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Manfred Swarsensky: Oral History Transcript

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Manfred Swarsensky: Oral History Transcript Manfred Swarsensky: Oral History Transcript www.wisconsinhistory.org/HolocaustSurvivors/Swarsensky.asp Name: Manfred Erich Swarsensky (1906–1981) Birth Place: Marienfliess, Germany (Prussia) Arrived in Wisconsin: 1940, Madison Project Name: Oral Histories: Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust Manfred Swarsensky Biography: Manfred Erich Swarsensky was born in Marienfliess, Germany (Prussia), on October 22, 1906, to a rural family where his forbearers had lived for many generations. He was educated in Lutheran theology during his primary school years. Between 1925- 1932, Manfred did rabbinical study at Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums (Academy for Jewish Studies) in Berlin while simultaneously pursuing a Ph.D. in Semitics at the University of Würzburg. Upon ordination, Manfred was appointed to serve as a rabbi in Berlin's large Jewish community. He used his sermons to speak out against the Nazi regime from the time of its rise to power in 1933. Following the anti-Jewish rioting of Kristallnacht on November 9-10, 1938, Rabbi Swarsensky was sent to the concentration camp at Sachsenhausen. In spite of hard labor, humiliation, and torture, he was able to offer comfort to his fellow inmates. Three months later, the rabbi was unexpectedly offered freedom on the condition that he leave the country. Rabbi Swarsensky arrived in the United States in July 1939, after spending several months in Holland and England. In 1940, after a brief stay in Chicago, he accepted a post at a newly organized Reform congregation, Beth El Temple, in Madison, Wisconsin. He remained there until 1976. Rabbi Swarsensky was instrumental in helping many other Holocaust survivors reach Wisconsin and re-establish their lives. In 1952, he married Ida Weiner of Chicago, with whom he raised two children. The rabbi died in Madison on November 10, 1981. Audio Summary: Below are the highlights of each tape. It is not a complete list of all topics discussed. Tape 1, Side 1 • Family • Connections in the U.S. • Religious life in Europe and the U.S. • First days in Madison Oral Histories: Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust Page 1 of 198 Wisconsin Historical Society Manfred Swarsenksy: Oral History Transcript www.wisconsinhistory.org/HolocaustSurvivors/Swarsensky.asp Tape 1, Side 2 • Learning English • Building Temple Beth El • Madison’s Jewish community Tape 2, Side 1 • Reception of displaced persons • Immigration procedures • Manfred’s family Tape 2, Side 2 • More on family • Jews in the U.S and Israel • American attitudes toward the Holocaust Tape 3, Side 1 • Holocaust education efforts • Ecumenical relations • Intermarriage Tape 3, Side 2 • Attitudes toward Israel • Religious views • Reading habits Tape 4, Side 1 • Holocaust depictions in the U.S. media • Travels in Wisconsin Tape 4, Side 2 • Comparing American culture and politics with Germany • Anti-Semitism Tape 5, Side 1 • Visits to Berlin and Israel • Attitudes toward the Holocaust in U.S. • Rabbi Swarsensky’s photographs Tape 5, Side 2 • Comments on photographs • Joseph Rothschild • Jewish life in Berlin Tape 6, Side 1 • Grandparents and childhood • Marienfleiss, Germany • High school • Religious life Oral Histories: Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust Page 2 of 198 Wisconsin Historical Society Manfred Swarsenksy: Oral History Transcript www.wisconsinhistory.org/HolocaustSurvivors/Swarsensky.asp Tape 6, Side 2 • Youth • Religious practices Germany • Rabbinical student Tape 7, Side 1 • German rabbis • Self-estimate • Leo Baeck • Secular government Tape 7, Side 2 • Separation of church and state • Religious education in Germany • Studies in Berlin and Würzburg Tape 8, Side 1 • Religious practices in Germany • Rabbinical appointment in Berlin • Synagogues Tape 8, Side 2 • Berlin congregations • Decision to become rabbi • Manfred’s religious studies Tape 9, Side 1 • Zionism in Germany • Jewish life before Hitler • Jews in Berlin • American Jews Tape 9, Side 2 • Student days • Rise of Hitler • Book burnings • Nuremberg laws • Anti-Semitism Tape 10, Side 1 • Jewish responses • Zionism • Remembering Kristallnacht, Nov 1938 Tape 10, Side 2 • More on Kristallnacht • Hiding, arrest, jail • Gestapo • Sachsenhausen prison Oral Histories: Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust Page 3 of 198 Wisconsin Historical Society Manfred Swarsenksy: Oral History Transcript www.wisconsinhistory.org/HolocaustSurvivors/Swarsensky.asp Tape 11, Side 1 • Conditions at Sachsenhausen • Torture, resistance • Killings • Pastoral efforts Tape 11, Side 2 • More on Sachsenhausen • Miraculous release • Gestapo • Exile, March 1939 Tape 12, Side 1 • Ellis Island • More memories of Sachsenhausen • The Jewish resistance • Fate of family Tape 12, Side 2 • More on family • Immigration to the U.S. • Rabbi Swarsensky’s children • Jews in America About the Interview Process: The interview was conducted by