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Peloponnesian War Joint Crisis:

“Self-control is the chief element in self-respect, and self-respect is the chief element in courage.” —

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to WUMUNS 2018! Our names are Will McClellan and Graham Webb. As your directors, we are honored that you are joining us for the Joint Crisis Committee. As delegates, you will be representing characters from a variety of city-states in either the Peloponnesian or Delian League. The Peloponnesian War was a brutal, bloody war that pitted against polis and ideology against ideology. Whether you are a fierce general or an accomplished politician, your choices will irrevocably shape the futures of the Greek city-states. Will you marshal your forces and march to war or use diplomacy to construct alliances and consolidate power? The choice is yours. I, Will McClellan, am currently a sophomore majoring in Political Science and Economics. I am interested in why came about and the major influences that it had. Antiquity is where it all began; we would not have modern democracy if it were not for the brave who stood up for the right of representation for all people. I will be leading the Delian League (Athenian) committee, a group of established politicians and dealmakers who were incredibly influential in shaping . I have been involved with Model United Nations since my freshman year, and I guarantee that you will have an amazing time. There will be chaos, fighting, trials, and bonding with the many members of your committee. May ’s blessings be with you! I, Graham Webb, am currently a junior majoring in Systems Science and Engineering and Chinese Language and Culture. Despite my choice in majors, I have always been fascinated with history and its application in today’s world. I will be leading the (Spartan) committee, a group of mighty warriors and veteran generals who were instrumental in shaping . I have participated in Model United Nations since my sophomore year of high school and have seen countless , revolutions, trials, and betrayals. I cannot wait to see what you can accomplish together as delegates. ! If you have any concerns, please feel free to email both of us at [email protected] and [email protected]. Good luck!

Respectfully,

Will McClellan and Graham Webb

Contents

Committee Mandate……………….…………..……………………… 1

Historical Background…….……………………………...…………. 1

Topic A: Subjugation of the Delian League………….…… 5 Topic B: Foreign Relations...... 5 Topic C: Development of Democracy……………………..… 6 Topic D: ………………………………………………… 6

City States…………………………………………………..………….……. 7 Delegate Positions………………………………………………………. 8 Bibliography……………………………………………….………………. 14

Image Credit: Committee Mandate The Strategy Bridge The year is 431 BCE. You are being assembled to fulfill your civic duty as loyal members of the Delian League. As the continuation of the Greek fighting force against the imperialist Persian , you are the best and brightest that Greece has to offer. However, as evidenced by its aggression towards many city- states, the neighboring Peloponnesian League, made up of and its allies, threatens to invade. We need the expertise of every single member of this committee to ensure that minimal harm befalls the great city-state of and its allied city-states. By participating in this committee, you pledge to work diplomatically with your fellow city-state representatives to ensure the survival of the Delian League and all it has to offer. Do not succumb to pure self-interest; your home city-states will hold you accountable for the actions that you take, so make sure you never fail to please your constituents. In addition, your sense of patriotism for the league should compel you to serve your fellow Greeks in any way you can. It is important to acknowledge the seriousness of your participation in this committee: each decision you make affects millions of Greeks across the Mediterranean. To tackle the league’s greatest challenges, you must balance the social and political effects of your actions on the league with the interests of your city-state. The league has entrusted you with bringing order and stability to a divided Greece. Leverage your personal connections and expertise to defeat the Spartans once and for all. Get to work; the league is waiting to see what you can accomplish!

Historical Background In the Greco-Persian Wars (492–449 BCE), Athens and Sparta, along with many other Greek city-states, banded together to prevent the encroaching Achaemenid Persian armies from conquering Greece. The wars are seen by many as the beginning of cooperation between Greek city-states, but the end of the wars only invited tension between Athens and Sparta. Some important battles of the Greco-Persian Wars were the of and the . The former was instrumental in the growth of Spartan power while the latter was instrumental in the growth of Athenian power. Both battles occurred in September 480 BCE. The is one of the most iconic battles in . When notified that the Persians were amassing a massive force, King Leonidas of Sparta marshaled around six thousand from allied nations

