44 CONSIDERENTE Privind Elaborarea ŞI ADOPTAREA

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44 CONSIDERENTE Privind Elaborarea ŞI ADOPTAREA CZU: 94(498) CONSIDERENTE PRIvIND ElABORAREA ŞI ADOPTAREA REGUlAMENTElOR ORGANICE ÎN PRINCIPATElE ROMÂNE valentina COPTIlEŢ dr., conf.univ, USPEE „Constantin Stere” Articolul cuprinde câteva reflecţii cu privire la elaborarea, adoptarea şi publicarea Regulamentelor Organice ale Mol- dovei şi Valahiei, acte de valoare constituţională, cu multiple valenţe în procesul de modernizare a Principatelor Române. Problema elaborării Regulamentelor Organice ale Moldovei şi Valahiei, nu a beneficiat de atenţia cuvenită pe măsura importanţei lor pentru opera de modernizare a instituţiilor politice şi juridice româneşti, deoarece au fost elaborate şi adoptate în timpul ocupaţiilor ruse şi sub supravegherea nemijlocită a autorităţilor ţariste. Pentru a le aprecia la justa lor valoare este necesar a cerceta condiţiile în care au fost elaborate şi adoptate aceste Regulamente Organice. Cuvinte-cheie: Regulamente Organice, Adunarea Obştească Extraordinară, Convenţia de la Akerman. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DEvElOPMENT AND ADOPTION OF ORGANIC REGUlATIONS IN THE ROMANIAN PRINCIPAlITIES The article comprises some reflections on matter of elaboration, adoption and publication of organic regulations, as the same of elaboration of organic regulations of Moldova and Valakhia, acts of constitutional value has not benefited by proper consideration as to the extent of their significance for performance of updating political and Romanian institutions. However, in these latter days, it is recognized organic regulations favored evolution towards naturalization in Romanian counties of some rules of parliamentary regime, the same reorganized ancient institutions having organized and prepared them to elaboration of a modern and unitary form of legal institutions; nevertheless, a certain suspicion impends over or- ganic regulations, as the same have been elaborated and adopted within Russian occupation and under direct supervision of czarist authorities. To fairly appreciate them, it is required to examine conditions their organic regulations have been elaborated, adopted and published under. keywords: Organic Regulations, Extraordinary Public Assembly, Ackerman Convention. oncepute din conjunctura intereselor inter- modernizare a instituţiilor politice şi juridice româ- Cne (proiectele de reorganizare politică ale neşti, deoarece au fost transpuse şi adoptate în tim- diferitor categorii sociale ale societăţii moldo-vala- pul ocupaţiilor ruse şi sub supravegherea nemijlocită he) şi a intereselor externe (în special a tendinţelor a autorităţilor ţariste. Pentru a le aprecia la justa lor anexioniste ale Rusiei), Regulamentele Organice au valoare este necesar a cerceta condiţiile în care au multiple valenţe în procesul de modernizare a Prin- fost realizate. cipatelor Române. Convenţia de la Ackerman din 1826 a prevăzut Problema elaborării Regulamentelor Organice alcătuirea unor regulamente de organizare internă a ale Moldovei şi Valahiei nu a beneficiat de atenţia Principatelor „spre a îndrepta gravele atingeri adu- cuvenită, pe măsura importanţei lor pentru opera de se ordinei în felurite ramuri ale ocârmuirii interne 44 Revista Națională de Drept prin tulburările întâmplate în Moldova şi în Munte- moderne pentru noul stat. Rusia însă, care controla nia, hospodarii vor fi ţinuţi a se ocupa fără cea mai militar principatele, s-a opus ideii ca legea funda- mică întârziere împreună cu divanurile respective mentală a acestora să poarte numele de Constituţie, de măsurile trebuitoare pentru a îmbunătăţi starea impunând denumirea de Regulamente Organice [3]. principatelor şi acele măsuri vor forma obiectul De asemenea, Poarta se angaja să respecte regu- unui regulament obştesc pentru fiecare provincie, lamentele administrative făcute în Principate „după fiind pus de îndată în lucrare” [1]. dorinţa exprimată de adunările celor mai de seamă Sultanul în urma acestei convenţii a emis un ha- oameni ai ţării şi care vor trebui, pe viitor, să ser- tişerif, prin care i-a obligat pe domnitorul Valahiei, vească drept bază a regimului intern al celor două Grigore Ghica şi Ioniţă Sturdza, domnitorul Mol- provincii, cu condiţia ca aceste regulamente să nu dovei ca împreună cu divanurile să întocmească aducă nici o atingere dreptului de suveranitate al Su- regulamentele respective. Drept consecinţă domni- blimei Porţi” [4]. torii Principatelor Române au numit câte o comisie Ideea elaborării Regulamentelor a continuat să în vedere elaborării regulamentelor, dar activitatea fie în atenţia comandamentului rus în timpul ocu- acestor comisii nu s-a încununat de succes din mai paţiei militare ruse din Principatele Române, după multe considerente: pe de o parte însuşi Imperiul încheierea tratatului de la Adrianopol, potrivit