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Alkali Metals- Group 1 (IA)
Alkali Metals- Group 1 (IA) The alkali metals make up Group 1 of the periodic table. This family consists of the elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr, respectively). Group one elements share common characteristics. They are all soft, silver metals. Due to their low ionization energy, these metals have low melting points and are highly reactive. The reactivity of this family increases as you move down the table. Alkali metals are noted for how vigorously they react with water. Due to this, they are often stored in mineral oil and are not found in their elemental forms in nature. These characteristics can be explained by examining the electronic structure of each element in this group. Alkali metals have one valence electron. They readily give up this electron to assume the noble gas configuration as a cation. This makes the elements in this group highly reactive. History Explore the discoverer's biography, including general facts about his life and anecdotes regarding how he made this particular discovery. Also see other significant scientific discoveries built largely on this concept and other real-world applications in history that may not still be relevant. Discoverer/Developer See each tab for individual information about the discoverer of each element. Lithium Lithium was discovered in 1817 by Johan August Arfwedson. Arfwedson was born in 1792 to a wealthy family in Sweden. At a young age he attended the University of Uppsala and earned degrees in law and mineralogy. His interest in minerals is what led to his discovery of lithium. -
Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 2012, 1 (2):250-256 (International Peer Reviewed Journal)
Available online at www.joac.info ISSN: 2278-1862 Journal of Applicable Chemistry, 2012, 1 (2):250-256 (International Peer Reviewed Journal) Synthesis & Characterization of Novel Aniline—Formaldehyde-- α - Napthol Terpolymers M. N. Narule*K. Chawhan1 K. M. Wasnik2 P. K. Rahangdale *Dept. of Chemistry, Vidya vikas Art, Commerce & Science College, Samudrapur, Wardha-, India. 1Sai Polytechnic, Chandrapur. 2R. S. Bidkar College, Higanghat E-mail: [email protected], kavi_2605 @rediffmail.com ____________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT The present manuscript reported the synthesis of organic terpolymers of aniline, formaldehyde & α-naphthol. The reaction is catalyzed by strong acids, weak acids, organic acids and also by Lewis acids. The composition of terpolymers has been determined by elemental analysis and spectral studies such as UV, IR and NMR have been carried out to elucidate the structure of the terpolymers. The polymer exhibit high temperature resistance better thermal properties as evident from the TGA data. The polymer undergo degradation under inert atmosphere at increasing temperature provides good for nature. Spectroscopic data revels that long chain polymer hold together not only by C-C bond, but also the electrons are delocalized in conjugation showing coloured aniline- formaldehyde-α-naphthol terpolymers. Keywords: Terpolymerization, aniline, formaldehyde, α-naphthol. ______________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Polymer science[1-9]has -
Chemistry Is All Around Us
Chemistry is all around us. Everyone can and should understand basic chemistry. The Story Apart from those wanting to become chemists, students Central wanting to become doctors, nurses, physicists, Science Cover nutritionists, geologists, and pharmacists all need to study chemistry. It is important to remember that the Chemistry importance of chemistry would not be diminished BIMAN BASU over time; rather it will continue to remain a That is not all. There would be no drugs a science. It was primarily directed at efforts promising career prospect. – painkillers, antacids, or antibiotics – no to turn all kinds of substances into the polyester fibre or nylon stockings, no precious metal gold by early chemists, who stainless steel, no sugar-free soft drinks, were known as alchemists. We have heard IGHT from the moment we get up in even no Diwali illumination and fireworks about the “philosopher’s stone” using which the morning till we go to bed at without chemistry. Without chemistry, we the alchemists sought to turn any metal night, we come intimately close to R would not have such items as computers, into gold. Of course it was a silly thought, chemistry and things related to it. The CDs, DVDs, iPods, fuel for vehicles, oil to because no one can really turn one toothpaste we use to clean our teeth, the cook, refrigeration units, radios, televisions, element into another by mere touch! Still, toilet soap, shampoo, and plastic buckets batteries, and so much more. So, then, the alchemists made important we use to take bath, the plastic comb -
Louis Pasteur