5 along with three hundred Spartan hoplites to face them. Because they were outnumbered nearly sixty-two to one, the king marched his troops up to the narrow pass of Thermopylae in an attempt to hold off the Persians for as long as possible. While the Spartans fought valiantly for over three days, a Greek citizen betrayed them by informing King of a secret path through Thermopylae that would allow them to outflank the Spartans. Realizing this betrayal, Leonidas kept his three hundred Spartans in the narrow pass of Thermopylae while the rest of the Greek hoplites retreated in haste. Even though they were defeated, the Spartans managed to buy enough time for the rest of Greece to marshal their troops against the invaders. In addition, Leonidas’s incredible bravery at Thermopylae inspired many to rally around the Greek cause. Even in defeat, the Battle of Thermopylae showcased the dominance of the Spartans in land battles.

Battle of ThermoplyaeImage Credit: Realm of History

The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle that pitted a Greek coalition navy led by the Athenians against a much larger Persian fleet. Even though the Persians had much greater numbers, the Athenian admiral continued to look for an engagement. To compensate for his much smaller force, he lured the opposing navy into the Straits of Salamis where their greater numbers caused mass disarray and confusion. As a result of further trickery on the part of Themistocles, the Persians attempted to block both entrances to the Straits of Salamis, causing even more confusion among the massive Persian navy. The Greeks then sailed in line and destroyed the Persian fleet. The subsequent victory by the Greek navy is considered a major turning point in the war and caused the Persians to retreat to Asia Minor. This victory cemented the power of the Athenians and caused their influence in the Greek world to rise.

6 Battle of Salamis Image Credit: Learning History

After the stunning Greek victory in the Greco-Persian Wars, the city- states of Greece were forced to transition from all-out war to . In this peacetime, two blocs of power formed based on the heroism of two city-states, Athens and Sparta. Sparta used its honor and prestige to form the Peloponnesian League, while Athens used its cunning and diplomacy to form the Delian League. Even before the coalition of Greek city-states brought an end to the Greco- Persian Wars in 449 BCE, Athens and Sparta had become the leaders of . Each took advantage of its newfound power by investing more in their respective governments. Athens embraced a more radical democracy, brought on by and . These two men presided over a shift in the Athenian definition of democracy in the 460s BCE, with the common man gaining more and more power with each passing year. Before this time, many in Athens believed that voting rights should be extended only to the elites in society. Ephialtes and Pericles reformed this view of democracy to include common men. Soon after, the constitutional reform package of was introduced in around 445 BCE. It was under this package that the democratic reforms of were implemented in 444 BCE. Sparta, on the other hand, adopted a more oligarchic form of government ruled by two kings and a council of elders picked from the aristocracy. The Spartans resented the democratic government instituted by the Athenians because they believed that laymen were incapable of making decisions that were in the best interests of the kingdom. Athens, on the other hand, saw the Spartans as warmongering rogues. These differences in government caused tensions to rise between the two powers. As their governments kept changing, the two powers consolidated their . The Delian League, led by the Athenians, continued to prosper after the end of the Greco-Persian Wars, with Athens taking the lead by moving the

7 treasury and assembly from the island of to Athens in 454 BCE. Athens collected regular tribute, a form of taxation, from its member states and built up a sizable navy. Sparta built up the Peloponnesian League, made up of fellow city- states on the as well as and other surrounding states. Due to their respective victories at Thermopylae and Salamis, Sparta’s and Athens’ military strengths diverged: Athens dominated the , while the Spartans were unbeatable on land. The two leagues began to antagonize each other repeatedly. Athens took advantage of a war between the states of and Corinth to form an alliance with Megara. Meanwhile, the Spartans sent a delegation to Athens to convince its citizens to leave their city without walls to defend itself. This attempt to leave Athens defenseless against Spartan failed. As preeminent Athenian historian Thucydides wrote, “The growth of the power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Lacedaemon [Sparta], made war inevitable.”1

Regional Control

Image Credit: Wordpess(byrneathens)

The (460–445 BCE) between Sparta and Athens occurred due to the rapid expanse of Athenian power across the peninsula. A lot of the conflict was waged through proxies; smaller city-states allied with either Athens or Sparta would do the bulk of the fighting. The fighting ended with the Thirty Years’ Peace. This treaty forced Athens to give up all its possessions in the Peloponnese, as well as the ports of , Pegae, and . In return, the Spartans recognized the Delian League as legitimate, which was a victory for the Athenians. In addition, the treaty prohibited an armed conflict between Athens and Sparta if at least one of the two empires preferred arbitration over all-out war.

1. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, 16.

8 Topic A: Subjugation of the Delian

League

Multiple city-states have been continuous members of the Delian League since its foundation, but Athens has always been by far the dominant member of the league. Its immense naval power and unparalleled ability to collect monetary tribute from fellow member states caused some members to view it as a tyrannical empire. Many city-states have had burgeoning movements (supported in part by the Spartans) for their independence from Athenian hegemony. Supporters of the empire in Athens believe that such growth and hegemony was necessary to enable the Athenian people to flourish. Many of the city-states that advocated for independence were from Asia Minor (namely , , and ), which is disconnected from the rest of Greece due to distance. Athens, of course, viewed these independence movements as open rebellion against the Delian League, and vowed to put these movements to rest as quickly as possible. Athens rarely reneged on that promise. In 472 BCE the put down a revolt at Naxos. In 463 BCE a Thasian revolt was also crushed, and in the 450s BCE there were anti-Athenian movements in the city-states of , , and . Athens did not limit itself to military intervention; it often resorted to interfering with the rebellious city-states’ internal politics, imposing and garrisons. The Peloponnesian League supported many of these uprisings, as it weakened the military and economic strength of the Delian League and allowed Sparta to become stronger at the expense of the Athenians. Presently, the positions of Delian League city-states are mixed. Many city- states believe that their territory will flourish without Athens collecting money and bogging down their growth. Others believe that if they stray from the Delian League’s path then Sparta has a greater chance of defeating the Delian League; if the city-states of the Delian League come together for independence then Athens would be distracted from its war efforts. Is the freedom to decide for one’s own city-state the most important Greek ? Or is it more important to defeat the Spartans and secure the democratic way of life across all of Greece?

Topic B: Foreign Relations

Athens and Sparta often compete for the influence of the same city-states. Because of this, there are always conflicts between the two powers over which commands the influence of more city-states. City-states often switch sides depending on a host of factors, such as nearby military presence. This happened frequently both before and during the Greco-Persian Wars, when city-states were

9 still jostling for influence. For instance, Megara secured an alliance with the Athenians in 459 BCE despite the fact that Megara was initially a Spartan ally. The Delian League must be vigilant against constant defections to the Spartan side. However, these defections may also be beneficial to the league; they can be used as a method of purging unfavorable members from the league or as a way of expanding the league’s influence into previously safe Spartan territory. The league also must work on improving relations with Spartans, as a shared sense of patriotism and Greek identity remains after their cooperation in defeating the Persians. Surely there is some way to work together with the Spartans. Does it benefit the Delian League to have better relations with its Spartan neighbors? Or should the patronage of smaller city-states scattered around the Greek world be prioritized?

Topic C: Development of Democracy

Athens was the birthplace of democracy in the West. However, the transition to democracy did not happen overnight; it occurred due to a constant reform process instituted by a select few Athenian leaders. For example, the constitutional reform package brought on by Cleon, a prominent Athenian aristocrat, encouraged a shift toward a representative democratic society. However, shortly after, the governments of Ephialtes and Pericles brought about a more populist . This was a shift away from the more representative type of democracy that Cleon favored. Leading Athens down the path of greater democratization allows for a greater flourishing of the arts, culture, science, and the economy; democracy seems to bring a net positive benefit to Athenian society. However, there is always danger in increasing our democratic ideals so much that a populist surge could bring an end to the established Athenian aristocracy. Should Athens promote its democratic roots and promise equal rights and voting rights for all? Or should it instead go down a path of absolute tyranny to increase national security?

