The radical Islamic militants of Central Asia

Józef Lang WARSAW NOVEMBER 2013

The radical Islamic militants of Central Asia

Józef Lang © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies

Content editors Olaf Osica, Adam Eberhardt, Krzysztof Strachota

Editor Anna Łabuszewska

Co-operation Katarzyna Kazimierska

TRANSLATION Józef Lang

CO-OPERATION Jim Todd

Graphic design Para-buch

PHOTOGRAPH ON COVER IMU propaganda materials

DTP GroupMedia

MAPS Wojciech Mańkowski

Publisher Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl

ISBN 978-83-62936-35-9 Contents

Key points /5

Introduction /7

I. Historical overview of radical Islamic militancy in Central Asia /8 1. The beginnings of radical militancy in the region /8 2. The failure of radical Islamic militancy /10 3. Occurrences of Islamic radicalism in Central Asia after 2001 /12 4. Radical Islamic militants from Central Asia in Pakistan /14

II. Current profile of the radical Islamic militants from Central Asia /17 1. Strength and ethnic composition /17 2. Leaders /18 3. Manifesto /18 4. Vectors of activity /19 5. Acquisition of funds /20 6. Cooperation with other terrorist organisations /21

III. Characteristics of the activity of Islamic radicals from Central Asia /23 1. Combat versatility /23 2. Structural amorphism and operational mobility /25 3. The universalisation and globalisation of Islamic terrorism /27

IV. Areas of operation of the radical Islamic militants from Central Asia /30 1. Afghanistan /30 2. The regional consequences of IMU’s activity in Afghanistan /32 3. Central Asia and Russia /34 4. Europe and global activities /38

V. Perspectives /42

MAPS /47 Glossary of abbreviations

IRPT – Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan TIP – Turkestan Islamic Party IMU – Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan ISAF – International Security Assistance Force ISI – Inter-Services Intelligence IJU – Islamic Jihad Union CSTO – Collective Security Treaty Organisation SCO – Shanghai Cooperation Organisation TTP – Tehrik-e Taliban-e Pakistan – Taliban Movement of Pakistan UTO – United Tajik Opposition • • • • • • points Key of the withdrawal of ISAF forces from Afghanistan planned for 2014. for 2014. planned forces ofAfghanistan from ISAF withdrawal of the light the country. in noteworthy is of This the parts northern tranquil erto hith in combat activities and recruitment in engaging Taliban, of the wing have de country. facto of Theselisation the organisations destabi further the threaten Afghanistan in IJU’s operations and The IMU academy’. of ‘jihad akind becoming world, the around from radicals of Islamic training and recruitment the in specialise IJU activity. and The IMU of terrorist aspects particular in tions organisa terrorist of various specialisation involving the them, between developedhas cooperation Network). of system Haqqani mutual Aspecific the and Taliban al-Qaida, (mainly Waziristan in based organisations ist terror Islamic international other with contacts have intensifying been organisations these terrorism, of Islamic universalisation of the a result As combat operations. regular to warfare, rilla guer activity, through terrorist from ranging of methods spectrum a wide capable of are utilising combat versatility. high These organisations quired Union have Jihad ac Islamic and MovementThe of Islamic Uzbekistan on new territory.erations setup op quickly and geographically disperse to ability have an shown IJU United and States. The the IMU and Asia Union South countries, European as such of interest, area traditional their from distant states in operations terrorist and fundraising recruitment, engage propaganda, in ziristan, Wa Northern Pakistan’s in based currently are Union, which Jihad lamic Is the and Movement The of Islamic Uzbekistan scale. ducted on aglobal con being are Asia Central from militants Islamic of radical The activities Turkey even Myanmar. and United China, Kingdom, the Germany, France, Pakistan, Russia, as such countries, other from those but also Islamists, Asian Central not with only Union)now affiliated Jihad are Islamic the and Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic the (such as groups by those created nomenon. The organisations phe havealocal be to ceased Asia Central from militants Islamic Radical Asian states (the growing Islamisation of their societies, social frustration, frustration, social societies, of their Islamisation (the growing states Asian Central problems the in of internal acombination to ofDue array awide become an Uzbek become an ------

5 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 6 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 • the major powers. the between rivalry the of intensification an and Asia of Central militarisation the region, the of inside tensions growth itspective, contribute the could to long-term the In per dimension. security the in region the presenceits in strengthen to by China as well as ploited interests, its secure to by Russia ex currently being is threat this scale, geopolitical awider On radicalism. of Islamic perceived occurrences and real the both as well as Islamisation, growing fight the against and control its over society tightening state the level it contributes to internal an On then. occur will that vacuum security the and 2014 after region of the stability region’s the regarding countries the elites the of of the consequences,into itfears since fits political reaching far- has Asia Central to return might IJU and IMU the that Even athreat region. of the countries problems the in internal of intensification the and forces 2014 in ISAF of the withdrawal the after Asia Central in stability in drop expected the as well as Afghanistan, ern north presence in heightened is region for by their the potential structive The IMU’s 2011. IJU’s de and after Kazakhstan in terrorism Islamic local engageto in efforts organisations’ these in seen be can This goals. their accomplish to tensions and crises exploit internal the will IJU and IMU the that possible is it structures, state of inefficiency and weakness the as succession of unresolvedissues the elites, of power), the in tensions well as - - - - forums, some of which require prior registration. prior registration. some require offorums, which on jihadi mostly online, circulated are and address, do not have apermanent often materials these character, their to Due forums. internet found on jihadi IJU and IMU of leaders the and by members declarations and materials ganda propa statements, organisations’ These the include themselves. organisations the from originating information and sources media government statements, and documents official research, and on studies previous based is The report Union. Jihad Islamic the and ment of Uzbekistan Move Islamic –the organisations terrorist international two around grouped currently Asia, Central from militants Islamic radical organised of the tivities ac on the focused is which report, this of subject the not the are they tance, impor or marginal struggle) armed (i.e. not undertaking character peaceful Hizb Jamiat-eand ut-Tahrir.Tabliq Salafists, the However, largely their dueto as such milieus, and groups Islamic radical several are there Asia Central In phenomena. these understand to organisations these the evolution of examine simultaneously. to theatres and is necessary It fields different in operations and mobility operational amorphism, tility, structural by combat versa complicated, and characterised multidimensional are forms and activities current Their groups. terrorist Islamic other with cooperation in scale on aglobal operations conducting organisations terrorist ternational in to 1990s the during region the in scale on alocal operating groups from have undergone Asia along evolution, Central from militants Islamic Radical I ntroduction ------

7 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 8 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 the eve of the civil war in Tajikistan (1992-1997), one of the became Tajikistan in war Islamists eve civil ofthe the On of freedom action. radicals’ the did as increased, Islam role ofthe radical economic and collapse, state of the decline the region, the in system political socio- of the breakdown Union, Soviet ofthe the fall the early with 1990s, the In for legislations. basis and reference sharia and identity Muslim –with region the transform to of society, re-Islamisation for calls to the demands groups, through study self- evolved ambitions small The from radicals’ branches. local its and Party Renaissance of creation astate-wide Islamic Caucasus), the in resulted which the from Muslims (Tatars, Muslims Soviet other the amongst discussion ous tempestu increasingly of abroader and apart was search This mentalists. funda Iranian the and Afghanistan war-torn in jihadists Arab tent by the movement), (the Deobandi alesser to ex and developed Pakistan which in trends fundamentalist by the authorities. Soviet They were inspired by the fully controlled whichwere structures Muslim official the and Islam, ‘folk’ de facto organisations these life, religious of the arevival of society. Postulating functioning role the in ofthe religion increasing and region new the to of Islam at akind propagating were aimed activities underground Their form. to started organisations radical legal il first the Tajikistan Valley and Fergana the in and underground, the from emerge to started life religious changes, these newto developed. ideas With openness an and of atmosphere republics participated), laxity an Asian tral glasnost other, perceivable,on due the and perestroyka to was society Soviet and of communism awhole)as crisis 1980s, when the on one go the to hand back Union Soviet (and the Asia Central in radicalism of Islamic The beginnings 1. diminished. was Asia in Central thesituation on influence their ment, while anew environ in were forcedfound themselves and escape to Asia Central from when 2001, radicals in Taliban of the fall the and 9/11 the attacks after period the includes second, which the and USSR; of the fall the after decade region’sthe of first exploitthe theto weakness in states radicals of efforts the and radicalism Islamic of thebeginnings includes which first, stages:two the into divided be can Asia Central from militants Islamic of radical The activity I . T he beginnings of radical militancy in the region the in militancy ofhe beginnings radical militancy in C in militancy I radical of overview Historical , as well as the war in Afghanistan (in which soldiers from the Cen the soldiers from (in which Afghanistan in war the as well , as entral A entral sia sia went against both the traditional traditional the both went against slamic slamic as the main points of points main the as and and ------cessful were unsuc among others, of ideology, of foreign radicals participation by the rolethe increase to Efforts clans. the between tensions based economically and politically, derivative of the socially asecondary only was Islam, radical ing ade facto –it was other on the United Tajik Opposition (UTO), forces comprised Islamists of democratic and the post-communist the on government oneside, and with – conflict logical 5 4 3 2 1 war elites) of led acivil to local tures struc (informal clans rival between balance of the disruption as well as sis, economic and cri social independence, adeep political, achieving where after Tajikistan, in biggest played the role was radicals time, by the this During volunteer and militias. councils local establishing began organisations Uzbekistan’s Valley, in opposition, and Fergana forces emerging of radical the and after the alteration of the geopolitical situation geopolitical of the alteration the after and and Juma Namangani of leaders Adolat position, the (Tohir Yuldashev on clan authority their based sharia of implement to observance the attempting and streets the patrolling began volunteer militias and Muslim councils, local established The Islamists gan. Naman Adolat in being (Justice), operating largest the organisations, Islamist in by filled was level; formed this on 1991 being alocal in apower to vacuum of the state, social crisis and ethnic tensions (at involving tensions violence) times ethnic and crisis social state, of the in Uzbekistan’s different Valley,erosiontheFergana The was situation where of Tajikistan. Party Renaissance Islamic the entity, as political known alegal as function to begin and posts, 30% state of receiving the structures, into state integrated be to was Moscow, in agreement UTO the which under

Uzbeks and Kyrgyz in 1990, both of which took place in the Kyrgyz part of the Fergana Valley. Fergana of the part Kyrgyz the in place took of which both 1990, in Kyrgyz and Uzbeks between conflict ethnic the and Turks 1988 in Meskhetian of the massacre the For example creation of about 1.2 million refugees and internally displaced persons. persons. displaced internally and refugees million 1.2 of about creation the and deaths, 100,000 up to in 1997, to resulted 1992 from lasted Tajikistan in war The civil gether with his small unit briefly fought in Tajikistan on the side of the UTO. the side of the on in Tajikistan fought briefly unit small his with gether who to Khattab, terrorist Saudi of the attempts unsuccessful the is of that example One Iran and the Tajik forces in Afghanistan (mainly Ahmad Shah Massoud) supported the UTO. the supported Massoud) Shah Ahmad (mainly Afghanistan in forces Tajik the and Iran while forces, government the supported Uzbekistan and Russia war civil the During country. the in situation the stabilising in interested become to in Tajikistan situation the who influenced actors external all caused 1996) in Kabul seizing (after Afghanistan in Taliban of the The rise Juma Namangani. Namangani. Juma guerre de nom his under known better is he aMuslim; became USSR the to return who after Afghanistan, in intervention of the aveteran and soldier Soviet Khojayev, aformer Jumaboy name Real . In contrast to the Tajik Islamists, who at the time were less radical and and were less radical who time at the Tajik Islamists, to the contrast . In 2 . During the course of the war the opposition was unable to gain power, gain to unable opposition was the war of course the the . During 5 ) were young, and their actions their mainly driven by driven mainly their actions their ) were young, and war between clans. The role of ideology, clans. between war includ 1 . Despite often being depicted as an ideo an depicted as . Despite being often 3 , both sides apeace signed , both 4 led ------

