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VOLUME 2 -w The SAGE Encyclopedia of QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

USA M.GIVEN EDITOR University ofAlberta

VOLUME 2

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SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver's Yard 55 City Road Volume 2 London, ECl Y ISP United Kingdom List of Entries vii SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B l/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Reader's Guide xiii Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India Entries SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 M 491 S 797 Far East Square N 539 T 861 Singapore 048763 0 567 U 903 Printed in the United States of America. P 591 V 909 699 w 949 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Q R 725 The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods / editor, Lisa M. Given. p. cm. Index 951 Includes index. ISBN 978-1-4129-4163-1 (cloth) 1. Social sciences—Research—Methodology—Encyclopedias. 2. Social sciences—Methodology—Encyclopedias. 3. Qualitative research—Encyclopedias. I. Given, Lisa M. II. Title: Encyclopedia of qualitative research methods.

H61.S234 2008 001.4'2—dc22 2008019323

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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Publisher: Rolf A. Janke Assistant to the Publisher: Michele Thompson Developmental Editor: Diana E. Axelsen Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez Production Editor: Kate Schroeder Copy Editors: D. J. Peck, Renee Willers Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreaders: Kristin Bergstad, Anne Rogers Indexer: David Luljak Cover Designer: Michelle Lee Kenny Marketing Manager: Amberlyn Erzinger List of Entries

Abduction Bias Convenience Sample Access Biography Convergent Interviewing Accountability Bracketing Conversational Interviewing Action Research Bricolage and Bricoleur Conversation Analysis Active Listening Core Category Advances in Qualitative Methods Captive Population Couniernan-ative Conference Case Study Covert Observation Advocacy Research Categories Covert Research Aesthetics Categorization Creative Writing Agency Center for Interpretive and Credibility Analytic Induction Qualitative Research Critical Action Research Anonymity Chaos and Complexity Theories Critical Arts-Based Inquiry Applied Research Checklists Critical Discourse Analysis Appreciative Inquiry Clinical Research Critical Ethnography Artifact Analysis Closed Question Critical Hermeneutics Artifacts Co-Constructed Narrative Critical Humanism A/r/tography Codes and Coding Critical Incident Technique Arts-Based Research Coding Frame Critical Pragmatism Arts-Informed Research Cognitive Interview Critical Race Theory Association for Qualitative Collaborative Research Critical Realism Research (AQR) Collage Critical Research ATLAS.ti (Software) Community-Based Research Critical Theory Audience Comparative Analysis Cross-Cultural Research Audience Analysis Comparative Research Cultural Context Audiorecording Computer-Assisted Data Analysis Auditing Concept Mapping Dance in Qualitative Research Audit Trail Conceptual Ordering Data Authenticity Confidentiality Data Analysis Authority Confirmability Data Archive Autobiography Conflict of Interest Data Collection Autoethnography Connoisseurship Data Generation Axial Coding Constant Comparison Data Management Axiology Constructivism Data Saturation Content Analysis Data Security Basic Research Context and Contextuality Data Storage Benent Context-Centered Knowledge Debriefing