Topic D: The Persians

While the combined power of Athens and Sparta bested the during the Greco-Persian Wars, their victory by no means diminished Persia’s formidable standing. A generation later, Persia still has a powerful fighting force capable of inflicting crippling wounds on any state. Its army is said to have nearly one million soldiers, while the size of the Greeks’ armies pale in comparison. While the conflict between the combined Greek city-states and the Persians has subsided for now, there is constant tension between the two regions.

10 Many of the Greek colonies on the coast of Asia Minor, such as and , are extremely close to the Persian on the coast of . Additionally, the Spartans are friendlier with the Persians than the Athenians, and there is always the possibility that they will attempt to form an alliance. Many Athenian politicians also argue that improving diplomatic relations with Persia would decrease resources needed from other aspects of society. Should Athens focus its resources on the Persians, the Spartans, or the numerous city- states under its control?

City-States

Athens Athens is the dominant city-state in the Delian League, with the largest army and navy and by far the largest revenue. As the de facto leader of the Delian League, Athens exerts a disproportionate influence on league politics. Many of the league’s leaders hail from Athens, and many city-states across Greece have important economic and social connections to Athens.

Halicarnassus Halicarnassus is in the region of in the southwest part of Asia Minor. The Halicarnassians are intense seafarers due in part to their proximity to the . They first became loyal to the Delian League after the unsuccessful Persian invasion of Greece. Feeling they owed a debt, they pledged fealty to the Athenians.

Rhodes is located on the island of Rhodes, approximately ten miles from Asia Minor. As a highly commercialized kingdom, Rhodes naturally gravitated towards the democratic ideals of the Delian League. However, many of its ideals stray from the typical Athenian beliefs.

Neapolis Neapolis is a city-state located in , a region to the north of Greece that borders the Kingdom of Macedon. An incredibly rich region, it pays a large tax to the Delian League each year and provides disproportionate support for its small size. Its citizens live a life of relative luxury compared to the rest of Greece.

Megara Megara is a city-state located on the main Greek peninsula, about 20 miles west of Athens. Megara is an important trade port, and its people often used their ships and wealth to gain leverage on neighboring city-states. Its incredible proximity to the Peloponnesian League renders it strategically important to the Delian League.

Argos Argos is a city-state located in the Peloponnesian region of Greece, approximately forty-two miles away from the city-state of Sparta. Despite Argos’s proximity to Sparta, the two city-states have always been rivals competing for dominance over the Peloponnese. Because of this, Argos has provided enthusiastic aid towards the Delian League in the hopes that Athens will reward it with the opportunity to rule

11 over Spartan territory. Its people are incredibly strong warriors that rival even Spartan hoplites.

Macedon Macedon is a kingdom situated in northeastern Greece, to the north of and to the west of the region of Thrace. Known for its highly disciplined fighting force and incredibly popular royal family, Macedon supports the Delian League because it is an enemy of Sparta. By working with Athens, it can make sure it has the dominant military force in Greece.

Byzantium Byzantium is a Greek colony founded by the Megarians in 657 BCE. Because of Megara’s support for the Delian League, the Byzantines naturally supported the league as well. Their distance from other major Greek cities on the Peninsula affords them more peace and stability. Byzantium is also a natural trading port, and its goods are sought after by all. Delegate Positions

Athenian Delegates:

Pericles, Pericles has gained renown across Greece as one of the most prominent of the Athenian politicians and generals. He is descended, through his mother, from the Athenian powerful and influential Alcmaeonid family and thus has many major Infantry connections with the Athenian aristocracy. Because of his standing and upbringing, he leads Athens’ main infantry force. However, despite his aristocratic upbringing, he has always had a populist streak and is constantly fighting for democratic expansion. Despite this democratic fervor, he passionately believes in keeping the Delian League together by any means necessary, even if that means quelling uprisings.

Iphicrates, is the epitome of the “rags-to-riches” Athenian success story. The son Strategos of the of a shoemaker, he joined the Athenian army when he was young and quickly Athenian rose through the ranks due to his impeccable knowledge of strategy. He currently Cavalry leads Athens’ main cavalry force. His reforms ushered in a new era of military technology by lengthening the of Greek regulars, giving them an edge in combat. Due to his investment in military technology, he has many connections in that industry. Because his ideas rely on the use of weapons, he heavily favors war in all forms, whether it be with the Peloponnesian League or the Persians. He also has a negative view of democracy and sees it as a potential threat to the military.