9 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 10 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 and their role as a counterbalance to Uzbekistan’s policies aimed against Uzbekistan’s to against policies aimed role acounterbalance as their and (who government), of the now arms were part in former comrades their from were enjoying they support due the to time, at the tolerated bywas Dushanbe Valley. Fergana the in The state Tajikistan presence Uzbeks’ in Islamic an ing establish and regime Karimov of goal the toppling (IMU), the with bekistan Movement of Islamic Uz the established had Namangani and Yuldashev 1998 However,struggle. armed fromby withdrew they too yet at time, first that at militancy Islamic authentic only force the of radical became Tajikistan in who settled The Uzbek radicals Afghanistan. Taliban-controlled refuge in or forced who liquidated warlords, seek to ofwere either the remnants the against initiatives several government undertook central the itself, ening role was limited and was only important on a tactical level. on atactical important only was and limited role was such as the Namangan Battalion Namangan the as such UTO’s on the side, war civil the in took Some escapees ready raging. part of the al was war civil the where or forced flee to to Tajikistan, arrested either being members their with Uzbek earlywere 1992, suppressed authorities in by the consolidation Karimov, due of power the to by Islam organisations, Islamist the to widen their operations and join the structures of the newly of the formed state structures join the and operations their widen to 9 8 7 6 or continue marauding country the in control remoteareas and fight decided continue to the others while structures, state joined the and treaty peace of the terms some opposition accepted of the warlords the – Islamists the within adivide caused Tajikistan in war The civil of end the 2. of Islam shallow, often interpretation own, their

T combat and ‘civilian’ elements. elements. ‘civilian’ and combat into movement the of division later the caused which to Tajikistan, fled Whole families encounter contributed to Karimov’s ferocity in combating Islam in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan. in Islam combating in ferocity Karimov’s to contributed encounter the and Karimov, by rejected was Theidea state. of the auspices the under whole country, the potentially Valley, and Fergana of the rest the to operations its extend group the that proposed and conduct, social proper and order establishing in Adolat’s successes presented Yuldashev meeting the During Namangan. in met Karimov and Yuldashev independence, its declared already had Uzbekistan year, after same of the December In Namangan. to stan, Uzbeki communist still of then leader the Karimov, Islam invited Yuldashev of 1991 April In stantial manner. manner. stantial sub ina actions their influence didnot Islamism their yet fight, the continued and treaty peace the accept not who did Bedaki, Ali and Abdullah Mullah warlords the For example durrahmon.com/jundulloh_filmlar/rus_tili/obrashenie_1.avi at http://www.jun available 1, Obrashcheniya in statements on Yuldashev’s Based were. sharia and Islam of what time at the knowledge limited having to admitted Yuldashev Even he failure of radical I ofhe radical failure slamic militancy slamic 8 under the command of Namangani, but their but their of Namangani, command the under 6 . After unsuccessful attempts attempts unsuccessful . After 9 . After strength . After 7 ------,

used to transport the IMU militants and their families) their and militants IMU the transport to used (for example vehicles of the Russian 201 (for Russian of vehicles the example Moscow and Dushanbe from support logistical and political with Afghanistan, to movement’s the was Tajikistan from complete ofThe this result withdrawal ern Afghanistan north moved into Taliban-controlled partially and withdrew IMU the which under reached, was settlement informal of negotiations weeks an several after andunable to the forces, overcome fighters were IMU Kyrgyz outnumbered the revolution Karimov. However, Islamic against an initiate Valley and Fergana of the Uzbek part the reach to was of Theraid 1999. of goal the summer the in Valley Fergana of the outskirts on the Kyrgyzstan, southern the in district ken Bat on the araid by region conducting the destabilise to attempt an was ward movement on the leave to pressure country. The the IMU’s form of for escape putting start to IMU, position and on the their change to Dushanbe in thorities au the caused Taliban, the authorities),bek with IMU’s as connections well as Uz by the 1999,probably orchestrated February in Tashkent in attacks bomb of of aseries conducting IMU (accusing the onUzbekistan’s Tajikistan pressure with Namangani becoming the commander-in-chief of all Taliban forces in the forces the in Taliban of all commander-in-chief the becoming Namangani with country, of the north forces the in Taliban of the avanguard became IMU the Taliban, and al-Qaida against aimed operation, ican-led Freedom Enduring Amer the 2001 during In Islamists. Pakistani Uyghur and hospitality, as such Taliban’s the enjoying radicals other and al-Qaida as such organisations, rorist ter international the with but also Alliance, Northern the against war civil the in support for their return in country of the north the in offreedom action great whogave them the Taliban, with not only contacts Itits intensified Asia. of states Central the all from radicals Islamic but members, also ly as Uzbeks not mere with organisation an became camps) and (for training example ture infrastruc apermanent acquired IMU the Afghanistan, to transfer the After forces, and also operating in Uzbekistan, yet the raid ended in failure again failure ended in raid yet the Uzbekistan, in operating forces, also and 13 12 11 10 1998 in berdiyev (for Tashkent’s coup example for support the byTajikistan Colonel Khuday

Uzbekistan, in the Surkhandariya district and in the region of Yangyabad, near Tashkent. Tashkent. near of Yangyabad, region the in and district Surkhandariya the in Uzbekistan, of territory on the place took also combat and strong, men 600 about were forces The IMU Rashid, Jihad. The rise of militant Islam in Central Asia, Yale University Press 2002, page 164. 2002, Press Yale University Asia, Central in Islam of militant Therise Jihad. Rashid, Uzbekistan. by supported Khudayberdiyev, Mahmud colonel army Tajik a former by undertaken of 1998, November in (Khojent) country of the north the in A coup attempt The IMU forces taking part in the raid were about 300 men strong. strong. men 300 about were raid the in part taking forces The IMU 10 11 ). ). . In 2000, the IMU repeated the attempt, deploying larger deploying larger attempt, the repeated IMU the 2000, . In st Division stationed in Tajikistan were Tajikistan in Division stationed 13 . 12 ------. 11 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 12 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 local regimes. regimes. local hoped for, to topple the had were sufficient ists forces nor radicals, of the the region’sof the However, Islam countries. the public which support the neither newly of structures the formed state weakness the exploiting actions, military over revolution power via take to or by radicals made attempts by the acterised char was phase This Asia. in Central militancy Islamic stage radical of first the ended 2001, in Freedom Enduring operation the forces during IMU and Taliban of the failure the later and 2000, 1999and in raids Batken of the The failure Pakistan. in Territories Tribal forcedthe flee to was to and 15 14 2004 in attacks (IJU Asia Central in struggle exceptfor armed and continue to afewregion, isolatedthe attempts the remotefrom areas to were forced resettle IMU) to the (mainly tive circles significantly. The ac most altered character its and drastically, dropped Asia Central in radicals Islamic of the level of the activity 9/11 attacks, the After 3. the movementheavy losses suffered fighting, of course the the During north. radical Islamic militants. militants. Islamic radical by organised initiated actions not groups,as and these subordinate to thorities au the central by viewedas be attempts should incidents these all of yet first Islamic), be to claimed (which groups had often informal local the with clashes authorities led of to the actions 2009), in confrontational the Tajikistan in tegin Kara in clashes the (such as cases other In arena. international on the actions above the state’s legitimise the opposition, and tighten control society over the combat to instrumentally used was organisations radical to causality their ing attribut tensions; problems, or ethnic social of growing aresult as occurred incidents such some In cases time. that during region took the place in that incidents several in involvement the Islamists of reporting radical thorities au local of the instances were numerous there contrast, In recruitment. and

ccurrences of I Occurrences the movement’s leaders and founders. founders. and movement’s leaders the of one Namangani, Juma including units, combat of the strength of the 50% about Reaching nefafoundation.org/file/FeaturedDocs/nefaijuoct08.pdf at http://www. Available 2008. NEFA Foundation Union, Jihad Islamic Sandree, on Ronald Based 2perpetrators). including (4 fatalities, Tashkent in Israel and USA of the embassies on the attacks suicide conducted also organisation the year same of the July In deaths), 47 out (33 of themselves terrorists the by suffered were casualties of the most clashes, these of aresult As authorities. the from responses decisive by met was which Bukhara, and Tashkent in targets on government attacks perpetrated IJU the 2004, April and March In slamic radicalism in C in radicalism slamic 15 ), limited their activities to propaganda propaganda to activities ), their limited entral A entral sia after 2001 after sia 14 ------

In May 2005 leaders of the local popular informal group Akromiya group informal popular local of leaders May 2005 the In Salafists. mostly who are militants, Islamic radical not the and region, the to traditional of Islam of branches adherents from force came driving the while tensions, repressive social authorities and policieswere the of protests the the for reasons main the case, to this However, background Islamic despite the 18 17 16 of Uzbek Andijan city the in uprising unsuccessful the was factors Islamic by caused partially authorities was the against arebellion which in case One makes a new and disturbing quality disturbing anew and makes Kazakhstan, in took interest militants Islamic radical the that fact dents, the inci the of effects and scale limited Despite the occurrences. the behind really were they that it impossible is claim to afewhowever from instances, apart the of action, course influence to attempts several undertake did organisations country. radical of The the established Islamisation for the of broader struggle manner),not did present acase and uncoordinated and hoc (who ad an in acted authorities’ repression Salafists by of the caused the factors, other amongst were, The acts Salafists. by local committed Western Kazakhstan), in (mainly attacks of unprecedented terrorist series an witnessed had time at the stan Kazakh thesituation. influence to organisations terrorist by Islamist tempts at the of and 2011, second half the in began which Kazakhstan in incidents the was Asia Central in militants Islamic by radical activity of actual instance One region). the edented in unprec was time at that which revolution successful Kyrgyzstan, in the after authorities (these events took place the from shortly response astrong with over influence be metit, orwould even exert regime, the change to attempts that public show of the Uzbekistan and unrest social put to the down Tashkent government in event orthe not, the allowed true is of this whether Irrespective for incident. provoking the him blamed was Karimov Andijan, in massacre the After 1500 sources. people, as on the many depending to as 800 from killing the protesters, on fire opened they city; the to troops deployedties internal days, on 13 several control May, city. over the After authori the crowd taking the ended up with and held, were being detainees where the prison sault on the as into an turned these protests; the to led directly which Andijan, in rested

See more in section IV.3, Central Asia and Russia. and Asia IV.3, section Central in more See It was an informal religious business group, with a strong Sufi background. background. Sufi astrong with group, business religious informal an It was Also in adjacent locations on a smaller scale. scale. on asmaller locations adjacent in Also 18 . 17 were ar were 16 ------. 13 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 14 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 learned Pashto) in the local mosques local Pashto) the in learned by (who delivered Yuldashev or sermons marriages, for by arranged example means, various through clans Pashtun favour of the influential securing was of activity area Another restarted. was Asia ment of volunteers Central from 21 20 19 on anew territory struggle armed the continuing than other members, amovement as individual or either as not for options have survival, other any did they because partially some was achieve to successes. This even started they IMU) – the asa within split (such –despite some difficulties time after new reality, and adapt to the to managed Asia Central from militants Islamic radical situation, adifficult Despite such organisation. an as function to means the of uprooted lacking operation, and areas away traditional its far from itself escape,the of result found asa and heavy losses, suffered fighting it the during thatperiod: at situation adifficult in was The Waziristan). IMU (mainly ritories ter tribal thePakistani fledto members hospitality, IMU the with them vided who pro had Taliban, of the overthrow the After exist. notto did cease IMU) concentratedthe in (who were mainly Asia time at that Central from militants Islamic radical the 2001, after Asia Central in activity their in Despite adrop 4. enues from agriculture carried out by movement’s carried members) enues agriculture from rev the (initially of new sources income were weresearched recreated, tures struc command the movement’s Waziristan; the ing Southern in capabilities rebuild on mainly Yuldashev, concentrated leader at alive, first IMU only the Arab al-Qaida). This had a crucial influence over the IMU’sthe oversubsequent influence activi acrucial had al-Qaida). This Arab the predominantly as (such organisations terrorist or ple mafias) smuggling groups (forexam criminal as such actors influential presence of other the as well intelligence; as and army diversity, power plays Pakistani the of and the clan and ethnic their Territories, with Tribal Pakistani scene of the dynamic complicated placement the in and led permanent its to yetcapabilities, also of restoration movement its of the the and survival the enabled strategy This

