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Blog historiadelamedicina.org 2007 Merrill W. Chase (1905-2004) Friday, January 5th, 2007 Merrill W. Chase (1905-2004) Tal día como hoy, pero de 2004, falleció en Nueva York, el inmunólogo Merrill W. Chase. Ayudó a socavar la idea de que sólo los anticuerpos protegían el cuerpo de los microorganismos. Nació el 17 de septiembre de 1905 en Providence. Obtuvo la licenciatura y el doctorado en la Brown University, donde fue profesor de biología durante un curso. Después se trasladó al Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, donde permaneció toda su vida. Se formó con Karl Landsteiner mientras éste estuvo en la Rockefeller. En un principio se creyó sólo en la existencia de la inmunidad humoral a través de los anticuerpos circulantes por el torrente sanguíneo. Chase encontró algo que parecía romper con ese principio. Cuando intentaba inmunizar un cobaya frente a una enfermedad con anticuerpos procedentes de otro cobaya, halló que el suero no actuó como agente de transferencia. Sí funcionó cuando utilizó células blancas. Esto ponía de manifiesto que no sólo los anticuerpos despertaban la inmunorespuesta. Había descubierto el segundo elemento fundamental: la inmunidad transmitida por células. Landsteiner y Chase lograron la transferencia pasiva de la hipersensibilidad tardía con células, tanto de ganglios linfáticos como de exudados peritoneales de animales sensibles. Estos descubrimientos condujeron a la separación de la respuesta inmune mediada por anticuerpos, de la respuesta inmune mediada por células, y permitió comenzar con el análisis in vivo de los mecanismos en este tipo de inmunidad. Más tarde vendría el descubrimiento de los linfocitos B y T y de otras células, así como de su papel en la inmunidad. Publicó más de ciento cincuenta trabajos. En 1975 fue elegido miembro de la National Academy of Sciences. Se casó dos veces; con Edith Steele Bowen, que murió en 1961, y con Cynthia Hambury Pierce, que falleció en 1997. Tuvo un hijo, al que sobrevivió, y una hija. Hace un año hablábamos de… Friday, January 5th, 2007 1 Hace un año hablábamos de… Joseph Erlanger (1875-1965) “Prodigios y Naufragios”, nuevo libro de Puerto, Esteva y Alegre Saturday, January 6th, 2007 “Prodigios y Naufragios”, nuevo libro de Puerto, Esteva y Alegre El profesor Javier Puerto, catedrático de Historia de la Farmacia y Director del Museo de la Farmacia Hispana, de la Universidad Complutense, me mandó hace unos días el nuevo libro que ha publicado con el profesor Juan Esteva de Sagrera (catedrático de Farmacia y Tecnología farmacéutica de la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad de Barcelona) y María Esther Alegre Pérez (profesora titular de Farmacia y Tecnología farmacéutica de la Universidad de Madrid). Su título es Prodigios y Naufragios. Estudio sobre terapéutica farmacológica, en España y América, durante el Siglo de Oro. Está editado en Madrid por Ediciones Doce Calles (ISBN: 84-9744-054-4), y tiene 268 páginas. Componen el texto cuatro grandes capítulos: “La vida prodigiosa de Gregorio López”, “Prodigios y naufragios de la materia médica americana durante el Renacimiento”, “El bálsamo descubierto por Antonio Villasante (s. XVI)”, y “Simón Tovar (1528-1596), el obscuro mercader de prodigios”. Acompañan a éstos una presentación, un índice onomástico así como uno topográfico. En la contraportada se lee “Una vez producido el descubrimiento, el encuentro o la colonización, quedaba la tarea de convencer a los mercaderes europeos de la bondad de los remedios americanos. Frente al gusto occidental por el Oriente, debía imponerse la expectativa hacia el Nuevo Mundo. Nos aguardaba una guerra de prodigios. Si prodigiosos eran los remedios orientales, no menos lo serían los americanos. Los españoles debían de oponer el exotismo terapéutico del Nuevo Mundo, al más conocido de la tradición oriental. En cierta manera resultaba una confrontación. En este libro nos ocupamos de diversos prodigios y algún naufragio relacionado con la terapéutica americana…” 2 Lorenzo Bellini (1643-1704) Monday, January 8th, 2007 Lorenzo Bellini (1643-1704) Tal