Themistocles, Themistocles is one of the few prominent Athenian officials who rose to power Strategos of the out of the laymen. A populist, he draws support from lower-class Athenians and Athenian Navy is generally opposed to the interests of the Athenian aristocracy. Themistocles is an expert naval officer who oversees tactical operations for the Athenian navy

12 that he nearly single-handedly created. A veteran of the Greco-Persian Wars, he has experienced the dangers of Persia firsthand and is wary of allying with them. He also favors better relations with Sparta, as his war bonds leave him with many Spartan connections that he cherishes.

Strombichides, Strombichides is a level-headed Athenian admiral who is primarily in charge of Admiral for recruiting able-bodied men to enlist in the Athenian navy. He is known across Recruitment of the Greece for his sailing abilities. Having been a sailor for nearly thirty years, Athenian Navy Strombichides knows his way around the Greek and is an expert navigator. He is intensely loyal to Athens and is willing to do anything necessary to ensure the survival of the Delian League, even if that means putting down revolts. Strombichides also heavily favors the expansion of democracy, due to his relations with the Athenian assembly. He is well connected in the Assembly mostly due to his prominent son, Autocles.

Protomachus, Protomachus is a famed naval veteran of the Greco-Persian Wars who is now a Admiral for ranking member of the Athenian navy. He oversees the general upkeep of the Maintenance of the fleet, which involves logistics and discussions with other ranking navy members. Athenian Navy Due to his rank and knowledge of naval logistics, he is well connected with fleet officers in numerous city-states. Protomachus, being a career officer, favors military conflicts to secure his job. He opposes relations with Persia due to his longstanding hatred of the empire’s invasion of his homeland.

Nicias, is a prominent Athenian politician who currently runs the Athenian Magistrate of Treasury. He gained this job mainly through his aristocratic upbringing; his Finance of family has long owned silver mines near Athens, and he inherited possession of Athens these mines from his father. He has many connections with the rich and wealthy throughout the league because of his position. Politically moderate, Nicias opposed the aggressive empire-building of the radical democrats. He fervently opposes crackdowns on league city-states and favors relations with Persia. He also supports good relations with Sparta. He has a longstanding rivalry with Cleon.

Thrasybulus, is an Athenian politician who currently heads the Athenian foreign Head of Foreign delegations. His past experience as a general brought him to the view that Affairs of Athens relations with other countries are necessary to bring about democracy. Due to the nature of his job, Thrasybulus has many connections with prominent Persian officials. As a member of the radical wing of Athenian politics, he heavily favors aggressive Athenian imperialism and a rapid expansion of democracy. He also advocates for increased relations with Persia and for a policy of resistance against perceived Spartan aggression.

Alcibiades, , the son of Cleinias, is a prominent member of the Athenian Head of aristocracy who currently heads Athens’ cultural efforts . He comes from a long Culture of line of aristocrats, the powerful family. He has gained fame across Athens 13 Greece as a writer of bestselling epics and thus has many connections with the literary world. As a politician, Alcibiades advocates for an aggressive foreign policy; he supports conflict with Sparta and opposes relations with Persia. He opposes democracy; he perceives it as a threat to his aristocratic lifestyle.

Autocles, Autocles, son of Strombichides, is an Athenian politician who currently leads the Delegate of Athenian delegation to the Delian League. His office is in charge of whipping the Athens to the votes of league city-states in Athens’ interests. As a prominent diplomat, he has Delian many connections in the embassies of league city-states. Autocles is a major League advocate for Persian aid, believing it could help with democratic development across Greece. He strongly opposes crushing rebellions in city-states, as this would damage his relations with the city-states he works with. He supports democracy but only because it gives him a steady job.

