Statistics A: Tables and Graphs
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Chemistry: the Molecular Nature of Matter and Change
REVISED CONFIRMING PAGES The Components of Matter 2.1 Elements, Compounds, and 2.5 The Atomic Theory Today 2.8 Formula, Name, and Mass of Mixtures: An Atomic Overview Structure of the Atom a Compound 2.2 The Observations That Led to Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Binary Ionic Compounds an Atomic View of Matter Atomic Symbol Compounds That Contain Polyatomic Mass Conservation Isotopes Ions Definite Composition Atomic Masses of the Elements Acid Names from Anion Names Multiple Proportions 2.6 Elements: A First Look at the Binary Covalent Compounds The Simplest Organic Compounds: Dalton’s Atomic Theory Periodic Table 2.3 Straight-Chain Alkanes Postulates of the Atomic Theory Organization of the Periodic Table Masses from a Chemical Formula How the Atomic Theory Explains Classifying the Elements Representing Molecules with a the Mass Laws Compounds: An Introduction 2.7 Formula and a Model to Bonding 2.4 The Observations That Led to Mixtures: Classification and the Nuclear Atom Model The Formation of Ionic Compounds 2.9 Separation Discovery of the Electron and The Formation of Covalent An Overview of the Components of Its Properties Compounds Matter Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus (a) (b) (right) ©Rudy Umans/Shutterstock IN THIS CHAPTER . We examine the properties and composition of matter on the macroscopic and atomic scales. By the end of this chapter, you should be able to • Relate the three types of matter—elements or elementary substances, compounds, and mixtures—to the simple chemical entities that they comprise—atoms, ions, and molecules; -
Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 2012, 1 (2):250-256 (International Peer Reviewed Journal)
Available online at www.joac.info ISSN: 2278-1862 Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 2012, 1 (2):250-256 (International Peer Reviewed Journal) Synthesis & Characterization of Novel Aniline—Formaldehyde-- α - Napthol Terpolymers M. N. Narule*K. Chawhan1 K. M. Wasnik2 P. K. Rahangdale *Dept. of Chemistry, Vidya vikas Art, Commerce & Science College, Samudrapur, Wardha-, India. 1Sai Polytechnic, Chandrapur. 2R. S. Bidkar College, Higanghat E-mail: [email protected], kavi_2605 @rediffmail.com ____________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The present manuscript reported the synthesis of organic terpolymers of aniline, formaldehyde & α-naphthol. The reaction is catalyzed by strong acids, weak acids, organic acids and also by Lewis acids. The composition of terpolymers has been determined by elemental analysis and spectral studies such as UV, IR and NMR have been carried out to elucidate the structure of the terpolymers. The polymer exhibit high temperature resistance better thermal properties as evident from the TGA data. The polymer undergo degradation under inert atmosphere at increasing temperature provides good for nature. Spectroscopic data revels that long chain polymer hold together not only by C-C bond, but also the electrons are delocalized in conjugation showing coloured aniline- formaldehyde-α-naphthol terpolymers. Keywords: Terpolymerization, aniline, formaldehyde, α-naphthol. ______________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Polymer science[1-9]has -
Integrated M.Sc. Chemistry (CBCS) SYLLABUS Department of Chemistry Central University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur 610
Integrated M.Sc. Chemistry (CBCS) SYLLABUS Department of Chemistry Central University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur 610 101 Name of the course : Integrated M. Sc. (Chemistry) Duration : 10 semesters Intake : 30 Eligibility : Plus two examination or equivalent of any recognized board in India with 60% marks (Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science/Biology) for general category, 55% marks for OBC (Non-creamy layer) and 50% marks for SC/ST candidates. The candidates should not have completed 20 years of age as on 01-07-2015. Course Structure The five year program is spread into ten semesters where in first four semesters are designed for broad subject based understanding. Later six semesters will have increased focus on chemistry. The subject courses in the early stage of iM.Sc programme are simplified and of basic level that bolsters the inter-disciplinary way of learning. The third and subsequent year courses have been designed