día como hoy, pero de 1704, moría en Florencia, Lorenzo Bellini. Nació en esta misma ciudad el 3 de septiembre de 1643. Pertenecía a una familia que se dedicaba a los pequeños negocios, beneficiados por el duque Ferdinand II de Toscana. Estudió en la Universidad de Pisa donde se formó en filosofía y matemáticas con personajes como Giovanni Alfonso Borelli. Fue profesor de la Universidad de Pisa y desempeñó la cátedra de anatomía. Más tarde marchó a Florencia como médico del gran duque Cosimo III. También fue médico consultor del papa Clemente XI. Estuvo Influido por Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, introductor del modelo físico-matemático en la investigación médica y biológica, y por el ambiente de la Accademia del Cimento de Florencia. A la temprana edad de diecinueve años comenzó a estudiar la estructura microscópica del riñón. Realizó el doble descubrimiento de una estructura canalicular de este órgano y de una red sanguínea en la superficie de la víscera. Localizó en los sinuli de la red superficial la triple conjunción entre arterias, venas y túbulos urinarios. La secreción de la orina es la consecuencia mécanicamente necesaria de la diversa amplitud y configuración de los conductos (túbulo y vena) que se separan en el sinulus. El túbulo urinario es permeable a las partículas de la serosidad superflua, e impermeable a las partículas de la sangre venosa, porque tiene figura y amplitud proporcionadas para las primeras, y desproporcionadas, en cambio, para las segundas. Una proporción análoga es la que existe entre las venillas y las partículas de la sangre venosa. Sin recurrir a facultades de orden vitalista, las leyes de la física, por sí solas son 3 suficientes para explicar la aspiración de la serosidad superflua por obra del fino túbulo belliniano: se trata del fenómeno de la “capilaridad” que en aquel tiempo llamó profundamente la atención de los Académicos del Cimento y, sobre todo, de Borelli. En su obra Exercitatio anatomica de structura et usu renum (Florentiae, ex typ sub signo Stellae, 1662), Bellini demostró, pues, que la estructura renal no es un parénquima homogéneo, sino que está integrada, sobre todo, por un conglomerado de túbulos en los que se realiza la excreción de la orina. Otra de sus obra importantes fue Gustus organum (Bononiae, typis Pisarrianis, 1665), aunque la intención de la obra era describir la sensación gustativa de acuerdo con los principios corpusculares, nos ofrece una extraordinaria descripción microscópica del órgano del gusto. Bellini hizo uso de interpretaciones iatroquímicas de la enfermedad en De urinis et pulsibus, de missione sanguinis, de febribus, de morbis capitis et pectoris opus (Bononiae, 1683). No obstante, lo más decisivo en su patología de la inflamación y de la fiebre es siempre un transtorno mecánico en el movimiento de la sangre (estancamiento o congestión), secundario a presuntas anomalías en el roce del líquido circulante con la pared del vaso. Según algunos autores, en De urinis, parece que Bellini se inspiró en la obra de Thomas Willis. Más tarde redactó animado por Pitcairne (1652-1713), Opuscula aliquot, un conjunto de estudios que publicó en 1695. Por entonces su figura había ganado ya una considerable reputación en varios países. A través del mismo Pitcairne, que estuvo en Leiden, le llegó a Boerhaave el interés por Bellini, aunque este aspecto está en discusión. Por otro lado, sus ideas en Inglaterra estuvieron muy de moda entre 1710 y 1730, cuando se estaba construyendo una “teorría newtoniana de la economía animal”. John R. Watson y el conductismo Tuesday, January 9th, 2007 John R. Watson y el conductismo Tal día como hoy, pero de 1878, nació en Greenville, Carolina del Sur, John Broadus Watson. Su padre abandonó la familia cuando éste tenía 13 años. A la edad de 16 ingresó en la Universidad Furman y a los cinco años se trasladó a la de Chicago donde obtuvo el doctorado en psicología en 1903 con la tesis Animal Education: An Experimental Study on the Psychical Development of the White Rat, Correlated with the Growth of its Nervous System, que ha sido considerada como un clásico del