Cleon, Cleon is an Athenian politician and former general who is currently in charge of Strategos the Athenian defenses. In this capacity, he controls defense spending and all for the military operations. He is well connected with both army and navy officials. Defense of Although an aristocrat himself, he is a prominent representative of Athens’s Athens commercial class. Cleon and Pericles have a longstanding rivalry; Pericles brands Cleon a warmongering . He supports democracy but only to serve his needs of military expansion. He also opposes relations with Persia and heavily favors military conflict with Sparta.

Socrates, is a famed philosopher and ethicist who currently advises the Delian Lover of League with ethical and moral advice. Old and wise, the league heeds his advice Wisdom in times of moral and ethical ambiguity. As a proponent of Greek individualism, he strongly supports democracy and opposes crackdowns on rebellions in the league. He often worries about the ethical justification for a war against Sparta, believing it wrong to wage war against fellow Greeks. Much of his income comes from donations to his philosophical endeavors. He has many connections with Greek academia due to his renown across Greece.

Dexippus, Dexippus is a prominent Athenian priest who oversees the Athenian pantheon, Basileus which houses the Greek gods. Much of his power, influence, and income come of Athens from large donations made to the temple in the name of Athena. Because of his prominent position in the clergy, he is connected with many politicians who seek religious counsel. An aristocrat of the Eleusinian family, he is a fierce patriot who strongly favors quelling rebellions and opposes relations with both Sparta and Persia.

Halicarnassian Delegates:

Lygdamis, Lygdamis is a prominent general and statesman hailing from the island state of Commander of Halicarnassus. He leads Halicarnassus’s main infantry forces. A powerful the Halicarnassian Infantry 14 presence in his nation, he has put to death many poets and dissenters simply because they disagree with his methods. His fierce dedication to his country and strong knowledge of tactics have earned him a cult of personality among his soldiers. He has an independent streak, as evidenced by his support for independence from the Delian League. He has many connections with the rulers of other city-states due to his interventions on behalf of other city-states.

Hecatomnus, Hecatomnus is the king of Halicarnassus, and as the descendent of a long- King of standing dynasty, he has complete control over his city-state’s finances and Halicarnassus foreign affairs. Hecatomnus rules with an iron fist; due to his autocratic nature, he abhors the expansion of democracy. He is unnaturally obsessed with his dynasty. His kingdom’s proximity to Persia forces him to adopt a stance of patronage under it. He opposes crackdowns on city-states and itches for a war with Sparta. His son, Mausolus, rules the city-state of Rhodes, giving him connections with it and many other city-states.

Rhodian Delegates:

Demetrius, Demetrius is an admiral in the service of the city-state of Rhodes. While he is still Admiral of the young, he is undefeated in battle, leading many of his sailors to refer to him as το αήττητο (the invincible one). However, despite this praise, he is said to treat his Rhodian Navy sailors poorly, leading many in his employ to resent him. As a career officer, Demetrius supports war with Sparta but opposes angering Persia due to Rhodes’ proximity to the giant empire. Demetrius appreciates discipline, so he supports crackdowns on rebel city-states. Previously, he served Athens as a sailor, and he still has many connections with his fellow sailors there.

Mausolus, Mausolus, son of Hecatomnus, is the king of Rhodes, and as the descendent of a King of Rhodes long-standing dynasty, he has complete control over his city-state’s finances and foreign affairs. Due to his relationship with the king of Halicarnassus, he cooperates extensively with that city-state and maintains relationships with many of its top officials. Rhodes’ people are split regarding support of Athens, and Mausolus’s citizens’ views weigh heavily on him. Rhodes’ proximity to Persia forces Mausolus to adopt a stance of patronage under it. He personally opposes a war with Sparta, believing in the prevalence of a shared Greek identity. He opposes crackdowns on city-states.

Neopolitan Delegate:

Histiaeus, Histiaeus is the current monarch of the city-state of Neapolis. He has complete King of Neapolis control over his city-state’s finances and foreign affairs. Histiaeus is a benevolent ruler; he supports relations with Persia and Sparta and is generally peace-loving. However, democracy still threatens his kingship, so he is generally opposed to it. His daughter is the wife of Pericles, giving him substantial clout in Athens.