on advanced theories in chemistry with emphasis on concurrent modern laboratory techniques. Further the iM.Sc (Chemistry) programme has been included with experiments that provide exhaustive hands on experience on various sophisticated instruments, experimental techniques to enable the students secure jobs in corporate. The final semester is dedicated to specialization within the subject with research level training. The rules and regulations of Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) are applicable to this program. Generally, a student takes ten semesters to complete the program. The courses offered under CBCS, has certain credit number (2, 3 or 4). Core requirements of the programs are clearly defined. In the first two years of the program, a student has common course load with students from other departments. -
Robert Wilhelm Bunsen Und Sein Heidelberger Laboratorium Heidelberg, 12
Historische Stätten der Chemie Robert Wilhelm Bunsen und sein Heidelberger Laboratorium Heidelberg, 12. Oktober 2011 Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker 1 Mit dem Programm „Historische Stätten der Chemie“ würdigt Robert Wilhelm Bunsen – die Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) Leistungen von geschichtlichem Rang in der Chemie. Als Orte der Erinnerung eine biographische Skizze werden Wirkungsstätten beteiligter Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler in einem feierlichen Akt ausgezeichnet. Eine Broschüre bringt einer breiten Öffentlichkeit deren wissenschaft- Bunsen war einer der Wegbereiter der Physikalischen Chemie liches Werk näher und stellt die Tragweite ihrer Arbeiten im und ein bedeutender Vertreter der anorganisch-analytischen aktuellen Kontext dar. Ziel dieses Programms ist es, die Erinne- Richtung. Seine wissenschaftliche Bedeutung liegt in der Ent- rung an das kulturelle Erbe der Chemie wach zu halten und die wicklung und Perfektionierung von Methoden und Instrumen- Chemie mit ihren historischen Wurzeln stärker in das Blickfeld ten. Diese Arbeitsschwerpunkte hat Bunsen von Beginn seiner der Öffentlichkeit zu rücken. Karriere an verfolgt und systematisch ausgebaut. Am 12. Oktober 2011 gedenken die GDCh, die Deutsche 1811 als jüngster von vier Söhnen einer bürgerlichen protestan- Bunsen-Gesellschaft für Physikalische Chemie (DBG), die Che- tischen Familie in Göttingen geboren, begann Bunsen dort 1828 mische Gesellschaft zu Heidelberg (ChGzH) und die Ruprecht- das Studium der Naturwissenschaften. Seine wichtigsten Lehrer Karls-Universität -
1. Disposition and Pharmacokinetics
1. DISPOSITION AND PHARMACOKINETICS The disposition and pharmacokinetics of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds have been investigated in several species and under various exposure conditions. Several reviews on this subject focus on TCDD and related halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (Neal et al., 1982; Gasiewicz et al., 1983a; Olson et al., 1983; Birnbaum, 1985; van den Berg et al., 1994). The relative biological and toxicological potency of TCDD and related compounds depends not only on the affinity of these compounds for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), but on the species-, strain-, and congener-specific pharmacokinetics of these compounds (Neal et al., 1982; Gasiewicz et al., 1983a; Olson et al., 1983; Birnbaum, 1985; van den Berg et al., 1994, DeVito and Birnbaum, 1995). 2,3,7,8-TCDD and other similar compounds discussed here are rapidly absorbed into the body and slowly eliminated, making body burden (bioaccumulation) a reliable indicator of time- integrated exposure and absorbed dose. Because of the slow elimination kinetics, it will be shown in this section that lipid or blood concentrations, which are often measured, are in dynamic equilibrium with other tissue compartments in the body, making the overall body burden and tissue disposition relatively easy to estimate. Finally, it will be shown that body burdens can be correlated with adverse health effects (Hardell et al., 1995; Leonards et al., 1995), further leading to the choice of body burden as the optimal indicator of absorbed dose and potential effects. 1.1. ABSORPTION/BIOAVAILABILITY FOLLOWING EXPOSURE Gastrointestinal, dermal, and transpulmonary absorptions represent potential routes for human exposure to this class of persistent environmental contaminants. -
Unit IV Outiline