R Available at http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/BackgrounderIMU_28Jan.pdf http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/BackgrounderIMU_28Jan.pdf at Available of War 2011. Study for the Institute region, tribal Pakistan’s in militancy Uzbek Witter, David Asia. Central from radicals of Islamic activity of the Characteristics III, Chapter in more See families. their but also of militants, only now, composed not and is then both The IMU, cle.php?id=4348 cle.php?id=4348 http://www.fergananews.com/arti persecuted; often were they Uzbekistan, to return did militants of IMU number asmall 2002, in Karimov by declared amnesty the after though Al homeland. their to or return elsewhere, relocate simply not could IMU of the Members adical I adical slamic militants from C militants slamic 21 . entral A entral sia in P in sia akistan 20 , and recruit , and 19 . ------bad with full force full with attacked be to it started with forces allied Pashtun the with together IMU the continue, and in 2004 (or even as early as in 2002, according to other sourc to other according (or 2004 2002, continue, in in early and as even as should Asia fightin Central the decided that Namangani, with mainly ciated asso Some militants, of the Asia. Central in struggle of armed lack the was of cost strategy,which the Yuldashev’smovement with agreed anti-Pakistani of the members the not all IMU’s Pakistan, of in stay the beginning the From militants). Islamic radical the profile of Current II. Chapter in (see shape further current leaders rose to power in the IMU the power to rose leaders in 27 26 25 24 23 22 Islamabad towards elements hostile andPashtun of foreign fighters ziristan Wa South clear to attempts began USA, by the pressured – whenties Pakistan, bad’s skilful playing out of the local animosities out playing local of the bad’s skilful of Islama aresult as times several patron location its forced and change to was and in movement combat, heavy losses the suffered directly, although IMU the government forces were never able to overpower setup. The Pakistani political involvement intra-Pashtun forces, the led IMU’s to in which further kistani to change only after Yuldashev’s 2009 after only in death change to

American cable available at http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/02/09ISLAMABAD365.html# on a leaked Based Kayani. Army,General Pakistan the of of Staff Chief of the request the at conducted attack, drone American of an aresult as 2009 August on 27 died Yuldashev path to catastrophe and killing of Benazir Bhutto, Penguin Books 2008 pages 36, 43 and 46. 43 and pages 36, 2008 Books Penguin Bhutto, of Benazir killing and catastrophe to path The Pakistan. Frontline Hussain, on Zahid Based Taliban. the allies, former their support to (ISI) intelligence and army Pakistani from pressure the and USA, the to given takings under the between balance to him allowed This commanders. Pashtun local hostile often and insubordinate the combating simultaneously while Taliban, for the support – covert Musharraf Pervez president Pakistan’s by 9/11 after chosen strategy the by caused was This op. cit. cit. op. Witter, 2004. in place took battles real The first forces. Pakistani the from hid and combat declined ment’s militants move the time the at although 2002, in place took IMU with skirmishes minor The first IMU was forced to resettle and change their patron to the Tehrik-e Taliban-e Pakistan. Pakistan. Taliban-e Tehrik-e the to patron their change and resettle to forced was IMU the of which consequence as a 2007, in ‘Uzbek War’ so-called the was standoff of the nation Theculmi it. towards hostile were others while movement, the support to continued clans some split; they 2004 in but tribe, the Waziri of clans the by supported was IMU the At first Usman Odil and his deputy Abbas Mansour, an ethnic Kyrgyz. Kyrgyz. ethnic an Mansour, Abbas deputy his and Odil Usman Asia, Penguin Books 2008, page 92. page 92. 2008, Books Penguin Asia, Central and Afghanistan Pakistan, in lost being is extremism Islamic against war How the Chaos. into Descent Rashid, Ahmed and page 140; Therise…, Jihad. Rashid, on Ahmed Based of evil’). ‘airlift so-called (the force air Pakistani the by Alliance), Northern the by besieged was (which of Kunduz city the out of flown were leaders and militants IMU’s of the some also, ISI; the with contact having probably 1998, to 1995 from Pakistan in stayed Yuldashev 24 , and as an imperative of survival chose the strategy of fighting thePa of fighting strategy the chose imperative of survival an as , and 23 . Yuldashev saw himself as having been betrayed by betrayed Islama been having as saw. Yuldashev himself 27 , and the movement’s activities gained their movement’s their the , and gained activities 26 25 , when anew generation of . The situation was subject subject . The was situation 22 ------, 15 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 16 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 30 29 28 es example the IJU’s recruitment of about 80 German citizens) of about German 80 IJU’s recruitment the example successes (for noted several organisation the which Western in from Europe, of radicals training and recruitment the in al-Qaida) (mainly organisations ist terror international other with cooperation on intensifying and Taliban, the alongside of Afghanistan in concentrated on and fighting Asia, Central in jihad gave idea up of the IJU waging the of this, Because Uzbekistan. in over society control and level of high due supervision execute the to and pensive plan to and complicatedex were and expected, IJU the as were effective not as tacks The at Uzbekistan. in conducted of 2004 attacks aseries in and Afghanistan), NATO fight joined in forces the against patronage,IJU for the their (in return Jihad Union Jihad Islamic the called anew, organisation, established and much smaller IMU the

Sandree, Sandree,

28 See more in chapter IV.4, Europe and global activities. activities. global and Europe IV.4, chapter in more See Ibid ), Najimin Jalolov and Suhail Buranov, together with their followers, left their Buranov,), with together Jalolov Najimin Suhail and . op. cit. op. 29 . The IJU aligned itself with the ISI-supported Haqqani Network ISI-supported Haqqani the with itself aligned . The IJU 30 . - - - also Turkmens Tajiks), and also citizens Russian hundred to a thousand militants strong militants athousand to hundred side the militants from Central Asia Central from militants side the along diverse, is and IJU composition and IMU of The the ethnic children. elderly ‘civilian’, women, and the and families, militants) comprised of their composed –combat fact of elements (active in two are they that fact as well 36 35 34 33 32 31 3000 militants 3000 about is 10,000 people, about IMU of the including Most probably strength the 1. al-Qaida concentrated around and Pakistan in based rorism, ter of anetwork of international part are character, and origin Asian Central despite Union. their These Jihad organisations, Islamic the and of Uzbekistan Movement Islamic the organisations: cooperating and yet similar distinct, two concentrated around are Asia Central from militants Islamic Currently, radical II interest, now reaching a global scale. aglobal now reaching interest, of region evolved also ones, beyondtraditional has the terrorist strictly the ing includ even Western The IMU’sand Europe. IJU’s activities, of range and the Turkey Asia, South Union, former Soviet of Afghanistan, the countries other from but also Asia, not Central from only radicals Islamic are members tions’ from Western Europe (both migrants from the Muslim countries as well as as well as countries Muslim the from migrants Western(both from Europe phism and often the lack of formal membership in the organisations the in membership of formal lack the often and phism amor groups’thestructural camps, outflowtraining theof volunteersto and inflow vast – the IJU and IMU of the strength exact the calculating with

Sandree, Sandree, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/06/special_operations_f_4.php

. S Pakistan is its ability to acquire funds. funds. acquire to ability its is Pakistan in of al-Qaida strength Themain Maghreb’. Islamic the in or ‘al-Qaida Peninsula’ Arabian the in ‘al-Qaida as such franchise’, ‘al-Qaida so-called the is This worldwide. organisations of anumber to apatron as but serves Pakistan, in based it is members; as radicals Muslim Arab predominantly with organisation terrorist asmall is ‘core’ of al-Qaida The so-called menistan. Based on materials published by the IMU, available at http://www.furqon.com/. available IMU, the by published on materials Based menistan. Turk and Kazakhstan from but also Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan, from Mainly ter III.2, Structural amorphism and operational mobility. mobility. operational and amorphism Structural III.2, ter chap in further See Afghanistan. in militants of IMU case the in apparent especially is This no Chechens amongst them) and even ethnic Russians who have converted to Islam. Ibid Islam. to converted who have Russians ethnic even and them) amongst Chechens no are there speculations, (despite Caucasus the from volunteers but also Tatars, Predominantly trength and ethnic composition ethnic and trength militants from C C urrent profile of t urrent op. cit. cit. op. 32 , with the IJU being much smaller, probably around several several probably much smaller, around being IJU the , with entral A h 35 e radical I e radical , there are Afghans (mainly Uzbeks, but Uzbeks, (mainly Afghans are , there 33 . There are a number of problems anumber . There are sia 36 , Uyghurs, Turks, volunteers slamic slamic 31 . These organisa 34 . , as as , ------17 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 18 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 bekistan, was previously one of was Yuldashev’s deputies bekistan, Namangani) one IMU’sJalolov of founders, the (who with associated previously been had of Najimin death the who after took 2009 power in Uzbekistan, from also Fatih, Abdullah is predecessor. of IJU leader his of the The current dertakings 42 41 40 39 38 37 role. yet important playing a secondary Islam with issues, on political laid is emphasis Asia, Central from militants Islamic radical of the manifesto the In 3. become their activities, tions’ played organisa vector of being who Uzbeks, the the shape by the role still is crucial the IJU, and IMU the in groups ethnic presence ofDespite many the 2. information available on the Based ranks. their in Indonesians and Burmese even Americans, also and Pakistan, from of Pashtuns –who numbers have converted Islam), to small Germans ethnic and son-in-law Usman Odil became the the son-in-lawand became Odil Usman deputy his of2009, in Yuldashev death the After fashion. authoritarian an 200 people in the IMU and IJU) and IMU people200 the in as many as (perhaps German are most visible groups other the amongst and Afghanistan, and Asia Central from movement up militants made is of the Gazi by Usman taken was leadership the 2012 in death Odil’s After shape. current people).

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M L home-to-germany-a-844799.html home-to-germany-a-844799.html to the scale of the whole organisation; http://furqon.com/2011-09-16-11-34-50.html http://furqon.com/2011-09-16-11-34-50.html whole organisation; of the scale the to proportions these extrapolate to possible not it is 2011, in operations IMU’s of the character However, the due to Asia. Central from 20 only and Afghanistan, from originated people 64 of which names, 87 included IMU, the by published 2011, in movement’s martyrs of the A list op. cit. cit. op. Sandree, and http://www.ansar1.info/showthread.php?t=13863 at: available statement IJU Ibid ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=36ef48745c0c3eedb9b79c033675b084 ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=36ef48745c0c3eedb9b79c033675b084 dulloh_filmlar/rus_tili/tema-mujahida-1.avi dulloh_filmlar/rus_tili/tema-mujahida-1.avi at http://www.jundurrahmon.com/jun available Mojaheda, Tema film IMU on the Based eaders 40 anifesto . (previously known as Abdulfatah Ahmadi), who originates from Uz from who Ahmadi), originates Abdulfatah as known (previously 42 . amir 38 and Russian citizens (around several dozen several (around citizens Russian and s

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against armed forces armed against to combat equal struggle, of means and legitimate justified as targets, civilian at aimed those including actions, terrorist view organisations rorism). Both ter of Islamic globalisation and III.3, The chapter universalisation in further movement itself has members from different branches of Sunni Islam of Sunni branches different from members movement has itself the and organisations, terrorist Islamic other to contrast in discussed, widely not are questions, theological as such religion, to strictly relating Matters 47 46 45 44 43 Ali Mir in IJU the and region Shah Miram the in IMU the Pakistan, in Waziristan etc.) Northern in of militants families the camps, ship, training (leader infrastructure organisational of their all maintain IJU and The IMU scale. on aglobal activities terrorist and Afghanistan combat conduct in and both Pakistan, in based are IJU and IMU the dispersed: geographically also are combat activities Their operations. regular to warfare, guerrilla activity, through terrorist from ranging act, to of methods spectrum employ mobility. can awide operational These organisations a far-reaching and of diversity means by agreat characterised are IJU’s activities and The IMU 4. Asia Central in state Islamic of creation an the list IJU and IMU the goal ultimate their As gic direction of IMU’s and IJU’s activity is the fight in northern Afghanistan, Afghanistan, fightin northern the is of IMU’s IJU’s activity and direction gic strate the time, same rear. At the organisations’ at the operations tively safe for rela allows Network, and patronage Haqqani of the to the possible thanks which is a result of the influence of international terrorist organisations terrorist international influence of of the aresult is which IJU’s ideology, and IMU the Westin appeared understood havebroadly also