căruia Otoman nu era cointeresat în elaborarea efectivă a armatele ruse rămâneau în Principate până la plata regulamentelor date, deoarece îi convenea mai mult despăgubirilor datorate de Imperiul Otoman Rusiei. haosul care domnea în Principate în perioada dată, În raportul administraţiei Moldovei şi Valahiei, în plus nici boierii nu prea erau interesaţi în rezul- adresată împăratului Nicolae, Paul Kiseleff arăta tatele muncii lor, deoarece fiind de acord cu limita- scopul urmărit prin elaborarea Regulamentelor „or- rea drepturilor Domnitorului, tot odată nu vroiau să ganizarea ţărilor este o chestiune necesară pentru facă cedări şi atingeri privilegiilor lor. În momentul buna stare a unor regiuni vecine cu împărăţia noastră intervenţiei ruseşti din 1828 aceste comisii activau, şi ca o măsură care va întări temelia influenţei noas- însă comandamentul rusesc îi schimbă pe membrii tre politice asupra Orientului” [5]. comisiilor cu oameni devotaţi lui. Lucrările de elaborare a Regulamentelor Orga- Dispoziţia privind alcătuirea unor Regulamente nice au demarat în vara anului 1829 pe timpul ge- Organice a fost reiterată şi în Tratatul de la Adria- neralului P.F.Jeltuhin. Ele au fost întocmite după nopol (1829) [2]. Prin tratat se stabileşte înţelegerea instrucţiunile primite de la Petersburg, precum şi au între Rusia şi Turcia privind crearea în Principate a definitivat textul-concept al Constituţiei a Principa- unei administraţii naţionale şi independente. telor Ţării Româneşti şi a Moldovei, spre a fi adoptat Rezultatul acelor negocieri a prevăzut, printre ca „lege organică de guvernare” [6]. Autorii acestor multe altele, acceptarea ideii de a se adopta, în fie- instrucţiuni au fost Capodistria, Minciaky şi Alexan- care dintre cele două principate dunărene, un act cu dru Sturdza. Ele au fost semnate de ţar la Varşovia în caracter constituţional, numit Regulament Organic. luna mai 1829 în timpul încoronării acestuia ca rege Textele celor două regulamente urmau să fie elabo- al Poloniei [7]. Instrucţiunile au fost aduse în Prin- rate de boierimea reformatoare din cele două tari, iar cipate de către D.Daşcov, secretar de stat al Rusiei. cererea adresată celor două mari puteri viza chiar Ele erau identice pentru ambele Principate, urmărind unirea celor două țări şi adoptarea unei Constituţii înfiinţarea unor instituţii similare. Astfel autorităţile nr. 1-3 (219-221), 2019 45 ţariste au recunoscut necesitatea apropierii lor, deoa- În elaborarea Regulamentelor Organice s-a ţinut rece „se cuvine a ţinea strâns legate două noroade a cont de diferite doleanţe exprimate în memoriile şi căror uniune de lege, de începutul neamului” [8]. În proiectele de reformă înaintate de boierii moldoveni instrucţiuni era preconizată moderarea puterii dom- şi munteni înainte de 1828 în care se regăseau prin- nitorului de către o adunare obştească. Erau stabilite cipiile moderne de organizare a puterii, principii pe atribuţiile adunării în domeniul legislativ, în aşa mod care Regulamentele le-au preluat şi concretizat [11]. a fost separată funcţia legislativă de cea administra- Astfel, „începători ai Regulamentelor pot fi numiţi tivă şi judecătorească. Erau prevăzute măsuri care răposaţii Goleşti din Ţara Românească, pe prigonitul ar fi făcut ordine în domeniul financiar al statului, Tăut şi alţii din Moldova.” [12]. Prin Regulamente a prin lichidarea confuziei dintre veniturile statului şi fost realizat, potrivit cu interesul boierilor mari, pro- ale domnitorului, acestuia i s-a stabilit o listă civi- gramul sprijinit de boierimea de toate treptele, dar lă, prin desfiinţarea posluşnicilor şi a scutelnicilor şi mai ales de boierii cei mai mici, începând încă din eliminarea unor impozite, cum ar fi podvodul, dă- secolul XVIII [13]. Însuşi mulţi reprezentaţi ai bo- rile în natură ale ţăranilor. Instrucţiunile prevedeau ierimii, care mai apoi au fost membri ai comisiei de înfiinţarea tribunalelor, autoritatea lucrului judecat, alcătuire a Regulamentului sau membri ai Adunării alcătuirea codurilor civile şi penale, înfiinţarea mili- Extraordinare de revizie a Regulamentului Organic ţiei naţionale. În elaborarea instrucţiunilor de la Pe- al Moldovei, fiind adepţii transformării conducerii tersburg autorii au pus la bază memoriile înaintate statului din despoţie orientală într-una absolutist în prima jumătate a sec. XIX de către reprezentanţii luminată, au fost colaboratori ai diferitor proiec- diferitor categorii sociale [9]. Potrivit boierului mol- te de reforme, prin care se urmărea continuu ideea dovean N. Roset-Roznovanu în 1821, aflat la con- introducerii în Principate a domniilor pământene, a gresul Sfintei Alianţe de la Laybach, ţarul Alexan- unui guvernământ reprezentativ şi a unei monarhii dru I a cerut boierilor români să-l pună la curent cu constituţionale. Astfel, printre proiectele de reformă
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