CHEMISTRY 111 LECTURE EXAM IV Material PART 1 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM Chapter 14 I Dynamic Equilibrium I. In a closed system a liquid obtains a dynamic equilibrium with its vapor state Dynamic equilibrium: rate of evaporation = rate of condensation II. In a closed system a solid obtains a dynamic equilibrium with its dissolved state Dynamic equilibrium: rate of dissolving = rate of crystallization II Chemical Equilibrium I. EQUILIBRIUM A. BACKGROUND Consider the following reversible reaction: a A + b B ⇌ c C + d D 1. The forward reaction (⇀) and reverse (↽) reactions are occurring simultaneously. 2. The rate for the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction and a dynamic equilibrium is achieved. 3. The ratio of the concentrations of the products to reactants is constant. B. THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT - Types of K's Solutions Kc Gases Kc & Kp Acids Ka Bases Kb Solubility Ksp Ionization of water Kw Hydrolysis Kh Complex ions βη Page 1 General Keq Page 2 C. EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT For the reaction, aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD The equilibrium constant ,K, has the form: [C]c [D]d Kc = [A]a [B]b D. WRITING K’s 1. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ 2 NH3(g) 2. 2 NH3(g) ⇌ N2(g) + 3 H2(g) E. MEANING OF K 1. If K > 1, equilibrium favors the products 2. If K < 1, equilibrium favors the reactants 3. If K = 1, neither is favored F. ACHIEVEMENT OF EQUILIBRIUM Chemical equilibrium is established when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. CO(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇌ CH4 + H2O(g) Initial amounts moles H 2 Equilibrium amounts moles CO moles CH = moles water 4 Time Page 3 G. -
Tribute to Biman Bagchi Laser Spectroscopic Groups of One of Us (G.R.F.), Paul Barbara, and Others
Special Issue Preface pubs.acs.org/JPCB Tribute to Biman Bagchi laser spectroscopic groups of one of us (G.R.F.), Paul Barbara, and others. The solvation dynamics was reported to have times scales faster than dielectric relaxation, which posed a challenge to theorists for proper explanations. Just before joining IISc, Bagchi, in collaboration with G.R.F. and David Oxtoby, had developed a theory of dipolar solvation using a continuum model of the solvent and a frequency dependent dielectric function. The theory predicted a solvation time that was faster than the dielectric relaxation time of the solvent, thus providing an explanation of the experimentally observed fast relaxation of the time dependent solvation energy. The continuum theory was subsequently generalized by Bagchi and co-workers in many different directions such as incorporation of multi-Debye relaxation, non-Debye relaxation, inhomogeneity of the medium around a solute, etc. Still, being based on continuum models, all these extensions lacked the molecularity of the solvent. Besides, these theories considered only the rotational motion of solvent molecules because the dynamics came through the frequency Photo by S. R. Prasad dependence of the long wavelength dielectric function. Micro- rofessor Biman Bagchi has made pivotal contributions to the scopic theories based on molecular solvent models also started P area of dynamics of chemical and biological systems in an coming from other groups; however, these microscopic theories academic career spanning more than three decades. He has been also included only the rotational motion of solvent molecules. a great teacher and mentor for a large number of young These rotation-only microscopic theories predicted an average theoretical physical chemists of India and a creative and insightful solvation time that was longer than the long-wavelength fi collaborator with leading scientists worldwide. -
Project Note Weston Solutions, Inc
PROJECT NOTE WESTON SOLUTIONS, INC. To: Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. Site File Date: June 5, 2014 W.O. No.: 20405.012.013.2222.00 From: Denise Breen, Weston Solutions, Inc. Subject: Determination of Significant Lead Concentrations in Sediment Samples References 1. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Technical Guidance for Screening Contaminated Sediments. March 1998. [45 pages] 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Emergency Response. Establishing an Observed Release – Quick Reference Fact Sheet. Federal Register, Volume 55, No. 241. September 1995. [7 pages] 3. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Division Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. Atomic Weights of Elements: Review 2000. 