V filmlar/rus_tili/znamya_jihada.avi at http://www.jundurrahmon.com/jundulloh_ available Jihada, Znamya film The IMU’s Ibid Source: Tema Mujaheda 1. Mujaheda Tema Source: radicals. Sunni for all open it is that show organisation of the actions the and movement the (sic) Hawi Ata of imam teachings the lowing ( dimension theological the in and Asia, Central in common jurisprudence) lamic madhhab Hanafi the to adherent organisation Sunni isa IMU the Officially grounderIMU_web.pdf grounderIMU_web.pdf at http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Back available 2011, Washington of War, Study for the Institute region, tribal Pakistan’s in militancy Uzbek Witter, David php?17737-JundAllah-Studio-Der_Konig_Lowe-Abu-Ibraheem-Al-Alman php?17737-JundAllah-Studio-Der_Konig_Lowe-Abu-Ibraheem-Al-Alman http://www.jhuf.net/showthread. for example: IJU, and of IMU propaganda the in Visible ectors of activity . 43 . During the last several years, issues of the fight against the fight of issues the against years, several last the . During 46 . ; however, both the statements of the leaders of leaders of the statements the ; however, both - of Is (school 47 akida . This is is . This 45 (see ) fol ) 44 ------. 19 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 20 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 from Central Asia Central from militants Islamic IV. of radical of operation chapter the in Areas (see further the IMU’s and IJU’s participation in joint in projects IMU’s IJU’s participation and the for return in granted al-Qaida, mainly organisations, terrorist other from 53 52 51 50 49 48 services construction and trade but also agriculture, Territories. It primarily is Tribal Pakistani the in performed members, their and organisations of the tivity ac the business categories.is basic The first into three divided be can which sources, various from funds acquire Asia Central from militants The radical 5. Taliban of Uzbek the become wing facto ade has IMU where the living in Europe (amongst others there have been cases of such activity in in activity of such have cases been there (amongst Europe in others living radicals Islamic of the true especially is The last money Pakistan. to ferring trans and abroad living those and Waziristan to migrating those both tions, organisa of these sympathisers and members the volves from coming funds of illegal drugs from Afghanistan from drugs of illegal a serious threat to the Afghan and ISAF forces ISAF and Afghan the to threat a serious ties in Russia and South Asia, and even attempts at terrorist acts in the USA the in acts at even terrorist attempts and Asia, South and Russia in ties activi such pursuing groups of these cases been There have also of training). field the in (mainly organisations for terrorist other service a subcontracting volunteers as and or funds) (aimedat acquiring independently both performed Germany). is from This Western (especially from Europe radicals of Islamic training and recruitment propaganda, in specialise organisations these pally princi Waziristan); Afghanistan, Asia, (Central of interest area traditional outside of their activity conduct terrorist IJU and IMU the time, same At the

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A 24480474.html http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan_united_states_obama_islamic_movement/ founder of the movement. movement. of the founder and leader the Omar, of Mullah leadership the under Shura, Quetta so-called the to dinate subor forces; Afghan and ISAF the against Afghanistan in fighting forces as Understood Predominantly the training of militants, but also joint terrorist actions. actions. terrorist joint but also of militants, training the Predominantly film Qaboilda nima gap? 6 nima Qaboilda film organisation’s the in members of IMU activity business the regarding on statements Based qaboilda6.avi smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/docs-temp/386-feitt.pdf Small Wars Journal Afghanistan, in IMU the Countering Feitt, Andrew cquisition of funds 51 . These organisations are also engaged in the trade and trafficking trafficking and trade engaged the in also are . These organisations ) . , available at http://www.jundurrahmon.com/jundulloh_filmlar/ 52 . The second category is the financial aid . The financial second categorythe is 49 . 53 . The third category in . The third , available at http:// , available 48 and poses poses and 50 ------­- -

radical Islamist circles inside the ISI the inside circles Islamist radical –while similar is Pakistan with other. on relationship Their each turn then and intensively cooperate can they of time, period ashort within shows that tions organisa of these activity the that and change, constant to subject are tions connec and alliances particular the region, this in that mind in bear to has activity. One of terrorist aspects individual in organisations tion of particular specialisa the the other,and on support; or financial organisations between of people transfer the experience, and of information exchange the one hand, – on them cooperation between to advanced leads goals, of their congruence the world. as over proximity, the well This as all from radicals point for Islamic adestination other, is and each meet with organisations and circles terrorist 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 work Net Haqqani the al-Qaida, are of which mostimportant the organisations, ist terror other with actively cooperate Asia Central from radicals The Islamic 6. Germany United States United http://www.rferl.org/content/france-trial-10-alleged-imu-supporters/24788580.html http://www.rus-obr.ru/ru-web/2965 http://tribune.com.pk/story/345977/trial-opens-in-germany-of-suspected-militant-brothers/

C statemnt/2011/09%20September/Mullen%2009-22-11.pdf at http://armed-services.senate.gov/ available Mullen, Mike Admiral of ofStaffs Joint Chief US of the Congress US the before hearing the and qani_StrategicThreatweb_29MAR_0.pdf at http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Haq available 2012, Washington of for Study War, Institute threat, strategic –a Network Haqqani The Dressler, on Jeffrey Based Afghanistan. in interests its accomplish it to utilises which ISI, agency intelligence Pakistani the by controlled are actions Its businesses. of prosperous anumber runs and Afghanistan Eastern in activity terrorist of armed range awide it conducts Haqqani, din Sirajhud son his by run Currently Haqqani. Jalaluddin by Afghanistan in forces Soviet the against fight the during created organisation business aterrorist is Network The Haqqani Ibid 24480474.html http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan_united_states_obama_islamic_movement/ http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/TM_009_Issue47.pdf see Abbottabad; in Laden bin Osama for harbouring responsible were circles these probably Most organisations. terrorist Islamic the supports which wing, Islamic aradical including it, within groups several are there monolithic; not is The ISI organisations. terrorist dinate of subor anumber it maintains where Kashmir, and Afghanistan are of activity areas main Its authorities. civilian and army of the independent policies, own its conducting as well as strategy, and goals own its having reality in although Staff, General the to subordinate cally theoreti Pakistan, in agency intelligence influential most the Intelligence, Inter-Services ooperation organisations terrorist other with 59 . and the Afghan Taliban. North Waziristan is a place where different a place is where different Waziristan North Taliban. Afghan the and 54 , France , 58 . 55 and the Netherlands the and 60 support them, the civil authorities, or civil the them, support 56 ), Russia in but also 57 , or even the - - - - - ­ - ­- - -

21 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 22 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 ing, partially on the behalf of the rather compact al-Qaida rather of the behalf on the partially ing, world the combat around train from radicals Islamic giving and Europe, ern and the Haqqani Network (which is part of the so-called Quetta Shura Quetta so-called of Networkthe (which Haqqani part is the and Taliban Afghan of the on behalf Afghanistan, northern combat in operations 64 63 62 61 organisations terrorist other with joint actions in participation of means cooperation kind this IJU, and IMU of the case the In them. against actions conduct can organisations terrorist the and army, combateven the them, can tion between them are visible are them tion between stan Tehrik-e the intensively with Taliban-e cooperated also has Paki IMU the past

Witter, Witter, http://www.ansar1.info/showthread.php?t=44576 feat in Afghanistan, by the movement’s leader Mullah Omar in the Pakistani city of Quetta. of Quetta. city Pakistani the in Omar Mullah movement’s leader the by Afghanistan, in feat de the after established leaders, Taliban important most of the council – the Shura Quetta com/jundulloh_filmlar/ali_mergan_russian.avi at http://www.jundurrahmon. available Ali, Fidali film IMU the in Described 2010. July in Afghanistan, in base American largest the Airbase, Bagram on the attack the For example, , the so-called ‘Pakistani Taliban’, and currently signs of renewed coopera signs Taliban’, currently and ‘Pakistani so-called , the op. cit. cit. op. 64 . 61 , conducting activities in West in activities , conducting 62 ; as well as running running as well ; as 63 ). the In - - - - - ing improvised explosive devices (IEDs, used mainly in Pakistan in explosive improvised mainly ing devicesused (IEDs, utilis attacks include The latter actions. terrorist of strictly a whole spectrum as well as Afghanistan), in operations 2000, 1999and in Kyrgyzstan in raids (usually aimed against representativesof authorities against aimed (usually IMU and IJU have shown great innovativeness in this field) this in innovativeness have great shown IJU and IMU the Afghanistan; and Pakistan in used placed (VBIEDs, on IEDs vehicles lising 68 67 66 65 2007 in Waziristan South in clashes the (such as tions opera military capable of regular are conducting IJU and The IMU them. with associated threats of the scale the as well at as adaptation, skills their both ing to conduct show diverse combat ability have actions, proven their ganisations These combat or actions. their are The IMU’s IJU’s activities essence of and the 1. worldwide. Islamists of the recruitment and radicalisation the andgroups different between contacts the both cilitates fa which terrorism, of Islamic digitalisation and globalisation the as well as specialisation; far-reaching their to leads which organisations, tion between The of coopera second action. category intensified includes remote theatres mobility,different, conduct to at many operations ability operational i.e. the and organisations); andterrorist circles of people different between transfer (for the example, amorphism employ); organisations these structural means widerange the of (i.e.includes combat versatility category primarily The first organisations. terrorist of Islamic functioning the in changes far-reaching the of dynamic general the but also organisations, of these skills oped adaptation devel showshighly not and the only multidimensional, is IJU and IMU the in concentrated Asia Central from militants Islamic radical of the The activity III

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C www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2007/04/the_talibans_interne.php http:// Pakistan; in War’ ‘Uzbek the dubbed it; with allied clans Pashtun the and forces IMU the and army Pakistani the by supported units Pashtun local the between Clashes devices of this type. Ibid type. of this devices complicated construct to them allow electricians), (for example education technical priate appro an with members their as well as IJU, and IMU of the experience combat The wide at http://furqon.com/images/stories/videos/fbp2_russian.avi at available 2, Pakistana iz Vesti as such IMU, the by published materials the in Apparent attack .

ombat versatility ombat Ch radicals from C aracteristics of t aracteristics . entral A h e activity of I e activity sia 65 68 ), guerrilla warfare (the warfare ), guerrilla , albeit not for only: , albeit ex slamic slamic 67 , suicide attacks attacks , suicide 66 ), attacks uti ), attacks ------23 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 24 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 tacks at Mumbai-style (the so-called 2008 byecuted Taiba Lashkar-e in Mumbai in amongst terrorist organisations terrorist amongst uncommon is which sets, communication advanced and helmets Kevlar vests, night-vision, as equipment, such bulletproof military modern utilise also tants Bagram Airbase in 2010, but also planned in several places in Europe places in several in 2010, in planned but also Airbase Bagram 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 2011 in Team Panjshir in Reconstruction Provincial American on the attack ample the BM-1 rocket rounds and home-madeBM-1 and rounds copies latter rocket of the rifles, recoilless guns, machine large-calibre have mortars, organisations them),to produce these the means as well explosive(as and materials firearms from of equipment. weapons Apart and arsenal a wide possess IJU and The IMU regular armed forces armed regular employed comparable that to the in remained new members of the bat training movement, stagescom later of the the the In were given appropriate training. where they USSR, the in service military compulsory goneat least through or who had Afghanistan, in by war people of the tablished who were veterans es of was use complex The IMU combat their tactics. and training militants’ level of high their the is activity IMU’s IJU’s militant of and the trait A distinct

