acknowledge the authors and journals who freely granted us permis- sion to reproduce graphs and tables from the original articles. This review was supported with funding to Scott M. Salom from the USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enter- prise Team (FHTET) and Region 8 agreement #05-CA-11244225-051 and a follow-up Region 8 agreement 09-DG-11083150-014. We also thank Denise Binion for editing the manuscript in preparation for printing and FHTET for providing funds for printing. Contents Preface --------------------------------------- ix Introduction --------------------------------- xi Bud, Shoot, and Root Insects Coleoptera: Curculionidae ------------------------------- 3 Seedling Debarking Weevil, Hylobius congener Dalla Torre, Shenkling, & Mar- shall Adult survey, pheromone-baited traps, hazard rating ............................... 3 Black Vine Weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) Adult survey, board and pitfall traps ........................................................ 5 Cranberry White Grub, Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte) Larval survey, control decision-making ................................................... 7 White Grubs, Phyllophaga spp. Larval survey, regression equations, damage prediction .......................... 9 White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck) Damage survey on spruce, sequential sampling plan ............................. 11 Preliminary damage survey on spruce, optimum sample sizes ...............14 Lodgepole Terminal Weevil, Pissodes terminalis Hopkins Preliminary damage survey on spruce, optimum sample sizes .............. 14 Diptera: Cecidomyiidae ---------------------------------16 Spruce Gall Midge, Mayetiola piceae (Felt) Gall survey, sequential sampling plan, damage prediction .................... 16 Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae ------------------------------20 Jeffrey Pine Needle Miner, Coleotechnites sp. Larval and pupal survey with known precision, optimum sample sizes ....20 Lepidoptera: Tortricidae ---------------------------------23 European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Denis & Schiffermüller) Adult survey, pheromone-baited trap ..................................................... 23 Degree-day monitoring to predict cumulative adult trap catch .............. 25 Nantucket Pine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) Pheromone-baited traps, degree-day monitoring, control decision-making ....27 Adult survey, pheromone-baited traps, hypothetical damage prediction .. 29 Adult survey, pheromone-baited traps, control decision-making ........... 32 Defoliating Insects Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae -----------------------------37 Cottonwood Leaf Beetle, Chrysomela scripta F. Egg mass survey, damage prediction, control decision-making ............. 37 Egg mass survey, economic injury level, control decision-making ....... 39 i Elm Leaf Beetle, Pyrrhalta (=Xanthogaleruca) luteola (Müller) Egg mass survey, degree-day monitoring, optimum sample sizes, control decision-making ..................................................................................... 42 Egg mass survey with known precision, damage prediction, control decision-making ..................................................................................... 45 Degree-day monitoring for peak density of young instars, control decision-making ..................................................................................... 48 Egg mass survey with known precision, degree-day monitoring, control decision-making ..................................................................................... 49 Hymenoptera: Diprionidae ------------------------------51 Balsam Fir Sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harris) Egg mass survey, control decision-making ............................................ 51 European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) Adult survey, pheromone-baited trap, monitoring population trends ..... 52 Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae --------------------------54 Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) Adult survey, pheromone-baited trap, control decision-making ............ 54 Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) Damage survey, sequential sampling plan, damage prediction .............. 56 Lepidoptera: Geometridae -------------------------------60 Fall Cankerworm, Alsophilia pometaria (Harris) Adult survey, oviposition trap ................................................................ 60 Eastern Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria(Guenée) Egg survey, oviposition trap ................................................................... 62 Western Hemlock Looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst) Adult survey, pheromone-baited trap, monitoring system ..................... 64 Larval and adult survey, pheromone-baited trap, cut-branch samples, road- side sampling .......................................................................................... 66 Pupal survey, burlap band method .......................................................... 68 Egg survey, processing moss and bark samples ..................................... 70 Egg survey, processing lichen samples................................................... 72 Bruce Spanworm, Operophtera bruceata (Hulst) Adult survey, pheromone-baited trap, differentiation between congeneric males ....................................................................................................... 74 Adult survey, pheromone-baited trap, exclusion of O. bruceata............ 76 Adult survey, pheromone-baited trap, inhibition of O. bruceata ........... 78 Adult survey, oviposition trap ................................................................ 80 ii Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) Adult survey, pheromone-baited trap, differentiation between congeneric males ....................................................................................................... 74 Adult survey, pheromone-baited trap, exclusion of O. bruceata............ 76 Adult survey, pheromone-baited trap, inhibition of O. bruceata ............ 78 Adult survey, oviposition trap ................................................................ 82 Larval survey, sequential sampling plan, damage prediction ................. 84 Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae ----------------------------86 Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma
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