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Delian League Peloponnesian War Joint Crisis: Delian League “Self-control is the chief element in self-respect, and self-respect is the chief element in courage.” —Thucydides Dear Delegates, Welcome to WUMUNS 2018! Our names are Will McClellan and Graham Webb. As your directors, we are honored that you are joining us for the Peloponnesian War Joint Crisis Committee. As delegates, you will be representing characters from a variety of city-states in either the Peloponnesian or Delian League. The Peloponnesian War was a brutal, bloody war that pitted polis against polis and ideology against ideology. Whether you are a fierce general or an accomplished politician, your choices will irrevocably shape the futures of the Greek city-states. Will you marshal your forces and march to war or use diplomacy to construct alliances and consolidate power? The choice is yours. I, Will McClellan, am currently a sophomore majoring in Political Science and Economics. I am interested in why democracy came about and the major influences that it had. Antiquity is where it all began; we would not have modern democracy if it were not for the brave Greeks who stood up for the right of representation for all people. I will be leading the Delian League (Athenian) committee, a group of established politicians and dealmakers who were incredibly influential in shaping Greek democracy. I have been involved with Model United Nations since my freshman year, and I guarantee that you will have an amazing time. There will be chaos, fighting, trials, and bonding with the many members of your committee. May Athena’s blessings be with you! I, Graham Webb, am currently a junior majoring in Systems Science and Engineering and Chinese Language and Culture. Despite my choice in majors, I have always been fascinated with history and its application in today’s world. I will be leading the Peloponnesian League (Spartan) committee, a group of mighty warriors and veteran generals who were instrumental in shaping Greece. I have participated in Model United Nations since my sophomore year of high school and have seen countless battles, revolutions, trials, and betrayals. I cannot wait to see what you can accomplish together as delegates. Molon labe! If you have any concerns, please feel free to email both of us at [email protected] and [email protected]. Good luck! Respectfully, Will McClellan and Graham Webb Contents Committee Mandate……………….…………..……………………… 1 Historical Background…….……………………………...…………. 1 Topic A: Subjugation of the Delian League………….…… 5 Topic B: Foreign Relations................................................ 5 Topic C: Development of Democracy……………………..… 6 Topic D: The Persians………………………………………………… 6 City States…………………………………………………..………….……. 7 Delegate Positions………………………………………………………. 8 Bibliography……………………………………………….………………. 14 Image Credit: Committee Mandate The Strategy Bridge The year is 431 BCE. You are being assembled to fulfill your civic duty as loyal members of the Delian League. As the continuation of the Greek fighting force against the imperialist Persian Empire, you are the best and brightest that Greece has to offer. However, as evidenced by its aggression towards many city- states, the neighboring Peloponnesian League, made up of Sparta and its allies, threatens to invade. We need the expertise of every single member of this committee to ensure that minimal harm befalls the great city-state of Athens and its allied city-states. By participating in this committee, you pledge to work diplomatically with your fellow city-state representatives to ensure the survival of the Delian League and all it has to offer. Do not succumb to pure self-interest; your home city-states will hold you accountable for the actions that you take, so make sure you never fail to please your constituents. In addition, your sense of patriotism for the league should compel you to serve your fellow Greeks in any way you can. It is important to acknowledge the seriousness of your participation in this committee: each decision you make affects millions of Greeks across the Mediterranean. To tackle the league’s greatest challenges, you must balance the social and political effects of your actions on the league with the interests of your city-state. The league has entrusted you with bringing order and stability to a divided Greece. Leverage your personal connections and expertise to defeat the Spartans once and for all. Get to work; the league is waiting to see what you can accomplish! Historical Background In the Greco-Persian Wars (492–449 BCE), Athens and Sparta, along with many other Greek city-states, banded together to prevent the encroaching Achaemenid Persian armies from conquering Greece. The wars are seen by many as the beginning of cooperation between Greek city-states, but the end of the wars only invited tension between Athens and Sparta. Some important battles of the Greco-Persian Wars were the Battle of Thermopylae and the Battle of Salamis. The former