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available at http://furqon.com/images/stories/videos/nastav at available 74 . 70 , and suicide raids similar to the one ex to the similar raids suicide , and 73 . IMU and IJU mili IJU and . IMU (available at: http:// at: (available 72 . ------ter III.3, The universalisation and globalisation of Islamic terrorism). of Islamic globalisation and III.3,ter The universalisation chap in seefurther al-Qaida; (mainly organisations terrorist for Islamic other 78 77 76 setup newand ones quickly theatres remotein operational it conduct to actions easier effective makes also of implement necessity. case easily to in rapid changes This ability the but with form, into unified structure its need formalise to the –without needs current organisation’s the to task-based according of management people units and the facilitates which connections, on personal mainly based is Everything mobility. and diversity structural internal their to but above all ganisations, evolution the or with of these associated structure in changes not the to only refers this – structure organisational do not unified have an IJU and The IMU character. Asian Central its maintaining and steerable organisation the keeping while environments, and circles of number growing a to influence and scale, regional than on conduct to awider actions ability the Asia Central from militants Islamic radical gives the This organisations. terrorist various people between of transferring ease the and organisation, the in membership model of of aunified lack the whole of the scale organisation; on the structure command unified and of apermanent lack the as phenomena, such this to contribute factors Several new areas. in activities its establish and operation organisation’s the alter to capability –the mobility operational and amorphism far-going structural their is IMU’s IJU’s activity of and the trait important An 2. training military and indoctrination to subjected are children madrassa own its even having IMU with members, organisations’ the of children the train They also IJU. and improved IMU by the constantly ing be are and armies, regular by the used those from were taken planning) and Afghanistan forces coalition in to the level, become adversary a serious have, on a tactical Asia Central from militants Islamic radical the that The mean above factors

S The Abdullah ibn Zybair madrassa Zybair ibn The Abdullah visual materials, published on internet jihadi forums, amongst other sites. sites. other amongst forums, jihadi on internet published materials, visual audio and lists statements, as such IMU, the by published materials in found movement the inside situation of the descriptions and of members of biographies analysis on the Based Feitt, Feitt, tructural amorphism and operational and mobility amorphism tructural op. cit. op. 77 , and an attractive subcontractor (mainly in the field of training) training) field of the in (mainly subcontractor attractive an , and 78 . . Based on Quaboilda nima gap? 8. nima on Quaboilda . Based 76 . in which which in - - - - 25 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 26 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 while working on jointwhile projects more opportunities ordergain to in organisations of these ranks who enter the members al-Qaida mainly are these IJU and IMU of the case the mon In goals. com orderachieve to in organisation another to members its sation transfers organi when a terrorist phenomena occurs This amorphism. IJU’s structural and IMU the strengthens additionally Waziristan in active organisations ist Germany) and Russia Asia, Central of in autonomyenjoy degrees large cells the (such as but organisation, of the headquarters the with contact funds), maintain which of or acquisition (for recruitment ofexample, at activity one only kind directed (Europe, USA, South-Eastern Asia) (Europe, South-Eastern USA, organisations these with contact who have IJU, often limited only and of IMU 84 83 82 81 80 79 northern Afghanistan in IMU’s the under command fighting Uzbeks the with case the primarily is which organisation, of the possibly not are ofapart even being IJU, aware and IMU the of ranks the in or even fighting Some people oftions. the assisting, opera its in who organisations help only those the as well –as militants” – “full-time cause the to committed fully who are members both include tions domodel The notof membership. organisa have aunified IJU and The IMU Waziristan (such as the IMU in northern Afghanistan) northern in IMU the (such as Waziristan amir other, by the but each from coordinated independently area same the in nated directly to the amir the to directly nated subordi infrastructure, an and of units overt consist they Currently isations. organ diverse internally very are IJU and IMU the that The mean above factors

(Jihad Group). (Jihad Jamyati Jihad Group) and (Islamic Islomi Jamyat as known also is Union Jihad The Islamic ment). Move (Islamic Harikati or Group/Movement) Islomi (Uzbek Harikati Jamyati/Uzbek bek Uz as such names, neutral relatively under known is of Uzbekistan Movement The Islamic Qaboilda nima gap? 2. nima Qaboilda archives/2012/10/jund_al_khilafah_emi.php http://www.longwarjournal.org/ Russia); and Asia IV.3, in Central further (see IJU the to al-Qaida from Garsallaoui of Moezeddin transfer or the activities), global and Europe IV.4, in further (see 2010 in Europe in attacks failed the planning in cooperation For example, ghanistan.com/uploads/20100629AGCR-TheNorthernFront1.pdf at http://aan-af Available 2010. Network Analysts Afghanistan Pashtuns, the beyond ing spread insurgency TheAfghan Front. TheNorthern Christoph, Reuter Antonio, Giustozzi content/uzbekistan_united_states_obama_islamic_movement/24480474.html http://www.rferl.org/ See States. United the in Kodirov of Ulugbek case the is example One news/20667 http://www.fergananews.com/ For example: cells. captured of the on a description Based 83 . In addition to that, there are also individuals acting on the behalf behalf on the acting individuals also are there additionthat, to . In 79 . The transfer of personnel between individual terror individual between of personnel . The transfer (the IMU and IJU in Waziristan) in IJU and (the IMU 80 . 84 . Such a model of functioning allows the the allows of. Suchamodel functioning 82 ; as well as covert cells cells covert as well ; as 81 ; units functioning functioning ; units in in ------of these organisations (which facilitates the further recruitment of volunteers). recruitment further the (which facilitates organisations of these not banner, al-Qaida’s),out their under attractiveness prestige and the as well as carried being are position operations a way (as improve to the it their also is Asia Central IV.3, from chapter activities). radicals global and For Europe Islamic the 85 (but not only) Europe from mainly radicals of Islamic training and recruitment as propaganda, such common to achieve goals, efforts concrete make organisations these return, In IJU’s actions. and IMU the supports cially –finan Gulf Persian come donors from the in mainly which considerable funds, but possessing strength, in –small Al-Qaida organisations. terrorist ternational in the cooperation between Simultaneously,IJU). analogous and is IMU there the in (from combat actions assistance al-Qaida) or contributions (from financial receive problem), either return in and asubstantial is territory own of their lack (for whom organisations the terrorist international the to provide hospitality follows: organisations as is border, local system the Afghanistan/Pakistan the on active groups of those case the In organisations. of particular specialisation the is of of which of interdependency, creation asystem trait basic led the to the has organisations terrorist Islamic ofThe among cooperation international rise of region interest. traditional beyond their far tries coun from radicals Islamic training and academy’ – recruiting role of a ‘jihad playing the are jihad of global ecosystem who the IJU, in and IMU of the case the visible in especially is This much more efficient. and partners, external with cooperation to open –elastic, favour network-basedin of the structures structures of use centralised the (to ceasing goals scale) and on operate a global their of possible technologies). made redefinition due been the to has tal This on digi opening their to (for operations thanks example their in use can tions involving organisa violence) ones these (including not directly that methods out it); to reach to diverse the ability and the as (as well base recruitment cial so and support social their widening organisations, terrorist Islamic between interdependencies the Theseof intensifying processes consist this. to ceptions no ex are IJU and IMU the and organisations, such all almost in occur which processes are terrorism of Islamic globalisation and The universalisation 3. steered. does not being from prevent time them same at the and combat them; to difficult makes it efficiently; resources available their utilise to IJU and IMU Witter, Witter, T he universalisation globalisation and of I op. cit. op.

slamic terrorism terrorism slamic 85 (see further in in (see further ------27 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 28 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 net jihadi forums net jihadi (and possibly later recruitment) of the Muslim population in Central Asia Central in population Muslim of(and the possibly recruitment) later In this case, the IMU and IJU have succeeded in developing a mechanism for have developing succeeded in amechanism IJU and IMU the case, this In Urdu Arabic and Burmese, Indonesian, French, as such languages, other to translated being also are These films over German. 30in and Russian, 20in English, in about 20are languages),10 (in at least about created 170 films propaganda has of which IMU up numbers: date, to the by the illustrated be phenomena of can The the scale 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 websitesously. own have their These organisations simultane locations several on effecting calculated actions conducting and array ofwide means a field, utilising this in active very are IJU and The IMU easily. them worldwide with contact establish to radicals forences, and Islamic experi and ideas other, to exchange each remote from geographically tions, organisa terrorist Islamic allows also Use internet of the tion process itself. radicalisa the of intensification contribute to the to but also radicals, recruit able out not and to are reach to only they organisations, toolsby these digital other, usage wide on due the of and the to increasing; is organisations terrorist Islamic for of base the operations worldwide, Islam social the of radical tance of impor rise due on the to one hand, other: coupledphenomena each are with These distribution. broadening and digitalisation its is IJU, and of IMU case the in also terrorism, of Islamic universalisation element of the important An and publish audiovisual propaganda materials in a number of languages anumber in materials propaganda audiovisual publish and Germany), South Asia and even the United States even the and Germany), Asia South (predominantly countries European from radicals of Islamic recruitment the

also audio podcasts. podcasts. audio also but films, mainly materials, propaganda distribute and create al-Tawheed which (IJU), Badr and (IMU) Studio the Jundullah studios, film propaganda own their have IJU and The IMU and hacker attacks, and so the IMU and IJU now more frequently use internet forums. forums. internet use frequently more now IJU and IMU the so and attacks, hacker and blockades frequent to subject are they although materials, organisations’ the distribute to platforms as serve websites These http://sodiqlar.info http://www.sehadetzamani.com, –at IJU’s the at http://www.furqon.com/, is http://www.jundurrahmon.com, website The IMU’s info) or the Jamia Hafsa Forum (http://www.jhuf.net/forum.php). Forum Hafsa Jamia or the info) (http://www.ansar1. English in forum jihadi largest the Muajahideen, al Ansar as Such Radicalising the Uzbek community in USA via USA in community Uzbek the Radicalising 00.html) and those published on the jihadi forums. forums. jihadi on the published those and 00.html) (http://furqon.com/2011-09-08-02-37- IMU’s website the at available of films on list Based youtube.com/watch?v=X2GT1OD8Nmo, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYne9sPQhX4 on YouTube, https://www. activity for example: high as well as www.facebook.com/IMU313, or https:// https://www.facebook.com/mujohid, website Facebook on the activity For example, The presence of a large number of propaganda materials in Uzbek or Tajik, but also Russian. Russian. but also or Tajik, Uzbek in materials of propaganda number of alarge The presence 90 87 . The IMU and IJU’s activity in this field is aimed notaimed only at fieldis this in IJU’s activity and . The IMU and online social networking services networking social online and the internet. internet. the 91 , but also at the radicalisation radicalisation at the , but also 86 , are active on the inter on active the , are 88 , and also produce also , and 89 92 ------. . stan clare in favour of a particular one favour in of a particular clare need concentrate to or the de without porate multiple narratives ideological incorandto circles, and environments different from out to radicals to reach Karimov regime junta in Burma in junta 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 region of the countries many presentmonitoring in and blockades internet the bypassing materials, propaganda the distributing the IMU and IJU and IMU the whose groups in representatives represented the involve between animosities which tensions engagement ethnic as problems, in such direct any themselves permit cannot they organisations; for these limitations encompasses certain possible. earlier However, described it IJU also and of IMU mobility operational by the Pakistani civilian authorities civilian Pakistani by the theological framework within militant radical Sunni Islam Sunni radical militant within framework theological do not and haveideological aprecise These organisations IJU. and IMU the favourable conditions metinside with also has The process of universalisation

http://ahyaislam.com/showthread.php?t=634 http://www.ansar1.info/showthread.php?t=44576