archivist Jean Loeb Lettofsky over nearly 12 hours during seven sessions in the spring and summer of 1980. This interview is long and complicated. It does not proceed in chronological order because archivists first requested information on specific subjects for a presentation that spring and summer. Therefore, the interview is disjointed. Rabbi Swarsensky's story is valuable not only as an account of a Jewish rabbi who endured the Holocaust, but also because it preserves the philosophy and voice of one of Wisconsin's most highly respected religious leaders. Audio and Transcript Details: Interview Dates • Spring and Summer 1980 Interview Location • Beth El Temple, Madison, Wisconsin Interviewer • Archivist Jean Loeb Lettofsky Original Sound Recording Format • 12 qty. 60-minute audio cassette tapes Length of Interviews • 7 interviews, total approximately 12 hours Oral Histories: Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust Page 4 of 198 Wisconsin Historical Society Manfred Swarsenksy: Oral History Transcript www.wisconsinhistory.org/HolocaustSurvivors/Swarsensky.asp Transcript Length • 198 pages Rights and Permissions • Any document may be printed or downloaded to a computer or portable device at no cost for nonprofit educational use by teachers, students and researchers. Nothing may be reproduced in any format for commercial purposes without prior permission. Pictures: WHI Image ID 57256 WHI Image ID 57253 WHI Image ID 58293 Oral Histories: Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust Page 5 of 198 Wisconsin Historical Society Manfred Swarsenksy: Oral History Transcript www.wisconsinhistory.org/HolocaustSurvivors/Swarsensky.asp Transcript The following transcript is from the collections of the Wisconsin Historical Society Archives. It is an unedited, firsthand account of the Nazi persecution of the Jews before and during World War II. Portions of this interview may not be suitable for younger or more sensitive audiences. It is unlawful to republish this text without written permission from the Wisconsin Historical Society, except for nonprofit educational use. Key JL Jean Loeb Lettofsky, Wisconsin Historical Society archivist MS Manfred Swarsensky, Holocaust survivor TAPE 1, SIDE 1 JL: Before we go into other matters, I'd like to ask you a bit about your family background. Your place and date of birth, if possible names of parents and grandparents, their places and dates of birth. Whatever you remember. MS: Well I most distinctly remember my birthday, at least I was told that I was born on October 22, 1906. I was born in a tiny village, a family village, named Marienfliess. I don't think it's necessary for me to spell it. Which is located in the province of Pomerania, which in turn is part of Prussia. Which means it is northeast of Berlin, not too far from the Baltic Sea. The name of my parents was, Jacob and Louise Swarsensky. The name of my grandparents, whom I did not know, on my father's side, was Moses and Fredericke Swarsensky. My mother's maiden name was Levinsky and my grandparents, my mother's parents, were Ashur and Rosalie Levinsky. JL: And places and dates of birth? MS: My father's parents they lived in the same village where I was born. As a matter of fact they lived in the same house where I saw the light of the world and not only they but their grandparents and their grandparents lived also in the very same village. My mother's family lived maybe a 100 miles from there in a little town, which was larger, called Polzin, P-o-l-z-i-n, in Pomerania. That place was known in Germany as a place to which people with rheumatism went. We had more baths, that I remember as a child. However I am at a loss to tell you the birthdays. I know my father's birthday, my father was Oral Histories: Wisconsin Survivors of the Holocaust Page 6 of 198 Wisconsin Historical Society Manfred Swarsenksy: Oral History Transcript www.wisconsinhistory.org/HolocaustSurvivors/Swarsensky.asp born on December 29, 1860. My mother was born on April 28, and here I'm not so absolutely certain, 1876 I think. Anyway, my father died in Berlin a natural death, more or less. More or less. I must say he died under Hitler being chased out of, my parents, later on, later on, at the end, moved to Berlin where I lived and that's where my father died in January 1941, which was rather late. And I managed to bring my mother over to this country also in '41. She came over on one of the very last boats that ever left Europe because it was wartime already. Was a Spanish boat. The captain was a highway robber, or a sea pirate I should rather say. Not only had I pay enormous amounts for transportation, but on the high seas he held the people up and asked for more money all the time and would move. Instead of going straight from Spain to the United States he stopped in Gibraltar and other places. My mother told me and I got wires and cables to send more money. It was totally chaotic but it was wartime and my mother finally arrived in New York and I met her at the boat. I couldn't even recognize her. She was just skin and bones.
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