Britannica LaunchPacks | Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur For Grades 6-8 This Pack contains: 5 ARTICLES 4 IMAGES 1 VIDEO © 2020 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1 of 47 Britannica LaunchPacks | Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur (1822–95). The French chemist Louis Pasteur devoted his life to solving practical problems of industry, agriculture, and medicine. His discoveries have saved countless lives and created new wealth for the world. Among his discoveries are the pasteurization process and ways of preventing silkworm diseases, anthrax, chicken cholera, and rabies. Louis Pasteur. Archives Photographiques, Paris Pasteur sought no profits from his discoveries, and he supported his family on his professor’s salary or on a modest government allowance. In the laboratory he was a calm and exact worker; but once sure of his findings, he vigorously defended them. Pasteur was an ardent patriot, zealous in his ambition to make France great through science. Scholar and Scientist Louis Pasteur was born on Dec. 27, 1822, in Dôle, France. His father was a tanner. In 1827 the family moved to nearby Arbois, where Louis went to school. He was a hard-working pupil but not an especially brilliant one. When he was 17 he received a degree of bachelor of letters at the Collège Royal de Besançon. For the next three years he tutored younger students and prepared for the École Normale Supérieure, a noted teacher-training college in Paris. As part of his studies he investigated the crystallographic, chemical, and optical properties of © 2020 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2 of 47 Britannica LaunchPacks | Louis Pasteur various forms of tartaric acid. -
Unesco – Eolss Sample Chapters
ORGANIC AND BIOMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY – Vol. I - Stereochemistry - Franco Cozzi STEREOCHEMISTRY Franco Cozzi Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Italy Keywords: Symmetry, chirality, chirotopicity, stereogenicity, stereoisomerism, conformation, configuration, stereochemical descriptors, enantiomeric composition, optical activity, stereoselectivity, stereoselective synthesis. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Symmetry 3. Chirality 4. Stereogenicity 5. Conformation and configuration 6. Configuration descriptors 7. Dependence of the properties of chiral molecules on the enantiomeric composition 8. How to obtain stereoisomerically pure compounds Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The aim of this chapter is to provide the reader with the basic concepts necessary to deal with the stereochemical aspects of organic chemistry. As in any other interpretation of stereochemistry that aspires to be rational, also in this one a detailed knowledge of the symmetry properties of a molecule and of the relationship between symmetry properties and molecular behavior at all levels is considered of fundamental importance. Another central point is the strict distinction between chirality and stereogenicity that underlines all the discussion both as an inspiring principle and guidance to the use of a correct stereochemical language. In addition to classic topics such as isomer classification, stereochemicalUNESCO descriptors, and conseque nces– ofEOLSS enantiomeric composition, a short presentation of the principal methods for obtaining enantiomerically pure compounds is included. 1. IntroductionSAMPLE CHAPTERS According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, stereochemistry is: "a branch of chemistry that deals with the spatial arrangement of atoms and groups in molecules". The Oxford Dictionary of English defines stereochemistry: "the branch of chemistry dealing with composition of matter as affected by relations of atoms in space". -
Symposium Commemorating the 150Th Anniversary of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker
Symposium Commemorating the 150th Anniversary of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker 25 October 2017 London, UK Welcome Address It is our great pleasure to welcome you to this symposium When we celebrate the contribution of the GDCh and celebrating the 150th Anniversary of the Gesellschaft Deutscher RSC, we celebrate the contribution of chemistry and its Chemiker (GDCh, the German Chemical Society) and its transformative power in tackling many of the global challenges longstanding relationship with the Royal Society of Chemistry we face today. In the second part of our programme, it is our (RSC), which celebrated its 175th Anniversary in 2016. pleasure to have speakers from Germany and the UK discuss four of these vitally important challenges (food, water, energy The GDCh brings together people working in chemistry and and sustainability). We very much look forward to hearing the molecular sciences and supports their striving for positive, from our expert speakers on how chemistry can play its part sustainable scientific advance – for the good of humankind in helping deliver solutions to these issues. and the environment, and a future worth living for. With this goal in mind, it promotes chemistry in education, research This is followed by a very special presentation. The Alexander and application, and seeks to deepen the understanding and Todd - Hans Krebs Lectureship in Chemical Sciences is a knowledge of the general public about chemistry and its reciprocal lectureship awarded alternately by the Gesellschaft relevance to the world they live in. The many facets of the Deutscher Chemiker and the Royal Society of Chemistry, GDCh’s promotion of chemistry find expression in the initiation for advances in chemistry made by a scientist while working and support of a number of projects and in the publication of and residing in Germany or the UK, respectively. -