http://www.jhuf.net/showthread.php?16775-IMU-Jundullah-Studio-presents-A-Lost-Peo views. and world opinions different have imam Burmese a and Islamist Asian Central a Salafist, German a goals, their of unity specific the despite diverse; is members organisations’ the of background social the Similarly Deobandism. or Salafism as such ones radical including doctrines, theological Islamic other support who those as as well Hanafis), as (such Islam ni of Sun branches non-radical to who adhere Islamists include also ranks IJU’s and The IMU ple-(about-the-Tragedies-of-Burma)-Al-Mufti-Abu-Dharr-Azzaam-(Hafidhahullaah) ple-(about-the-Tragedies-of-Burma)-Al-Mufti-Abu-Dharr-Azzaam-(Hafidhahullaah) Obrashcheniya 1. Obrashcheniya videos/der_muster_muslim.avi at http://furqon.com/images/stories/ available Muslim, Muster Der film propaganda IMU Based on the statements made by IMU leaders in Obrashcheniya 1. 1. Obrashcheniya in leaders IMU by made statements on the Based statement condemning the violence between Muslims. between violence the condemning statement a lukewarm releasing to reaction its 2) – limited Pakistana iz Vesti Mansur; Abbas Kyrgyz, ethnic en was units military of IMU’s commander the time –at the levels highest the even (at ranks its in of Kyrgyz presence the and of operation logic internal its due to ganisation, or the side, the Uzbek on conflict the in involvement potential IMU’s of the speculation Despite 2010. in and Uzbeks the Kyrgyz between conflict ethnic the during Kyrgyzstan ern south in occurred that chaos the exploit to inability IJU’s and IMU the is of this example An the Bluetooth protocol. protocol. Bluetooth the through distributed later and devices, on mobile Asia Central into smuggled blockade, net inter without country in a downloaded then is afilm Such phones. mobile for the dedicated format 3gp the in Tajik and Uzbek Russian, in online films of publishing consists Which 99 or even the persecution of the Muslim Rohingya people by the military people military by the Rohingya Muslim of the persecution or even the 100 101 96 are interwoven. It is largely this approach that has made the the made has that approach It this interwoven. largely is are . , the corruption of corruption Western civilisation , the 95 . In IMU and IJU propaganda, fighting the fighting propaganda, IJU and IMU . In 98 , combating the ISAF forces Afghani in ISAF the , combating 93 . 97 94 , betrayal of Islam of Islam , betrayal . This allows them them allows . This ------29 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 30 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 also cooperating with the IMU in the north of the country of the north the in IMU the with cooperating also country, of south the but currently the is in fought Taliban alongside only the 104 103 102 for militancy them use and Tajiks, alesser to extent) and Turkmens (and Uzbeks also local among the recruitment and radicalisation capable of was conducting Uzbek IMU predominantly movement, the while the of affiliation Pashtun strong due the to accomplish to were unable this The Taliban minorities. ethnic by the inhabited territories forces the to ISAF and Kabul authorities in the against insurgency the spreading succeeded in where it has Afghanistan, in actions the in leading is IMU size, the its to Due Russia. and for China as well as states, Asian problematic is Central for and the Kabul, authorities in the and to ISAF a threat poses Afghanistan northern IJU’s presence in and IMU The Taliban. country, of have Uzbek the where become wing they facto ade of the north combat the in and on recruitment focused is there activity Their IJU. and of IMU for operation area the strategic and basic the is Afghanistan 1. USA). for the countries, example other also Western(but Europe and Russia) (together with Asia Central Afghanistan, are IJU and IMU for of operations the areas The actors. mostimportant other the from reactions varied forth bring and conducted manners, diverse in tors, are fac different by influenced are Asia Central from militants Islamic radical the of operations the mobility. areas, of these each operational In of asign their is simultaneously, which areas distant and distinct on several, operations their Union conduct Jihad Islamic the and MovementThe of Islamic Uzbekistan . IV his, which border Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Turkmenistan, border which his, Badg and Jowzjan, Faryab, Samangan, Badakhshan Baghlan, Balkh, Takhar, the of provinces Kunduz, in fighting in participated mainly has IMU the far So

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http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/04/20134910314648770.html Feitt, Feitt, http://www.fergananews.com/news/20639

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T dex.php dex.php at http://www.isaf.nato.int/article/isaf-releases/in available statements, on ISAF Based tajikistan-bans-muslim-youths-from-praying-in-mosques/). tajikistan-bans-muslim-youths-from-praying-in-mosques/). http://tribune.com.pk/story/224080/ facilities religious entering on minors ban the ample, (for ex Tajikistan and http://www.centrasia.ru/person2.php?st=1160886886) district jan Andi of the governor of the actions the (for example Uzbekistan in for example seen be can as process, this combat to trying who are authorities, the by athreat as viewed is and gion, re of the countries the all in place taking is Asia of Central societies of the The Islamisation http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/09/suicide_bomber_strik_5php IMU: the to 2009 in Karategin in clashes for the responsibility attributing For example, drone attacks. attacks. drone American by killed Europe), been have from some (including organisation of the members important other as well as Mansur, Abbas and Odil Usman Yuldashev, as such leaders IMU 114 he regional consequenceshe of regional IMU . So far the IMU has shown no interest in initiating direct armed struggle struggle armed direct initiating in no interest shown has IMU the far . So 113 . 115 , and have actively utilised the spec the have utilised , and actively ’s A in activity fghanistan fghanistan 112 . Another . Another ------and IJU and IMU the with of contacts close along history has and Waziristan in based is rently also within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Cooperation Shanghai of framework the the within also region, of the countries the with cooperation military of intensify to steps a number undertaken has IJU), China and IMU of the actions the (including Afghanistan in situation of the impact dangerous the ordereliminate to In China. to athreat also is is of relevance. In 2001, Iran granted temporary asylum to IMU members IMU to asylum temporary granted Iran 2001, In ofis relevance. marginal, while IMU’s combat the Afghanistan, in towards The of policy Iran 121 120 119 118 117 116 China United and States, Russia Western the aid) from countries, military (including gage in armed conflict, which is not desirable forwhich Moscow conflict, gage armed in force might en to states Russia these in IMU presence of the armed potential presence. The amilitary it which has CSTO, in and the through allied is Russia which with Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan region, of the countries weakest the are Most vulnerable them. with associated Asia of Central of destabilisation risk for due dangerous to the Russia, are Afghanistan IMU’s in operations the long the term, In region. the in interests its ordersecure to in instrumentally IMU’s of return the threat the exploiting been Moscow has term, short the In achallenge. and opportunity an presents simultaneously Afghanistan in ity IMU’sthe of sphere its activ influence, as Asia Central For treats which Russia, intensification of operations by the East Turkestan Islamic Movement Islamic theEast by of operations intensification Turkestan as well as of province Xinjiang, western its in Uyghur separatism and radicalism Islamic in of arise afraid is China Above all, Asia. Central and of Xinjiang stability China’s deepened have for also concerns the Afghanistan The in IMU’s activities

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Obrashchenya 1 and http://www.cfr.org/china/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim/p9179 ited scale) as well as terrorist activity in China. China. in activity terrorist as well as scale) ited (on alim Afghanistan in combat in both participates and IJU, and IMU the to ties close has it Waziristan, in based Currently China. in territories on Uighur state Islamic of an creation the is goal Its membership. Uighur predominantly 1997, with in established organisation terrorist Islamic –an Party Islamic Turkestan the Movement, Islamic Turkestan The East http://lenta.ru/news/2010/06/12/refuse/ process. pacification the in forces own its engaging risk to not chose government Russian yetthe CSTO, of the auspices the under intervene to troops for Russian asked ernment gov the Kyrgyz 2010, in when south in Kyrgyzstan conflict ethnic the by shown was This security-priorities-trump-human-rights-and-diplomacy http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/reports/us-military-aid-central-asia-1999-2009 http://www.ojkum.ru/arc/lib/2010_04_15.pdf 116 118 . . The spill over of potential conflict in Central Asia onto Chinese territory territory Asia ontoChinese in Central conflict over of. The potential spill 120 . 117 119 , which cur which , . 121 - - - - - ­- , 33 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 34 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 harm US attempts to realise its strategy in Afghanistan in strategy its realise to US attempts harm order to in supports, previously combatedlies, whom but Iran now partially al their and Taliban the towards strategy Iranian in ment change of alarger 125 124 123 122 recruitment subsequent their and of Muslims radicalisation at the directed are whose countries, actions Asian Central havethe in anetwork of IJU cells and The IMU organisations. these problems for serious pose of continuous Islam persecution their and regimes region’s of the character or even totalitarian authoritarian the although tions, ac favours such Asia of Central societies of the Islamisation The growing IJU. and IMU for the of asource new recruits above is all Asia At Central present, radicals. Islamic atomised control local over the ittake and to channel would IJU have which the enabled up means setting 2011, after Kazakhstan in engage to terrorism IJU’s attempts in the exception was Adisturbing countries. these in engaged militancy in not directly are sations organi these region, of the states by the declarations and reports media ous Despite of numer new members. recruitment and radicalisation at the aimed mainly are Russia, in also and Asia, Central in IJU’s operations and The IMU 3. Afghanistan in movement’s activities militant (on scale) the supports alimited currently Iran evidencethat is there and in character of these states substantially limits (but does not eliminate limits substantially states of these character in locked- the and over society level of where the surveillance Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan in least Islam), the of and people number practising rising the with combines structures of state (where weakness the Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan dominantly from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and to a lesser extent from Kyr from a to lesser extent and Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan from dominantly (pre Russia in migrants labour Asian Central million presence of several the with connected is This IJU. and forIMU of operations the area an also is Russia IMU’s IJU’s capabilities. and

http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2010/09/senior_islamic_movem_2.php

C http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2010/170260.htm at: available terrorism, supporting on states report of State Department US on the Based da nima gap 3. 3. gap nima da on Qaboil Based Uzbekistan. and Turkmenistan from volunteers have still IJU and The IMU jikistan in January of 2013 Ta - in http://www.rferl.org/content/tajikistan-imu/24825405.html). (for example authorities the by cells of such members of its arrests the by proven also but Ali), on Fidali (based themselves radicals the by admitted is cells of such The existence entral A entral sia and R and sia ussia 124 . Most such operations are conducted in are operations . Most such 122 . However, only one is ele this 123 . 125 ) the ) the ------recruiter revealing any association with a terrorist organisation aterrorist with association any revealing recruiter the without recruit, future the of radicalisation the stage is stages. The first of several consists and lengthy process is recruitment and The radicalisation no prove to is evidence this. there currently mind), in although Asia Central with relations and Islamisation rising their bearing (especially Tatars Crimean the amongst operations recruitment ing tion of Russia’s Muslims screening to a subject counterintelligence is he the a full-fledgedorganisation, of member before becoming where savings) to Waziristan, financial their as (asily well fam deploy to his operation volunteer stage the is the with The together last 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 operations conduct actively recruitment whom organisations amongst these gyzstan), rarely through the Persian Gulf countries), Gulf Persian but the never directly through rarely done via usually is stages, and into several divided also converts to Islam) to converts Russian even ethnic and Bashkirs), (such as groups ethnic resentatives of other rep but Tatars, also (mainly radicals Islamic Russian amongst scale a limited on operations conduct recruitment also IJU and The IMU Caucasus. Northern the republics of the Muslim from Islamists influence of the and circles alist nation Russian from attacks situation, social of their aresult is which Russia, (and indirectly also al-Qaida) during the terrorist incidents in Kazakhstan af Kazakhstan in incidents terrorist the during al-Qaida) also (and indirectly Union Jihad Islamic of the actions the is of example this One radicals. Islamic endogenic grassroots by the caused disturbances and exploitto tensions the organisations by terrorist made attempts the are quality dangerous A new and ( of necessity of migrating the individual an such of convincing stage consists only afterwards is the association with the particular organisation revealed organisation particular the with association the is only afterwards hijra

http://www.fergananews.com/news/20667

http://www.golos-ameriki.ru/content/russia-siberia-islam/1611001.html Zapadnya and Terrorizm v Kazakhstanye – slepaya vera. vera. – slepaya vKazakhstanye Terrorizm and Zapadnya television, Chabar the on films 2013 documentary the in member IJU of aformer wife the by described Kazakhstan, from volunteers by Waziristan to of ajourney account on the Based op. cit. cit. op. Sandree, organisation. of the members former the from Accounts Ibid Based on IMU member’s description of his own recruitment. Fidali Ali. Ali. Fidali recruitment. own of his description member’s on IMU Based a member of the IMU recruited in Russia, published by the IMU (in Fidali Ali). Fidali (in IMU the by published Russia, in recruited IMU of the a member by given account an and on http://www.fergananews.com/news.php?id=17739, Based sharia where sharia aterritory ) to . 131 126 and undergoes thorough training. The journey to Pakistan itself is is itself Pakistan Theto journey training. thorough undergoes and . This in turn is facilitated by the Islamisation of the emigrants in in emigrants of the Islamisation by the facilitated is turn in . This 127 , which is supported by a wider process of the radicalisa process of by awider the supported is , which 128 . It is also possible that the IMU and IJU are conduct are IJU and IMU the possible. Itthat also is is the basic law, basic need the wage to is the jihad and Turkey (also Iran and 132 . 129 . The second 130 ------. ; 35 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 36 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 ing Islamisation and radicalisation of this part of the country of the part of this radicalisation and Islamisation ing structures organisational lack and atomised who are radicals, Islamic Kazakh of the true also is which andCaucasus, in Russia Salafists with connected primarily are 138 137 136 Jund ul-Khalifah a new organisation, Union established Jihad Islamic the time At the Afghanistan. and Pakistan in for militancy recruited been sporadically only who hitherto had radicals, Islamic Kazakh of the potential saw the organisations terrorist International 135 134 133 killed law enforcement forces), the with people 32 ofmishes which were aresult as skir attacks, suicide bombings and took place incidents (shooting attacks, ist violent terror and several terrorism, of Islamic of occurrences free Asia tral Cen in state only the been had up then which to Kazakhstan, in time At that benefit. own forregion their the in present conflicts ethnic the exploiting in organisations oftions these 2010, in limita shows the Kyrgyzstan southern in Kyrgyz and Uzbeks tween be conflict bloody the ethnic in IJU of and engagement lack IMU the by the time, same At the radicals. were conducted which by domestic Islamic 2011, ter police) and (KNB) Committee Security National the law enforcement forces (mainly the against were directed and of Almaty) took outskirts place on(but the also local Salafists (the majority of whom are against waging jihad in Kazakhstan in waging jihad majority of are whomagainst (the Salafists local headed by Abu Moez (Moezeddine Garsallaoui), a Swiss citizen of Switzerland of Switzerland citizen aSwiss Garsallaoui), headed Moez by (Moezeddine Abu http://rus.azattyq.org/content/terakt_fokina_babitski_taraz_kizatova_demos_kazak