was instrumental in the growth of Spartan power while the latter was instrumental in the growth of Athenian power. Both battles occurred in September 480 BCE. The Battle of Thermopylae is one of the most iconic battles in military history. When notified that the Persians were amassing a massive force, King Leonidas of Sparta marshaled around six thousand hoplites from allied nations 5 along with three hundred Spartan hoplites to face them. Because they were outnumbered nearly sixty-two to one, the king marched his troops up to the narrow pass of Thermopylae in an attempt to hold off the Persians for as long as possible. While the Spartans fought valiantly for over three days, a Greek citizen betrayed them by informing King Xerxes of a secret path through Thermopylae that would allow them to outflank the Spartans. Realizing this betrayal, Leonidas kept his three hundred Spartans in the narrow pass of Thermopylae while the rest of the Greek hoplites retreated in haste. Even though they were defeated, the Spartans managed to buy enough time for the rest of Greece to marshal their troops against the invaders. In addition, Leonidas’s incredible bravery at Thermopylae inspired many to rally around the Greek cause. Even in defeat, the Battle of Thermopylae showcased the dominance of the Spartans in land battles. Battle of ThermoplyaeImage Credit: Realm of History The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle that pitted a Greek coalition navy led by the Athenians against a much larger Persian fleet. Even though the Persians had much greater numbers, the Athenian admiral Themistocles continued to look for an engagement. To compensate for his much smaller force, he lured the opposing navy into the Straits of Salamis where their greater numbers caused mass disarray and confusion. As a result of further trickery on the part of Themistocles, the Persians attempted to block both entrances to the Straits of Salamis, causing even more confusion among the massive Persian navy. The Greeks then sailed in line and destroyed the Persian fleet. The subsequent victory by the Greek navy is considered a major turning point in the war and caused the Persians to retreat to Asia Minor. This victory cemented the power of the Athenians and caused their influence in the Greek world to rise. 6 Battle of Salamis Image Credit: Learning History After the stunning Greek victory in the Greco-Persian Wars, the city- states of Greece were forced to transition from all-out war to peace. In this peacetime, two blocs of power formed based on the heroism of two city-states, Athens and Sparta. Sparta used its honor and prestige to form the Peloponnesian League, while Athens used its cunning and diplomacy to form the Delian League. Even before the coalition of Greek city-states brought an end to the Greco- Persian Wars in 449 BCE, Athens and Sparta had become the leaders of classical Greece. Each took advantage of its newfound power by investing more in their respective governments. Athens embraced a more radical democracy, brought on by Ephialtes and Pericles. These two men presided over a shift in the Athenian definition of democracy in the 460s BCE, with the common man gaining more and more power with each passing year. Before this time, many in Athens believed that voting rights should be extended only to the elites in society. Ephialtes and Pericles reformed this view of democracy to include common men. Soon after, the constitutional reform package of Cleon was introduced in around 445 BCE. It was under this package that the democratic reforms of Cleisthenes were implemented in 444 BCE. Sparta, on the other hand, adopted a more oligarchic form of government ruled by two kings and a council of elders picked from the aristocracy. The Spartans resented the democratic government instituted by the Athenians because they believed that laymen were incapable of making decisions that were in the best interests of the kingdom. Athens, on the other hand, saw the Spartans as warmongering rogues. These differences in government caused tensions to rise between the two powers. As their governments kept changing, the two powers consolidated their empires. The Delian League, led by the Athenians, continued to prosper after the end of the Greco-Persian Wars, with Athens taking the lead by moving the 7 treasury and assembly from the island of Delos to Athens in 454 BCE. Athens collected regular tribute, a form of taxation, from its member states and built up a sizable navy. Sparta built up the Peloponnesian League, made up of fellow city- states on the Peloponnese as well as Corinth and other surrounding states. Due to their respective victories at Thermopylae and Salamis, Sparta’s and Athens’ military strengths diverged: Athens dominated the sea, while the Spartans were unbeatable on land. The two leagues began to antagonize each other repeatedly. Athens took advantage of a war between the states of Megara and Corinth to form an alliance with Megara.
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