Vli List of EntriGS ix Th© SAGE Encyclop©cli3 of Qualitative ResGsrch MGthods Interdisciplinary Research Membership Categorization Ontology Generalizability Deception Ethnograph (Software) International Association of Device Analysis(MCDA) Open Coding Grand Narrative Deconstruction Ethnographic and Qualitative Qualitative Inquiry Memoirs Open-Ended Question Grand Theory Deduction Research Conference International Congress of Memos and Memoing Oral History Grounded Theory Dependability Ethnographic Content Analysis Qualitative Inquiry Meta-Analysis Oral History Review (Journal) Group Interview. Description. See Rich Description Ethnography International Human Science Meta-Ethnography Orientational Perspective See Focus Groups Descriptive Statistics Ethnography (Journal) Research Conference Meta-Narrative Otherness Metaphor Dialogue Ethnomethodology International Institute for Over-Rapport Harm Qualitative Methodology Meta-Synthesis Diaries and Journals Ethnopoetics Health Sciences, Qualitative International Journal of Methodological Holism Versus Paradigm DICTION (Software) Ethnostatistics Research in Qualitative Methods Individualism Para-Ethnography Discourse Evaluation Criteria Hegemony Internet in Qualitative Research Methodology Participant Discourse Analysis Evaluation Research Hermeneutics Interpretation Methods Participant Observation Discovery Everyday Life Heteroglossia Interpretive Inquiry Mixed Methods Research Participants as Co-Researchers Discursive Practice Evidence Heuristic Inquiry Interpretive Phenomenology Multicultural Research Participatory Action Research Discursive Psychology Evidence-Based Practice Historical Context Interpretive Research Multimedia in Qualitative (PAR) Disengagement Evolution of Historical Discourse Analysis Intersubjectivity Research Peer Debriefing Disinterestedness Qualitative Research Historical Research Intertextuality Music in Qualitative Research Peer Review Diversity Issues Existentialism Experiential Knowledge Historiography Interview Guide Perception Document Analysis Interviewing Narrative Analysis Explanation Horizonalization Performance Ethnography Documents Humanities, Qualitative In Vivo Coding Narrative Genre Analysis Phenomenography Dramaturgy Explanatory Research Research in Narrative Inquiry Phenomenology Duoethnography Exploratory Data Analysis Exploratory Research HyperRESEARCH (Software) Journal of Contemporary Narrative Inquiry (Journal) Photographs in Qualitative Hypothesis Ethnography Narrative Interview Research Ecological Research Journal of Mixed Methods Narrative Texts Photonovella and Photovoice Feminist Epistemology Education, Qualitative Research Naturalistic Data Pilot Study Feminist Research Idealism Research in Naturalistic Inquiry Place/Space in Qualitative Fictional Writing Identity Email Interview Ideology Key Informant Naturalistic Observation Research Field Data Embodied Knowledge Imagination in Qualitative Knowledge Natural Setting Plastic Arts in Qualitative Field Methods (Journal) Emergent Design Research Negative Case Analysis Research. See Arts-Based Fieldnotes Emergent Themes In-Depth Interview Leaving the Field Negotiating Exit Research Field Research Emic/Etic Distinction Indexicality Life Stories Neutrality in Qualitative Research Playbuilding Fieldwork Emotions in Qualitative Research Indigenous Research Liminal Perspective Neutral Question Pluralism Empathy Film and Video in Literature in Qualitative Nonessentialism Poetry in Qualitative Research Induction Empirical Research Qualitative Research Research Nonparticipant Observation Politics of Qualitative Research Informant Empiricism Findings Literature Review Nonprobability Sampling Population Informed Consent Empowerment First-Person Voice Lived Experience Nonverbal Communication Portraiture In-Person Interview Empowerment Evaluation Focus Groups Nud*ist/N6 (Software). See Insider/Outsider Status Positivism Epistemology Forum: Qualitative Social Marginalization NVivo (Software) Institutional Ethnography Postcolonialism Essence Research (Journal) Marginalized Populations NVivo (Software) Institutional Research Postmodernism Essentialism Foucauldian Discourse Analysis Institutional Review Boards Market Research Postpositivism Framework (Software) Objectivism Ethics Integrity in Qualitative Research Maximum Variation Sampling. Postrepresentation Ethics, Relational. Free Association Narrative See Purposive Sampling Objectivity Interactive Focus Groups Poststructuralism See Relational Ethics Interview MAXqda (Software) Observational Research Interactive Interview Power Ethics and New Media Funding Meaning Observation Schedule Inter- and Intracoder Reliability Pragmatism Ethics Codes Interdisciplinary Qualitative Member Check Observer Bias Praxis Ethics Review Process Gender Issues Studies Conference Ethnodrama Genealogical Approach The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods List of Entries

Think Aloud Method. Secondary Data Truth Vignettes Privacy Recursivity See Cognitive Interview Secondary Participants Typological Analysis Virtual Community Probability Sampling Reductionism Thinking Qualitatively Reflexivity Selective Coding Virtual Ethnography Probes and Probing Workshop Conference Understanding Semiotics Virtual Interview Program Evaluation Relational Ethics Transana (Software) Semi-Structured Interview Unobtrusive Research Virtual Research Projective Techniques Relativism Transcript Unstnjctured Interview Visual Data Reliability Sensitive Topics Project Management Transcription Unstructured Observation Visual Data Displays Replication Sensitizing Concepts Prolonged Engagement Transferability Visual Ethnography Representation Serendipity Pseudonym Transformational Methods Validity Visual Narrative Inquiiy Psychoanalytically Informed Representational Forms of Situatedness Translatability Value-Free Inquiry Visual Research Dissemination Snowball Sampling Obser\'ation Transparency Verification Social Constructionism Voice Psychological Generalization Research Design Triangulation Video Intervention/ Social Context Vulnerability Publishing and Publication Research Diaries and Journals Trust Prevention Assessment Social Justice Purposive Sampling Researcher as Artist Trustworthiness Videorecording Writing Process Researcher as Instrument Social Network Analysis Social Sciences, Qualitative Q Methodology Researcher-Participant Research in Qualitative Health Research Relationships Statistics (Journal) Researcher Roles Storytelling Qualitative Health Research Researcher Safety Stratified Sampling Conference Researcher Sensitivity Structuralism Qualitative Inquiry (Journal) Research Justification Structured Interview Qualitative Report, Research Literature Structured Observation The (Journal) Research Participants. See Subjectivism Qualitative Research (Journal) Participant Subjectivity Qualitative Research, Evolution Research Problem Research Proposal Subjectivity Statement of. See Evolution of SuperHyperQual (Software) Qualitative Research Research Question Survey Research Qualitative Research, History of Research Setting Symbolic Interactionism Qualitative Research Summer Research Subjects. See Systematic Sociological Intensive Participants Introspection QualPage ResearchTalk, Inc. Systemic Inquiry Qualrus (Software) Research Team Quantitative Research Resonance Tacit Knowledge Queer Theory Respondent Telephone Interview Quota Sampling Response Groups Results. See Findings Text TextQuest (Software) Random Sampling Rhetoric Rapid Assessment Process Rhythmanalysis Textual Analysis Theatre of the Oppressed Rapport Rich Data Thematic Coding and Analysis Raw Data Rigor in Qualitative Research Reactivity Risk Themes Readei's theater Theoretical Frameworks Theoretical Memoing Realism Sample Reality and Multiple Realities Sample Size Theoretical Sampling Reciprocity Sampling Theoretical Saturation Reconstructive Analysis Sampling Frame Theory Recruiting Participants Secondary Analysis Thick Description