2003. [120 pages] WESTON personnel collected six sediment samples (including one environmental duplicate sample) from five locations along the surface water pathway of the Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. (CRU) site in May 2014. The sediment samples were analyzed for Target Analyte List (TAL) Metals and Stable Lead Isotopes. 1. TAL Lead Interpretation: In order to quantify the significance for Lead, Thallium and Mercury the following was performed: 1. WESTON personnel tabulated all available TAL Metal data from the May 2014 Sediment Sampling event. 2. For each analyte of concern (Lead, Thallium, and Mercury), the highest background concentration was selected and then multiplied by three. This is the criteria to find the significance of site attributable release as per Hazard Ranking System guidelines. 3. One analytical lead result (2222-SD04) of 520 mg/kg (J) was qualified with an unknown bias. In accordance with US EPA document “Using Data to Document an Observed Release and Observed Contamination”, 2222-SD03 lead concentration was adjusted by dividing by the factor value for lead of 1.44 to equal 361 mg/kg. -
ISOTOPIC ELEMENTS) and the WHOLE NUMBER RULE for ATOMIC WEIGHTS by William D
624 CHEMISTRY: W. D. HARKINS PROC. N. A. -S. -To summarize, the mechanism tentatively proposed above may be dia.. grammatically represented as follows: Insulin Glycogen-*Hexose ---Hexose mono-phosphate Hexose di-phosphate-<r-Triose phosphate and Reactive triose Carbon Lactic dioxide acid and Water 1 It has recently been noted from the Zentralblatt that Euler and Myrback (Svensk. Kem. Tidskr., 36, 295-306 (1924)) have made an apparently similar suggestion. As the originAl article has not been available it has been impossible to learn how closely the two theories coincide. 2R. Robison, Biochem. J., 16, 809 (1922). 'This step has been definitely established by Harden and his co-workers and the enzyme accomplishing the change has been named hexosephosphatase. 4 Neuberg and Kerb, Biocerm. Zs., 58, 158-170. (1913). ' Euler and Myrback, Chemie Zele Gewebe, 12, 57 (1925). THE SEPARATION OF CHLORINE INTO ISOTOPES (ISOTOPIC ELEMENTS) AND THE WHOLE NUMBER RULE FOR ATOMIC WEIGHTS By WILLiAM D. HARKINs KENT CHEMICAL LABORATORY, UNIvRSITY OP CHCAGO Comminicated August 26, 1925 Introduction.-The existence of isotopes among the heaviest or radio- active elements was demonstrated by the difference in the rays emitted by "different radioactive elements of almost identical chemical properties" now designated as isotopes of the same chemical element. Isotopes have been shown to exist in the light elements by two independent methods: by their detection in the positive ray method, and by the actual separation of the isotopes. The earliest use of the positive ray method for detecting isotopes by J. J. Thomson' resulted in the discovery of the isotopes of neon, while the separation of chlorine into isotopic fractions by Harkins and Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 VOL. -
Unesco – Eolss Sample Chapters
ORGANIC AND BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY – Vol. I - Stereochemistry - Franco Cozzi STEREOCHEMISTRY Franco Cozzi Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Italy Keywords: Symmetry, chirality, chirotopicity, stereogenicity, stereoisomerism, conformation, configuration, stereochemical descriptors, enantiomeric composition, optical activity, stereoselectivity, stereoselective synthesis. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Symmetry 3. Chirality 4. Stereogenicity 5. Conformation and configuration 6. Configuration descriptors 7. Dependence of the properties of chiral molecules on the enantiomeric composition 8. How to obtain stereoisomerically pure compounds Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The aim of this chapter is to provide the reader with the basic concepts necessary to deal with the stereochemical aspects of organic chemistry. As in any other interpretation of stereochemistry that aspires to be rational, also in this one a detailed knowledge of the symmetry properties of a molecule and of the relationship between symmetry properties and molecular behavior at all levels is considered of fundamental importance. Another central point is the strict distinction between chirality and stereogenicity that underlines all the discussion both as an inspiring principle and guidance to the use of a correct stereochemical language. In addition to classic topics such as isomer classification, stereochemicalUNESCO descriptors, and conseque nces– ofEOLSS enantiomeric composition, a short presentation of the principal methods for obtaining enantiomerically pure compounds is included. 1. IntroductionSAMPLE CHAPTERS According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, stereochemistry is: "a branch of chemistry that deals with the spatial arrangement of atoms and groups in molecules". The Oxford Dictionary of English defines stereochemistry: "the branch of chemistry dealing with composition of matter as affected by relations of atoms in space". -