Industrial Process Industrial Process
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SESSION 4 Electrolysis SESSION 4 Electrolysis Session 4 Electrolysis Illustration of an electrolysis apparatus used in a school laboratory. In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of using a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. Electrolysis is commercially highly important as a stage in the separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores using an electrolytic cell. The voltage that is needed for electrolysis to occur is called the decomposition potential. Contents 1 History 2 Overview o 2.1 Process of electrolysis o 2.2 Oxidation and reduction at the electrodes o 2.3 Energy changes during electrolysis o 2.4 Related techniques 3 Faraday's laws of electrolysis o 3.1 First law of electrolysis o 3.2 Second law of electrolysis 1 4 Industrial uses 5 Competing half-reactions in solution electrolysis 6 Electrolysis of water 7 Electrocrystallization 8 Experimenters History The word electrolysis comes from the Greek ἤλεκτρον [ lektron] "amber" and λύσις [lýsis] "dissolution". 1785 – Martinus van Marum's electrostatic generator was used to reduce tin, zinc, and antimony from their salts using electrolysis.[1] 1800 – William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle (view also Johann Ritter), decomposed water into hydrogen and oxygen. 1807 – Potassium, sodium, barium, calcium and magnesium were discovered by Sir Humphry Davy using electrolysis. 1833 - Michael Faraday develops his two laws of electrolysis, and provides a mathematical -
Chemical Knowledge in the Early Modern World'.', Osiris., 29 (1)
Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 25 March 2015 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Eddy, Matthew Daniel and Mauskopf, Seymour H. and Newman, William R. (2014) 'An introduction to 'Chemical knowledge in the early modern world'.', Osiris., 29 (1). pp. 1-15. Further information on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/678110 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2014 by The History of Science Society. Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk An Introduction to Chemical Knowledge in the Early Modern World by Matthew Daniel Eddy, Seymour H. Mauskopf, and William R. Newman THE SCOPE OF EARLY MODERN CHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE The essays in this volume collectively cover the development of chemistry in the “early modern world,” that is to say, from the ifteenth century through the eighteenth century. -
Bill Nye - Biography, Facts and Pictures
5/9/2016 Bill Nye - Biography, Facts and Pictures Home List of Scientists Blog Bill Nye Search Famous Scientists SEARCH Scientist of the Week André Marie Ampère: Founded electromagnetic theory Recent Scientists of the Week Jane Goodall: Discoveries in chimpanzee behavior James Hutton: Founded modern geology Harold Urey: Deuterium and the building blocks of life Andreas Vesalius: Founded modern anatomy Niels Bohr: Quantum mechanics & the atom Barbara McClintock: Jumping genes & crossing chromosomes Francis Bacon: The Scientific Method “The Science Guy.” William Sanford Nye who goes by his more popular moniker Anaximander: An ancient scientific revolution Bill Nye is a science educator who began his career in science as one of Boeing’s mechanical engineers. He is most popularly known as Bill Nye the Science Guy Heinrich Hertz: Discovered radio waves and photoelectric effect where he hosts the Disney/PBS science show for children. Bill Nye is also a Charles Darwin: Evolution by natural selection comedian, actor, scientist, and a writer. He has gained popularity for his many Robert Boyle: The birth of chemistry appearances in today’s media as a fun to watch science educator. Srinivasa Ramanujan: The purest mathematics Ernest Lawrence: Invented the cyclotron; founder of big science Early Life and Education Rudolf Virchow: Discovered diseases strike by attacking cells Irene JoliotCurie: The first artificial radioactive elements Hans Christian Oersted: Discovered electromagnetism Bill Nye was born in November 27, 1955. His mother was a codebreaker named Jack Horner: New horizons in dinosaur research Jacqueline, and his World War II veteran father was named Edwin Darby. His father had experienced being a prisoner of Japanese war camps, and this made Ronald Fisher: Statistician; and greatest biologist since Darwin? him an enthusiast of sundials. -
Named Reagents, Catalysts, and Compounds (G – Z)
Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Reagents(G-Z).pdf 1 NAMED REAGENTS, CATALYSTS, AND COMPOUNDS (G – Z) © Dr. John Andraos, 2000 - 2018 Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ONTARIO M3J 1P3, CANADA For suggestions, corrections, additional information, and comments please send e-mails to [email protected] http://www.chem.yorku.ca/NAMED/ Harry Drake Gibbs 10 May 1872 - 28 December 1934 American, b. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Gibbs reagent (2,6-dichloroquinonechloroimide) Gibbs, H.D. Chem. Rev. 1927 , 3, 291 Gibbs, H.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1927 , 71 , 445 Gibbs, H.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1927 , 72 , 649 Gibbs, H.D. J. Phys. Chem. 1927 , 31 , 1053 Biographical references: Pogg. 6(2), 883 Cattell, J.M.; Cattell, J. American Men of Science , 4 th ed., The Science Press: New York, 1927 Henry Gilman 19 May 1893 - 7 November 1986 American, b. Boston, Massachusetts Gilman reagents Gilman, H.; Straley, J.M. Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1936 , 55 , 821 Biographical references: Eaborn, C. Biog. Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996 , 70 , 83 André Girard 1901 - 1968 French, b. ? Dr. John Andraos, http://www.careerchem.com/NAMED/Named-Reagents(G-Z).pdf 2 Girard reagent P Girard reagent T Girard, A., Org. Synth. Coll. Vol. II 1943 , 2, 85 Biographical References: Personal communication, Dr. Otto-Albrecht Neumüller, August 2002 Johann Rudolf Glauber 1604 - 16 March 1670 German, b. Karlstadt, Germany Glauber's salt (sodium sulphate) (1658) Glauber, J.R. De natura salium , 1658 Biographical references: Pötsch, W.R.; Fischer, A.; Müller, W., Lexikon bedeutender Chemiker , Verlag: Frankfurt, 1989 Sharp, G. -
Fill in the Blanks by Using the Notes Found on the Moodle Course. Make a Pocket in Your Journal and Place This Page Into the Pocket
Fill in the blanks by using the notes found on the Moodle Course. Make a pocket in your journal and place this page into the pocket. Title the pocket “Historical Figures” Scientists Contributions Antoine Lavoisier(1743- • Made the first list of elements 1794) - ______________ of • Made the Law of __________ of Mass Chemistry • Discovered how combustion really works • Discovered Oxygen's role in combustion • Created the common ____________ • Discovered ______ and ________ Marie Curie(1867-1934) - • Radioactivity Radiation • Created dynamite Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) - • Created ______ Prize Chemistry • Created the __________________ of Elements Dmitri Mendeleev (1834- 1907)- Chemistry Fill in the blanks by using the notes found on the Moodle Course. Make a pocket in your journal and place this page into the pocket. Title the pocket “Historical Figures” • Discovered the amino acid sequence of _______- Frederick Sanger (1918- _______ 2013) - _________ • DNA sequencing Fritz Haber (1868-1934)- “The Father of Chemical ___________” - • ________________ fixation Physical Chemistry • Large scale synthesis of _______________ • Discovered Electrolysis Humphry Davy (1778-1829) - • Discovered --_______, _______, _______, _______, Chemistry _______, _______, _______, and _______ • Created the first electric lamp - “Davy Lamp” • First to deduce the Acid/Base (B+A=Salt + Water, A + Metal= A Salt) • Created the modern atomic theory • Created the Atomic Mass Unit (amu) Sir John Dalton (1766- • Created first Periodic Table organized by 1844) - _____________ atomic mass • All _______are made up of the same atoms and are practically _______ Fill in the blanks by using the notes found on the Moodle Course. Make a pocket in your journal and place this page into the pocket. -
Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1945
L EOPOLD Multimembered rings, higher terpene compounds and male sex hormones Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1945 This lecture should have been delivered in December 1939*, but owing to a postponement of 6 years forced by the intervention of war, I have been able to use some results obtained in the meantime to round off the overall picture. Consequently I can now report on the results of 25 years of laboratory work in two fields of the chemistry of alicyclic compounds: multimembered rings and higher terpene compounds (polyterpenes), to which the third group named in the title, the male sex hormones, is closely related. Alicyclic compounds scarcely differ in their chemical properties from their aliphatic analogues. Many investigations, especially during the past twenty- five years, have shown, however, that in spite of this close chemical similarity aliphatic compounds and their alicyclic analogues can exhibit entirely different physiological properties. We see that certain well-defined physiological prop- erties may appear or disappear in the transition from an aliphatic to an alicyclic compound or vice versa. As a result of the accumulation of such observations, alicyclic compounds to which only scant biochemical importance was at- tached as little as 20-25 years ago, have now advanced to the forefront of interest. Multimembered rings After Kekulé, in 1865, first introduced the carbon ring into structural chem- istry in his formula for benzene, the 6-membered ring maintained its unique position in the taxonomy of organic chemistry for several decades. Indeed, a heterocyclic 5-membered ring containing nitrogen became known in 1870 as a result of Adolf von Baeyer’s work on indigo; but this did not imme- * Data available at that time formed the subject of a number of lectures which I de- livered between December 1939 and April 1940 in Zurich, Zagreb, Utrecht, Amster- dam, Delft, Liége, Brussels and Paris.