Based on http://www.sehadetzamani.com/haber_detay.php?haber_id=2498 zakonnosti-voennyx-dejstvij-v-kazaxstane/ fatva-o-dzhixade-protiv-kazaxstanskoj-policii/ and http://hunafa.com/2011/03/vopros-o- http://hunafa.com/2010/09/ religion. of the defence in militancy in engage to Kazakhstan in Muslims allows which Ash-Shinkriti, Munzir Abu Sheikh by a fatwa published which Caucasus, from website Islamist an Hunafa, it was Also Caucasus. the in radicals Islamic the for forums internet the on Salafists of Kazakh presence extensive the For example, rums of Islamists in the Caucasus. Caucasus. the in of Islamists rums fo internet the on Salafists Kazakh of posts the in found KNB and police the by Salafists of the of persecution tales notorious on the based as well as stan_aktobe/24406772.html Ibid. kz/tag/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC http://tengrinews. at: available attacks, of particular casualties the about on information Based amongst the post-Soviet Salafists opposed to armed struggle. More at http://salaf.kz/?p=870 at http://salaf.kz/?p=870 More struggle. armed to opposed Salafists post-Soviet the amongst popular very who is Muhammad, Abu Rinat leader religious Kazakh the For example, 133 134 . These attacks were concentrated in the western part of the country country of the part western werethe concentrated in . These attacks . One of their causes was the authorities’ brutal putdown of the grow putdown of the authorities’ brutal the was causes of. One their 137 . (Soldiers of the Caliphate) the of (Soldiers 135 . Kazakhstan’s . Kazakhstan’s 138 , which was was , which 136 ------) - - cruited the perpetrators of one attack online) of one attack perpetrators the cruited plained incidents plained a campaign of mass arrests (over people 500 were arrested) arrests of mass a campaign through situation the manage able government temporarily to was The Kazakh the narrative about Islamic terrorism in the region the in terrorism about Islamic narrative the in itself established and conducted campaign a broad propaganda organisation ic radicals only undertook afew operations undertook only ic radicals 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 al-Qaida of with Tunisian descent who associated previously been had Nazarbayev President authorities and the to threats and werestatements its activity ifah’s of Jund ul-Khal signs The main IJU. the within acell only is independence, and no has itself from violence benefit it. The and the organisation channel stan, Kazakh in community Salafist the radicalise to was ofgoal Jund ul-Khalifah power after President Nazarbayev.power after succession of unresolvedissue the of context of the the in country, especially of the stability the to athreat poses which strength, in increased actually they not but cease, Salafists) authorities on ofthe the pressure the milieus, and cles cir of certain (the radicalisation Kazakhstan in of terrorism occurrence the causes the of did not all, only Above benefit. for their Asia problems Central in exploit to endogenic the readiness their as well as Kazakhstan, in interest to an undefined Islamic radical group radical Islamic undefined an to this matter in their internal struggles internal their in matter this terrorism Islamic towards weakness http://www.kavkazcenter.com/eng/content/2011/11/01/15322.shtml

http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2012/10/jund_al_khilafah_emi.php http://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/v-kazahstane-sotni-chelovek-sidyat-za-ekstre

http://news.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=373083 http://news.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=373083

http://ansar1.info/showthread.php?t=36876 http://ansar1.info/showthread.php?t=36876 ­-i-terrorizm-229238/ mizm Comittee Nurtay Abikayev; Security http://www.astanadaily.kz/?p=1506 National of the head powerful the against of acampaign element an as Mainly crime/14aug2012/8bodynazparkkaz.html). (http://www.newsru.com/ park national Ili-Alatau of the mountains the in people of 11 rferl.org/content/more-kazakh-border-guards-found-dead/24600606.html), (http://www. and killing China with border on the outpost of an destruction and soldiers of 14 Killing this kind. kind. this of challenges and threats face to of readiness lack authorities’ appropriate the Principally http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2496476 and http://lenta.ru/news/2012/07/12/terrorism/ 40911&tx For example: http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D= ­_ttnews 140 , while its influence on the events in Kazakhstan was small (itre small was Kazakhstan in the events on influence its , while ­%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=b6a10c91e3e0a1f008278abc9a6097d8 145 , responsibility for one of which the authorities attributed for authorities attributed one the of which , responsibility 147 146 148 , the willingness of the elites to exploit to elites of the willingness , the . The showed authorities’ situation the , international terrorist organisations’ organisations’ terrorist international , 144 141 , although there were two unex were two there , although . Despite that, the newly the formed . Despite that, 142 . 143 and in 2012 Islam 2012 in and 139 . The ------­ ­ 37 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 38 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 acts of terrorist preparations the in aid to occasionally and recruitment; or further funds acquiring in IJU’s actions and IMU the of supporting task the with tions, organisa of these cells local secondly to create undergo training); and ziristan Wa to transferred volunteers the are cases, (in these Afghanistan and kistan Pa in struggle armed the for militants new gain to all, of first purposes: eral for sev IJU and conducted is Europe by from IMU of radicals The recruitment Russia). and Asia Central (such as of operations theatres other the in attractiveness their increasing and organisations terrorist position other amongst up their element of building an IJU’s operations, and IMU of the part integral an but became later Qaida, dom and Denmark, but also in Spain and potentially in Sweden in potentially and Spain in but also Denmark, dom and United King the France, mainly countries, European other in active also are IJU and The IMU attacks. terrorist several have to perpetrate attempted they 152 151 150 149 rope of Western countries Eu the in communities Muslim to activities its shifted from new members recruit to Turkey,gradually efforts and initiated which IJU, volunteers. the The was pioneer recruit and actions of these Muslims cal lo the radicalise to is Europe of in IMU’s IJU’s operations The aim and basic or even United Asia States. South-East world, the as such of the parts other in activities way in a limited in engaging in interest shown have IJU and IMU the this, from Apart organisations. of manpower these the does not which possess al-Qaida, conducted with cooperation in are Europe in IJU’s operations and The IMU attacks. terrorist to perpetrate attempted also but have recruitment, and Germany), concentrate on where radicalisation they in (mainly Europe in active are Asia Central from militants Islamic Radical 4. from where about 200 militants of these organisations originate organisations of these where aboutfrom militants 200 Germany, is IJU and IMU of the activity the to mostvulnerable The country http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/disillusioned-german-islamists-returning-

Witter, Witter, http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39332 E home-to-germany-a-844799.html residence, place of employment, etc. etc. of employment, place residence, citizenship, their Europe; in detained members IJU and IMU about on information Based urope and global activities and urope 150 149 . . At first this process was part of the subcontracting services for al- for services subcontracting the of part was process this . At first op. cit. cit. op. 152 . In all of these of these all . In 151 , and where , and ------Laden, and the perpetrators were to have been IMU terrorists were have to IMU been perpetrators the and Laden, explosive materials) explosive production of the (for out preparations initiating example, mostof the rying car and planning succeeded in had they after albeit attack, the committing explosive materials explosive and firearms with Germany in base American Ramstein on the attack a 2007 was Asia from Central militants Islamic radical by planned attack The first actions. by their or inspired even just terrorists, Asian Central who independently, act by the but radicals who were trained Islamic European by perpetrated by posed attacks is However,rations. threat serious another of prepa early discovery due the to were thwarted which Europe, in attacks several have planned IJU place. and The IMU taken have also Asia Central from militants Islamic conducted by radical actions etc.), terrorist funds, strictly of or acquisition recruitment (such as activity exceptfor Europe, In auxiliary increase. probably also will tions IMU’s IJU’s opera of the and area the continent, of the countries other to lam attack in Mumbai in 2008 in Mumbai in attack Taiba Lashkar-e the resembling raids were supposed suicide dom, be to which United King the and Germany, France in conduct to of attacks a plan anumber discovered had they that agencies intelligence 2010In announced several 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 Salafists) the (such as communities Muslim of radicalised existence the is activity for their basis the countries Germans of one three Turkish and Sauerlandconsisting in citizen cell a four-person IJU killed while training in the IMU training camp in Waziristan) in camp training IMU the in training while killed were attacks the in participated who were have to directly (the militants tacks at foil early enough the and of terrorists plans possibleit the discover to was

http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/main/2012/02/03/feature-01 http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/operation-alberich-how-the-cia-helped-

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/apr/22/german-terrorism-trial http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,730377,00.html germany-foil-terror-plot-a-504837.html These included two ethnic Germans, converts to Islam. Islam. to converts Germans, ethnic two included These http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/mar/04/islamic-jihad-union-bomb-plot archives/2010/10/british_german_jihad.php http://www.longwarjournal.org/ Kingdom: United the and of Germany citizens Including 155 , who had received training in Waziristan. They were caught before Waziristan. in , who received had training 154 156 . The perpetrators of the attack were to be members of members were be to attack of the . The perpetrators . 157 . These attacks were ordered directly by Osama bin bin by Osama directly were ordered . These attacks 153 . With the spread of radical European Is European of spread radical the . With 159 158 . . In this case, case, this . In ------39 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 40 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 otic (from their point of view) countries as the USA, and even African states, ac states, even African and USA, point of the view) as (fromotic their countries of the radical Islamic militants from Central Asia Central from militants Islamic radical of the airbase) Rammstein the attack to plans the (such as operations by the inspired probably radical, Islamic Albanian by (2 an fatalities), perpetrated airport furt 162 161 160 Waziristan in camp training IJU at the who undergone training had Merah, by Mohammad trated Toulouse perpe in (7 2012 fatalities) in attacks the are of actions type of this Examples inspiration. as serve or for actions whom organisations, their these from received who either training radicals but by Islamic cells, or IJU IMU the conducted not by attacks terrorist less spectacular the are More dangerous acquisition ofacquisition funds and recruitment at the mainly directed is IMU’s IJU’s activity where and the and exists, potential social where alarge of of Asia, South-East countries true especially is This own. on their conduct to attacks radicals loneencing Islamic influ potentially as well as of acquisition volunteers funds, the and munities, com of Muslim radicalisation at the aimed of actions anumber undertaking scale, on aglobal of model activity employing asimilar also is IJU and The IMU operations. their from gers stemming dan the does not minimise this although possibly activity, and training, ganda propa to limited is attacks such in The role IJU. organisations of and these IMU by the planned actions complicated, of the spectacular failure forreason the main the ofinterception was which the of subject communications, not the are of attacks plans their and organisations, terrorist the with quent contacts counties), fre of European (or Europe citizens from nate do not are maintain origi perpetrators the detect; to much harder are they since more dangerous, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/fatal-shooting-at-frankfurt-airport-ger