la psicobiología del desarrollo. En este texto explica la relación entre la mielinización cerebral y la habilidad para el aprendizaje en ratones de diferentes edades, llegando a la conclusión de que no existía tal relación. Durante un tiempo continuó en la Universidad de Chicago estudiando los estímulos sensoriales y el aprendizaje en los pájaros. En 1908 fue contratado por la John Hopkins University como profesor de psicología comparada y experimental. En 1920 fue invitado a dimitir después de tener un affaire con la investigadora asociada Rosalie Rayner. El tormentoso proceso de divorcio saltó a la prensa, lo que supuso un escándalo en aquel momento. Junto con su nueva esposa se trasladó a Nueva York donde trabajó para la agencia de publicidad Walter Thompson. Allí estudió cómo funciona la motivación en la publicidad, que es lo que 4 induce al público a comprar determinados objetos. En 1935 era ya un alto ejecutivo de la Agencia William Esty Company, donde permaneció hasta su jubilación en 1945. Watson fundó una nueva escuela que consideraba la conducta como el tema de estudio de la psicología. En los años cincuenta, Skinner continuó y amplió el conductismo de Watson, radicalizando sus presupuestos. El conductismo de Watson y Skinner era un conductismo metodológico que trataba de trasladar a la psicología el método general de las ciencias naturales puramente empíricas. Rechazó por completo el estudio introspectivo de procesos como los correspondientes a la inteligencia, la memoria, la atención y la voluntad. Su artículo “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It”, publicado en la revista Psychological Review en 1913, es consierado como el manifiesto de esta escuela o movimiento. Un año después, en 1914, publicó An introduction to comparative psychology, donde sigue hablando de “behaviorism”, igual que en 1919 en Psychology from the standpoint of a behaviorist, como doctrina que defiende el análisis de la conducta o comportamiento como único método de la psicología.
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  • Extensive Multifocal Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis in a Young Child

    Extensive Multifocal Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis in a Young Child

    Medical Practice and Review Vol. 2(6), pp. 60-65, November 2011 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/MPR ISSN 2I41-2596 ©2011 Academic Journals Case Report Extensive multifocal tuberculosis verrucosa cutis in a young child Muhammad Hasibur Rahman 1* and Nazma Parvin Ansari 2 1Department of Dermatology and VD Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh. 2Department of Pathology of Dermatology and VD Community Based Medical College, Bangladesh. Accepted 22 September, 2011 Although there has been increasing number of tuberculosis cases throughout the world, but multifocal cutaneous tuberculosis accounts to be a very rare manifestation. An interesting study report inform us of one such case of multifocal tuberculosis verrucosa cutis in a 12-year old male child encountered with a typical presentation alike in the absence of any primary tuberculous focus and extensive involvement. Key words: Multifocal, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TVC), young child. INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis an ancient early century malady caused by observed to persist in the upper and mid-dermis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis . In recent times cutaneous sometimes perforating through the epidermis. The num- tuberculosis constitutes only a small proportion of extra ber of acid-fast bacilli found is consistently scanty. The pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis tuberculin test is however strongly positive. (TVC) is also recognized as warty tuberculosis (Wolff and Tappeiner, 1999), anatomist's wart or prosector's wart and is characterized by the presence of verrucous CASE REPORT plaque-like lesions. It is naturally is initiated due to direct inoculation of the organism into the skin of a previously A 12-year old male child is presented with multiple well infected patient.