Manufacturing Reality: the Display of the Irish At
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MANUFACTURING REALITY: THE DISPLAY OF THE IRISH AT WORLD'S FAIRS AND EXHIBITIONS 1893 TO 1965 A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Jeffrey M. O'Leary December 2015 © Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Jeffrey M. O'Leary B.A., Thiel College, 2003 M.L.I.S., University of Pittsburgh, 2004 M.A., Kent State University, 2008 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2015 Approved by Kevin Adams, Ph.D.______________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Mary Ann Heiss, Ph.D.___________, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Elizabeth Smith-Pryor, Ph.D., J.D.___ Alfred Martin Wainwright, Ph.D.____ Richard Feinberg, Ph.D.___________ Accepted by Kenneth Bindas, Ph.D.____________, Chair, Department of History James L. Blank, Ph.D.____________, Dean, College of Arts and Science Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: History and Perceptions of the Irish in the Transatlantic World ............................34 Chapter Two: Creating "the Other": Imperial Spaces, Midways, and Maps ................................88 Chapter Three: "Inventing Irish": Philanthropy, Progress, and Performance .............................120 Chapter Four: "Owning Irish": Transition and Troublesome Tradition .....................................184 Chapter Five: "Recapturing Irish": From Dominion to Republic ...............................................243 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................298 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................312 iii List of Figures Figure 1. "The Fenian Guy Fawkes" .............................................................................................35 Figure 2. "The Usual Irish Way of Doing Things" .......................................................................37 Figure 3. "The Ideal American Sabbath-As Witnessed By Our Distinguished Guests in the Midway Plaisance" ........................................................................................................90 Figure 4. Map of the 1889 Paris Exposition fairgrounds ............................................................113 Figure 5. Map of the 1893 Chicago Exposition Fairgrounds......................................................115 Figure 6. "A Fair Warning" ........................................................................................................116 Figure 7. Map of the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition Fairgrounds ....................117 Figure 8. "Donegal Castle, On The Midway" .............................................................................142 Figure 9. "Blarney Castle, On The Midway" ..............................................................................143 Figure 10. "Loom and Spinning Wheel in Irish Industrial Village" ...........................................144 Figure 11. "Lady Aberdeen's Cottage at the Irish Industries Village" ........................................145 Figure 12. "An Authority On The Subject" ................................................................................152 Figure 13. "A Good Disguise" ....................................................................................................153 Figure 14. U.S.-Irish flags...........................................................................................................160 Figure 15. "Sod From Erin's Ancient Shores" ............................................................................161 Figure 16. "Reproduction of Cormac's Chapel, on the "Rock of Cashel," Co. Tipperary" ........175 Figure 17. "Irish International Exhibition" .................................................................................176 Figure 18. "The Main Entrance, Ballsbridge" ............................................................................192 Figure 19. "Irish Anti-National Exhibition" ...............................................................................195 Figure 20. Anti-Irish International Exhibition Cartoon ..............................................................197 Figure 21. Advertisement by White Star Line ............................................................................199 Figure 22. "New Forms of Shelter for Consumption Cases, As Exhibited at the Dublin Tuberculosis Exhibition ..............................................................................................204 Figure 23. Advertisement, "Are you going to the Irish International Exhibition?" ....................206 Figure 24. Advertisement for the Irish Cottage and McClinton's Soap at the 1907 Irish International Exhibition ..........................................................................................................208 Figure 25. "The Water Chute" ....................................................................................................209 Figure 26. "Irish International Exhibition, Dublin, 1907: Somali Village" ................................211 Figure 27. "When in Dublin Don't go to the Exhibition" ...........................................................214 Figure 28. Cover of Irish International Exhibition: Dublin 1907: Official Catalogue ...............215 iv Figure 29. "Irish Lassies Teach Kerchief Making ......................................................................221 Figure 30. "The Franco-British Exhibition. 'Irish Village.'" ......................................................226 Figure 31. Ballymaclinton postmark...........................................................................................229 Figure 32. "Colleens Dancing, Ballymaclinton" .........................................................................231 Figure 33. "Ballymaclinton Carpet Workers, Franco British Exhibition. 1908" .......................233 Figure 34. "Kissing the Blarney Stone, Ballymaclinton" ...........................................................234 Figure 35. "Colleens Washing, Ballymaclinton, Franco-British Exhibition. London. 1908" ....235 Figure 36. "Healthy Bedroom Exhibited at the Tuberculosis Exhibit in the Irish Village of the Franco-British Exhibition" ...........................................................................................238 Figure 37. "Unhealthy Bedroom at the Tuberculosis Exhibit in the Irish Village of the Franco-British Exhibition .......................................................................................................238 Figure 38. "Irish Section, Dargle Bridge, Coronation Exhibition, London, 1911" ....................246 Figure 39. "The Zone from the Van Ness Street Entrance" ........................................................251 Figure 40. Cartoon re-printed in the Leader newspaper .............................................................258 Figure 41. Entrance to the Shamrock Isle ...................................................................................261 Figure 42. Advertisement for "Irish Village" .............................................................................262 Figure 43. O'Hanrahan Irish Village proposal for the 1934 Century of Progress Exposition ....275 Figure 44. "Representative of Irish-American societies outside the Irish Pavilion..." ...............287 Figure 45. "Irish Pavilion, New York World's Fair 1964-5" (stamp) .........................................294 Figure 46. "Beware of imitations" ..............................................................................................299 v Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation would have been impossible without the assistance of numerous individuals. Foremost, I must thank my family for their encouragement and love throughout the entire process. My father, James Derrig O'Leary, has always been unwavering in his support during my journey to become an historian and deserves the most credit. Our conversations, especially during the research and writing stages of this project, helped to keep me on track. His sage counsel on various topics throughout my life means more than I can possibly express in writing. My brother, Jim, reminded me not to take myself too seriously, and I will continue to take that advice. Uncle Bob showed true interest in this project and he gave his encouragement from its earliest stages. In fact, he read all material that I emailed, and I appreciated his astute editorial skills in helping to make this a better project. Elizabeth Schlenk remained steadfast in her belief that I would complete this dissertation and survive to tell the tale—she was right. My grandparents, Robert E. O'Leary and Martina P. Derrig O'Leary, helped to instill my interest in Ireland and its history during my childhood. For that, among other things, I am eternally grateful to them both. Although grandma did not live to see this project come to fruition, I hope it would make her proud. I dedicate this dissertation to her loving memory. At Kent