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Biology, Distribution and Economic Thresholdof AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Joseph Francis Cacka for the degree of Master of Science in Entomology presented on February 1, 1982 Title: BIOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMICTHRESHOLD OF THE STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL, OTIORHYNCHUS OVATUS (L.),IN PEPPERMINT Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: Rarph E. Berryd-- This study of the strawberryroot weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.), on peppermint, Mentha piperita (L.), incentral Oregon provided biological information toassess economic importance and to develop a sequential sampling plan. Teneral adult weevils emergedfrom the soil from late May until late July. Oviposition of new generation adultscommenced in early July. A minimum 12 day egg incubationperiod was observed. Larvae were present in peppermint fields allyear and were the dominant life stage from late August until mid-Maythe following year. Pupation commenced during early to mid-May andwas completed by late June.Overwintered adults were found in spring samplesat densities not greater than 11.6% of the sampled population. Developed ova were observed in theover- wintered adults in late May. A carabid beetle, Pterostichus vulgaris (L.), was predaceouson larval, pupal and adult strawberry root weevils, no other predators or parasiteswere observed. Fall plowing of peppermint fieldsincreased the depth at which weevils were found the followingspring. When fields are sampled in mid-May, a minimum depth of 15cm is suggested for fall plowed fields and ten cm for unplowed fields. Strawberry root weevil adults,pupae, larvae and the total of all these life stages havea clumped distribution that fit the negative binomial distribution whensufficient data were available to determine frequency distributions. Statistically significant negativerelationships were found between pupae, larvae and the total strawberryroot weevil population and peppermint oil yields. A modified sequential samplingplan was developed for the total strawberry root weevil population using a common K-value (0.411) anda tentative estimate of the economicinjury level (ca. 8.19 weevils/1000 cm2). Biology, Distribution and Economic Thresholdof the Strawberry Root Weevil,Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.), in Peppermint by Joseph Francis Cacka A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed February 1982 Commencement June 1982 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Professor of Vntomology d-- in charge of major Redacted for privacy Chairman or uepartment of Entomology,/ Redacted for privacy Dean of GraduateS ooI 0 Date thesis is presented February 1, 1982 Typed by Julie A. Rauenhorstfor Joseph Francis Cacka ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following persons deservespecial thanks for their assistance in the preparation of thisthesis. Mr. D. Donaldson, Mr. B.Guthrie, Mr. B. Jasa, Mr. L. Stahancyk, and Mr. D. Stevenson for the use of their privateacreage where much of the study was conducted. Thanks and appreciationare extended to the members of my committee: Dr. Ralph Berry, Dr. GlennFisher, Dr. Arnold Appleby and Dr. Ken Rowe, who providedassistance in the implementation and evaluation of my research. A special thanks is extendedto my wife, Sue Cacka, for her love and support in this and allmy endeavors. Thanks are given to Mike Talkingtonfor his assistance in collection of field data. Thanks are extended to Loren K. Russellfor identification of the carabidbeetle, Pterostichus vulgaris (L.). Finally, a very sincereexpression of gratitude is extended tomy major professor, Dr. RalphE. Berry, whose support andconstant encouragement will always be remembered. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Nomenclature and Distribution 3 Economic Importance 5 Biology 6 Control Strategies and Methods 7 Sampling 10 METHODS AND MATERIALS 12 Field Locations 12 1979 12 1980 16 Preoviposition Period 18 Dispersion of Strawberry RootWeevil Life Stages 20 Economic Injury Levels 23 Sequential Sampling for StrawberryRoot Weevils 24 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 Life History and Habits 28 Adults 31 Preoviposition Period 35 Eggs 37 Larvae 37 Pupae 40 The Economic Injury Levels of Strawberry Root Weevils . 44 Dispersion Characteristics of Strawberry Root Weevils . 50 Sequential Sampling for StrawberryRoot Weevils 57 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 63 BIBLIOGRAPHY 67 APPENDICES 72 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 One thousand cm2 soil sampler andsifting screens used to extract strawberry rootweevils from plant material and soil. 14 2 The four stages of ovarialdevelopment in adult O. ovatus. 19 3 Comparison between accumulatedday-degrees and Julian calendar months for 1979 and 1980growing seasons at three locations in central Oregon. 