15 Megarian Delegates:

Theognis, Theognis is a famed poet known across Greece. Hailing from the city-state of Head of Megara, he keeps a steady stream of income flowing from selling copies of his Culture of latest book, A History of the Greco-Persian Wars. He currently heads the Megara Megarian cultural efforts, and he works tirelessly to spread the message of a shared Greek identity. As a poet working with complex themes, he is intensely concerned with the morals of war, and thus he opposes war in all its forms. He sees Persia as a potential ally and aid-giver.

Byzas, Byzas is a general in the employ of the city-state of Megara. He is the founder of Commander the city of Byzantium, which still holds his name. Because of his renown in of the Byzantium, he has many connections there, as well as with many city-states in Megarian Asia Minor. He despises the Persian Empire and would favor another war with them to give the Greeks an advantage. He favors good relations with Sparta due Army to their common animosity with Persia. He opposes crackdowns on city-states.

Argive Delegates:

Pheidon, Pheidon is the regent of the city-state of Argos, and as a member of a long- King of Argos standing dynasty, he has complete control over his city-state’s finances and foreign affairs. Pheidon fervently opposes democracy. He is constantly plotting due to his fear of someone taking his throne. He has many connections in Persia due to his autocratic nature. He supports increased relations with Persia and favors a war with Sparta. He supports crackdowns on city-states, mostly to keep his own unruly citizens in check.

Agamemnon, Agamemnon is a general in the employ of the city-state of Argos. Surprisingly, he Commander fervently supports the arts and culture across Greece. He is not as strict a general of the Argive as many think he should be, and many of his men are grateful for it. Strangely for a general, he opposes war with both Sparta and Persia. He opposes crackdowns League of on city-states as well. Due to his empathetic nature, he has many connections Archers with rebel movements in city-states that oppose the league.

Telasilla, Telasilla is a general from the city-state of Argos. She has written poetry in the Commander past and thus has many connections with the literary world. She helped rebuild of the Argive the city of Argos when it was destroyed; because of this event, she hates the Infantry Persians. She is considered an expert on medicine. She opposes war with Sparta but favors war with Persia due to her hatred of the empire. She also favors crackdowns on rebellious league city-states.

16 Macedonian Delegate:

Philip II, Philip II is the king of Macedon, and as a member of a long-standing dynasty, he King of has complete control over his city-state’s finances and foreign affairs. He has Macedon ambitions for his kingdom to become a great empire, and he sees lots of potential in his son, Alexander. He has many connections with other Greek monarchs, and he has a sister betrothed to Pheidon, the king of Argos. Because he rules a kingdom, he is opposed to democracy. He strongly favors a war with Persia and less strongly favors a war with Sparta. He favors crackdowns on rebellious city- states due to a love of discipline.

Byzantine Delegates:

Abronychus, Abronychus is a general from city-state of Byzantium. He is an expert in military Commander of , and he has many connections with top Greek logistic experts and the Byzantine military technology experts. He used to be an ambassador to Sparta in his Army younger days, giving him many Spartan connections as well. He opposes war with Sparta but favors war with Persia due to Byzantium’s prominent geographic position and ability to fight Persia up close.

Cleinias, Cleinias, the father of Alcibiades, is an admiral from the city-state of Byzantium. Commander A distant relative of the famed Greek hero Ajax and Athenian in heritage, he of the relocated to Byzantium after becoming disillusioned with the previous ruling Byzantine dynasty. He still retains many Athenian contacts. Despite his relocation, he is still Navy sympathetic to the interests of Athens due to his heritage. He supports crackdowns on rebellious city-states and supports the imperialistic expansion of the Delian League. He supports war with Sparta but not with Persia because he fears war with such a large empire.

17 Bibliography

A&E Television Networks. “Peloponnesian War.” History. 2009. https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/peloponnesian-war/ Cartledge, Paul. “The Democratic Experiment.” BBC. Last modified February 17, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_01.shtml Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Peloponnesian War.” Britannica. Last modified February 9, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/event/Peloponnesian-War/ Public Broadcasting Service. “Sparta: Government and Classes.” PBS. http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/background/8b_p1.html Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. London: J.M. Dent, 1910.

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