http://www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2012/03/french_fighters_train regarding the training of Merah: http://ansar1.info/showthread.php?t=39797 of Merah: training the regarding ul-Khalifat Jund by astatement as well as ing_in_no.php ple-(about-the-Tragedies-of-Burma)-Al-Mufti-Abu-Dharr-Azzaam-(Hafidhahullaah) http://www.jhuf.net/showthread.php?16775-IMU-Jundullah-Studio-presents-A-Lost-Peo kistani aPa from who graduated refugee aBurmese Dhar, abu Azzam of Mullah actions the as well as dio-presents-New-video-release-by-burmese-language-quot-Izzatu-rasta-quot-Part-3), https://194.145.209.131/~jhufnet/showthread.php?15923-Jundullah-Stu and php?t=40924, https://www.ansar1.info/showthread. (for example Burmese and Indonesian to translated and IJU and IMU by published materials of propaganda analysis on the Based Bangladesh. and Burma Indonesian), to proximity language’s of its (because Malaysia Indonesia, Mainly man-investigators-suspect-islamist-motives-behind-attack-a-748769.html madrassa (Vesti iz Pakistana 2), and is currently a prominent member of the IMU: IMU: of the member aprominent 2), currently is and Pakistana iz (Vesti 162 160 . These organisation, however, are also active in such ex such however, in active . These also organisation, are ; and the 2011 attack on American soldiers in the Frank the soldiers in on American attack 2011 the ; and 161 (a group subordinate to the IJU) IJU) the to subordinate (a group . Attacks of this type are are type of this . Attacks ------Chicago and Philadelphia in 2012 in Philadelphia Chicago and in online) (recruited members of IJU arrests States, the is of evidence which 167 166 165 164 163 to somecording sources had been supporting the movement the financially supporting been had who Uzbek of man an arrest 2012 the USA are in ofExamples IMU’s activity rorist attacks on US soil attacks rorist conduct to May 2013, in ter who planned Uzbek) Idaho had in an (also member IMU of an arrest the as well as PresidentObama, attack to IMU the order from States is the presence there of a large Uzbek diaspora (about Uzbek 50,000 of people diaspora alarge presence there States the is http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan_united_states_obama_islamic_move

http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/US-man-arrested-for-supporting-Uzbek-Islamic- http://www.rosbalt.ru/exussr/2012/01/27/938338.html http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/05/18/2581161/boise-case-may-be-new-chapter.html http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/05/18/2581161/boise-case-may-be-new-chapter.html http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/637260-police-issue-fresh-terror-alert.html ment/24480474.html ment/24480474.html militants 163 166 . The main reason for the IMU’s interest in the United the IMU’s for in reason interest the . The main . The IJU is also active on the territory of the United of the territory on active the also is . The IJU 167 . 165 and logistically, based on an on an based logistically, and 164 ). ). - - 41 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 42 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 tile towards to Taliban, has been substantially weakened substantially been has Taliban, to towards tile hos who warlords, were traditionally taneously, power northern of the the groups. Simul the particular powerof between balance real the not reflect does system political the and Afghanistan, in institutions state and paratus state efficient ap not creating succeeded in has community The international they previously controlled. areas the to return they regions, to other conflict of gravity the ashort-lived was shifting success; this Helmand), after although 170 169 168 south the controlled in were forced they out of some areas of the The Taliban Afghanistan. in to accomplish Iraq,failed its in goals effective was surge), (the so-called operations which the contingent intensifying and itary of size mil its the of increasing strategy The American 2014. after Afghanistan inside situation of the afunction be largely will IJU and IMU of the The future tensions. existing of already rise the and states Asian Central of the stability internal the as well as forces 2014, in ISAF of the withdrawal the planned after Afghanistan in thesituation as such time, the at of affairs state on depend the Much will Asia. Central to IJU and IMU of the sible return or apos Afghanistan, northern in of aquasi-state establishment the include operations. possibleThe scenarios further their to forecast it difficult makes which probably future, continue the in will trend This changes. dynamic and rapid to subject is Asia Central from militants Islamic of radical The activity V. a situation where the authorities in Kabul are weak and ineffective and weak are Kabul authorities in where the a situation status quo ante possible. 2001 quo is Such status the to forces, areturn American ofity the major and ISAF of the withdrawal 2014 of the perspective the In population. of the part that from support enjoy growing Pashtuns, forrepresentation the political of absence due real any and the to administration, of local functions conduct provinces, the many in control situation in of the actually are them, with forces allied the and Taliban, the time same At the divided. internally and other each from detached leadership, are lack north the in minorities ethnic

perspective of 2014. of 2014. perspective the in north the of unification the of hindering intention the Tajiks), with of the leader and president the former Rabbani, Burhanuddin as (such country the of north the from figures political and warlords former influential several assassinated also have TheTaliban States. United of the policies the and Kabul in authorities the by 2001 after role their Limiting power. power. of levels at all present corruption overwhelming the is for example, problem, A substantial er than expected difficulties in the south of the country, the plan was not fully realised. realised. fully not was plan the country, the of south the in difficulties expected than er great due to although country, of the east the include also to supposed was surge the Initially Perspectives 169 . This has created created has . This 170 168 ,

while the the while (such as (such as ------in the region, also to the neighbouring states. Uzbekistan has a similar serious serious asimilar has Uzbekistan states. neighbouring the to also region, the in country, of due the importance and its to stability the to threat aserious pose could other, on they each President Nazarbayev. superimpose factors these If succession of unresolvedissue the of power the after and quent worker strikes) fre (which the for seen be in could example background asocial sions with ten thethe country), west of in communal all butabove Salafists the (such as groups and of some circles problem radicalisation the of not the only has stan Kazakh shocks. to not being fully-fledgedvulnerable and sation mechanisms stabili their as well as structures, social and political their in unstable highly awhole as are Asia of region Central the and they both Uzbekistan), (primarily repressionof apparatus their effectiveness of or the Kazakhstan), (primarily economic and successes political current states’ particular of the Regardless region. the in conflicts of and exploit tensions possible escalation the will organisations these that is scenario improbable, acompact amore forcelikely highly gion as and seems re the to IJU and IMU of the of course events, of areturn the Regardless self. it Asia Central in situation internal play the it, but in also will organisations role these the and Afghanistan in situation not on only depends the Asia tral Cen in operations militant to active IJU and IMU of the return The potential tensions. internal existing the by increasing as well as China, and states Asian Central of the fears the by region reinforcing the to threats would many pose entity an of such itself existence the while IJU, and IMU the concentrated around radicals Islamic Asian Central the strengthen would substantially This Qaida. al- and Taliban 1990s), to the the in linked closely country of the fragmentation the to (similar a quasi-state became wouldfacto de which compact area, a chosen control and Afghanistan to assets their all or transfer Pakistan, in headquarters their maintaining while Afghanistan in Taliban alongside the militancy their would continueable be to either Asia Central from militants radical events, the of course does not on improbable. seem the north Depending the in territories of the control over country, part of the yet establishing north entire over the control take to IMU the probably would alevel allow which never reach will They increase. would significantly Afghanistan northern in operations their and would up open asituation new opportunities, such IJU, and For IMU the country. of the fragmentation far-reaching the states); as well as Asian Central the USA (supported and by Russia, north the from minorities ethnic the forces and representing (supported by Pakistan) Taliban the tween be war government, civil central collapse of the the would mean a scenario ------43 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 44 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 sult of the ethnic conflict in the south, chaos breaks out, and the rolethe and of out, local breaks chaos thesouth, in conflict ethnic of the sult re as a (if, and conflict) Kyrgyzstan internal an to leads power struggle (if the Uzbekistan be to seem factor. activity of The such mostprobableIslamic areas exploitation subsequent and of states the Asian Central one ofin or the other crisis involved becoming afuture in IJU and IMU the be to seems able scenario amore prob unlikely; compact force and highly is organised an as Asia Central into The region. IMU’s the entry presence in their room for re-establishing region’s the to offerpotential above threats stability the IJU, and For IMU the southern in Kyrgyzstan. conflict ethnic the Karimov’s in death) power after new consolidation of of the the (as part intervenes Uzbekistan for if example countries, particular in crises of amerger of internal apossibility is There also Dushanbe. and Tashkent between tensions and Tajikistan) and Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan, Valley (between Fergana the in incidents border the in seen as region, of the states the between animosities and tensions also are tors, there fac these from country. of Apart the stability the to threat aserious be could erosionregions), authority, of the state and badsocio-economic situation the different between existing those (such as tensions other the combination with in which, frustration groups’ growing these to leads this perceived radicals; and real both as well as party, Islamic country, legal of the the Islamisation the both against fighting authorities are state where the Tajikistan, in growing are a distinct force whose importance is on the rise on is the force whose importance adistinct are 173 172 171 Islamists the ing; ris also is country of south the the in took factor 2010. place in The Islamic than scale even larger on an clashes armed into open incident transform could minor and evenunresolved, a still is the country thesouth of in conflict ethnic The of asource instability. previously been country, of has south the which the and the north dividebetween from a socio-political deep suffers state, the of weakness the fromgeneral apart a violent domesticconflict. 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As has already taken place in northern Afghanistan. Afghanistan. northern in place taken already has As 174 . The goal of such actions would first of all be the be all of would first . The actions of goal such ------45 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 46 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 and radical Islamic views, they could pose a serious threat to public to security. threat aserious pose could they views, Islamic radical and combat experience their home where with countries, their to militants IJU and IMU of the return for the be could Europe challenge Another actions. their in isolated independentand radicals, of Islamic training and inspiration or by the propaganda) IJU and IMU influence of the (through communities Muslim local of radicalisation the through yet threat, no less dangerous indirect an from but of region interest, traditional outside of their attacks terrorist ticipation in Józef L Józef an g M M 0 Tehran UZBEKISTAN ap 2. ap 1. ap Aktau KAZAKHSTAN 3 Atyrau Central Asia Central Areas of activity of Islamic radicals 1990–2000 radicals of Islamic of activity Areas 100 km IRAN Dushanbe TURKMENISTAN 3 Tashkent Ashgabat AFGHANISTAN UZBEKISTAN 3 Herat 2 BATKEN BATKEN Batken Tavildara Tavildara AFGHANISTAN Namangan Namangan Mazar-i Sharif KAZAKHSTAN 1 Andijan Andijan TAJIKISTAN Tashkent Kabul Dushanbe KYRGYZSTAN TAJIKISTAN Osh Islamabad Bishkek KYRGYZSTAN 1 3 2 The Batken raids1999–2000 the Tajik civilwar1992–1999 during andafter Areas ofactivityIslamists Islamists 1990–1992 Areas ofactivitytheUzbek PAKISTAN Almaty Kashgar CHINA CHINA 47 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 48 PRACEOSW REPORT OSW 09/2012 11/2013 M M 0 Tehran Bases andtrainingcamps: 1 2 ap 3. ap ap 4. ap IJU IMU Abu Dhabi AFGHANISTAN Main area of activity of radical Islamic militants of Central Asia in 2013 in Asia of Central militants Islamic of radical of activity area Main Afghanistan – Pakistan border –Pakistan Afghanistan IRAN 100 km Ghazni Ashgabat Kabul

S O Herat

U Wana T H W Miram Shah

A Khost Z I Kandahar R N AFGHANISTAN IS PAKISTAN TA O Mazar-i Sharif N R Mazar-i Sharif TH 1 W Jalalabad AZ IR Quetta IS Dushanbe Mir Ali T AN 2 Kabul Dera IsmailKhan Islamabad Peshawar Peshawar Lahore INDIA New Delhi PAKISTAN in Afghanistan Islamabad insurgency CHINA IMU Radical Islamic militants from Central Asia have ceased to be a local phenomenon. The organisations created by those groups (the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and the Islamic Jihad Union) engage in propaganda, recruitment, fundraising and terrorist operations in states distant from their traditional area of interest, such as European Union countries, South Asia and the United States. Their ranks contain not only Central Asian Islamists, but also those from other countries, such as Russia, Pakistan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, China, Turkey and even Myanmar. These organisations’ current activities and forms are multidimensional and complicated, characterised by combat versatility, structural amorphism, operational mobility and simultaneous operations in different fields and theatres. As a result of the universalisation of Islamic terrorism, these organisations have been intensifying contacts with other international Islamic terrorist organisations based in Waziristan (mainly al-Qaida, Taliban and the Haqqani Network). A specific system of mutual cooperation has developed between them, involving the specialisation of various terrorist organisations in particular aspects of terrorist activity. The IMU and IJU specialise in the recruitment and training of Islamic radicals from around the world, and have thus become a kind of ‘jihad academy’.