29 The progression of SRW lifestages in central Oregon peppermint fields based on the accumulatedJulian day-degrees for 1979 and 1980. 30 5 The mean SRW densities andassociated P. vulgaris densities as related to accumulatedJulian day- degrees. The decline in the SRW population is shown as a percentage of the spring SRW densities for peppermint fields 6, 7 and 8 in 1980. 33 6 The four stages of ovarialdevelopment for O. ovatus presented as a percentage of thepopulation sampled at various accumulated Julianday-degree periods in peppermint fields 6, 7 and 8 in 1980. 36 7 Peppermint root injury caused bySRW at population densities exceeding 30 larvae/1000 cm2. 39 8 Regression lines, regression equations andcorre- lation coefficients (r) describingthe relationship between accumulated Julian day-degrees (base10°C), and the percentage of the totalSRW populations found in three soil strata (stratum1 = 0-5 cm; stratum 2 = 5-10 cm; and stratum 3= 10-15 cm) in unplowed peppermint fields in central Oregonin 1979 and 1980. 41 9 Regression lines, regression equations, andcorre- lation coefficients (r) describingthe relationship between accumulated Julian day-degrees(base 10°C), and the percentage of the total SRWpopulations found in three soil strata (stratum 1= 0-5 cm; stratum 2 = 5-10 cm; and stratum 3= 10-15 cm) in fall plowed peppermint fields in centralOregon in 1979 and 1980. 42 10 Application of Taylor'spower law to determine SRW dispersion trends from peppermint fields1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in central Oregon in 1979. 55 Figure Page 11 Sequential sampling plan for thetotal SRW population (summation of adults,pupae and larvae) in central Oregon peppermint fields in 1979and 1980. 59 12 Operating characteristiccurve showing the probabil- ity of making a correctno treatment decision using sequential sampling for the totalSRW population in central Oregon peppermint fieldsin 1979 and 1980. 60 13 Average sample numbercurve of the sequential sampling plan for the total SRWin central Oregon peppermint fields in 1979 and1980. 61 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Regression coefficients for peppermintfields 7 and 8, 1980. 45 2 Tentative economic injury levelsfor strawberry root weevil pupae in peppermint fieldsin relation to costs of insecticide treatmentand value of peppermint oil. 47 3 Tentative economic injury levelsfor strawberry root weevil larvae in peppermintfields in relation to costs of insecticide treatment andvalue of peppermint oil. 48 4 Tentative economic injury levelsfor the total SRW population in peppermint fields inrelation to costs of insecticide treatment andvalue of peppermint oil. 49 5 Dispersion of strawberryroot weevil adults in peppermint fields- 1979. 51 6 Dispersion of strawberry root weevilpupae in peppermint fields- 1979. 52 7 Dispersion of strawberryroot weevil larvae in peppermint fields- 1979. 53 8 Dispersion of the total SRWpopulation in peppermint fields - 1970. 54 BIOLOGY, DISTRIBUTION AND ECONOMICTHRESHOLD OF THE STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL,OTIORHYNCHUS OVATUS (L.), IN PEPPERMINT INTRODUCTION The strawberry root weevil (SRW),Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.), is an important pest of many agriculturalcrops. SRW is an omnivorous insect (Wilcox et al. 1934) thatcauses considerable damage to strawberry, cranberry, blueberry, blackberry,currant, nursery plants, hop and peppermint plants in the PacificNorthwest (Berry 1971, Emenegger and Berry 1978). Peppermint produced for oil isan important commercial crop in Oregon. In 1978 approximately 23,067hectares of peppermint, Mentha piperita L., were grown in Oregon,with a yield of 1,499,591 kilograms of mint oil. This constituted over 57 percentof the total peppermint oil produced in the United States. During this same period, central Oregon peppermint oil productionreached 817,382 kilograms or 31.5 percent of the United States production(U.S.D.A. 1979). Strawberry root weevilswere reported as a peppermint pest as early as 1945 (Thompson 1946). A tabulation of data from the 1978 and 1979 Oregon State University Mint ScoutingProgram for central Oregon showed that strawberry root weevilswere dispersed throughout much of the area. In 1978 and 1979, scoutingreports indicated that strawberry root weevils infested 48.6 and 35.8percent, respectively of the central Oregon peppermint fields monitored(unpublished data). 2 The larvae cause serious damageto peppermint by feeding externally on the roots. Adults, which emerge in the springand restrict feeding to the foliage during the periodwhen the plant is rapidly growing. Adult feeding is seldom consideredserious, except on certain nursery plants (Emenegger and Berry 1978). No simple or reliable samplingmethods have been available to assess populations of this pest. In practice, growers may decide 1) to apply an insecticideas an "insurance treatment," 2) not to applyan insecticide and take the riskthat economic damage may result froman
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