Elektrochemia Simr 02 En
Electrochemistry course Electrolyte - reminder ACME Faculty, EHVE course Liquid or solid that conducts electricity B.Sc. Studies, II year, IV semester by means of its ions. Ions can move when they have freedom Leszek Niedzicki, PhD, DSc, Eng. of movement. That freedom can be provided by molten salt (ionic liquid) , specific structure of solid enabling ionic mobility or (most commonly) solvation of ions in the solution by solvent Fundamentals of ionics molecules (and as a result - shielding them from counter-ions and causing dissociation). 2 Solvation once more Dynamic equilibrium Disturbance of solvent structure by an ion: • It is a phenomenon observed when on a large scale (e.g. billions of billions of molecules) a statistical equilibrium A – I solvation layer (directly coordinated by a cation) is observed, i.e. mean value of a given parameter is B – II and further solvation layers (attracted steady, but individual molecules often change their electrostatically by a cation and can interact with other solvent state. molecules – e.g. through the hydrogen bonds) • In practice dynamic equilibrium is defined C – solvent structure disturbed by the cation as an equilibrium of two opposite processes, which presence in the vicinity occur at the same rate (in a given conditions). In case D – original solvent structure of solvation solvent molecules are all the time C+ joining and leaving solvation layer (e.g. are knocked A B out of it). However, mean solvent molecules C in solvation layer of a given ion stays the same. D 3 4 Dynamic equilibrium Solvent • In dissociation or solvation case dynamic • Solvent in the electrolyte formation process is equilibrium forms because solvent molecules required to solvate ions (shields them against and ions are bumping on each other association or crystal formation) and dissociate compound into ions (strength of interaction with part (and at the vessel walls) all the time (due to chaotic of the compound tears it from the other part moves, vibrations, etc. -
Raoult's Law – Partition Law
BAE 820 Physical Principles of Environmental Systems Henry’s Law - Raoult's Law – Partition law Dr. Zifei Liu Biological and Agricultural Engineering Henry's law • At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid. Pi = KHCi • Where Pi is the partial pressure of the gaseous solute above the solution, C is the i William Henry concentration of the dissolved gas and KH (1774-1836) is Henry’s constant with the dimensions of pressure divided by concentration. KH is different for each solute-solvent pair. Biological and Agricultural Engineering 2 Henry's law For a gas mixture, Henry's law helps to predict the amount of each gas which will go into solution. When a gas is in contact with the surface of a liquid, the amount of the gas which will go into solution is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas. An equivalent way of stating the law is that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid. the solubility of gases generally decreases with increasing temperature. A simple rationale for Henry's law is that if the partial pressure of a gas is twice as high, then on the average twice as many molecules will hit the liquid surface in a given time interval, Biological and Agricultural Engineering 3 Air-water equilibrium Dissolution Pg or Cg Air (atm, Pa, mol/L, ppm, …) At equilibrium, Pg KH = Caq Water Caq (mol/L, mole ratio, ppm, …) Volatilization Biological and Agricultural Engineering 4 Various units of the Henry’s constant (gases in water at 25ºC) Form of K =P/C K =C /P K =P/x K =C /C equation H, pc aq H, cp aq H, px H, cc aq gas Units L∙atm/mol mol/(L∙atm) atm dimensionless -3 4 -2 O2 769 1.3×10 4.26×10 3.18×10 -4 4 -2 N2 1639 6.1×10 9.08×10 1.49×10 -2 3 CO2 29 3.4×10 1.63×10 0.832 Since all KH may be referred to as Henry's law constants, we must be quite careful to check the units, and note which version of the equation is being used.