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ON the EFFECTIVE USE of PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 © 2021 Andrew Peek All Rights Reserved
ON THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 2021 Andrew Peek All rights reserved Abstract This dissertation asks a simple question: how are states most effectively conducting proxy warfare in the modern international system? It answers this question by conducting a comparative study of the sponsorship of proxy forces. It uses process tracing to examine five cases of proxy warfare and predicts that the differentiation in support for each proxy impacts their utility. In particular, it proposes that increasing the principal-agent distance between sponsors and proxies might correlate with strategic effectiveness. That is, the less directly a proxy is supported and controlled by a sponsor, the more effective the proxy becomes. Strategic effectiveness here is conceptualized as consisting of two key parts: a proxy’s operational capability and a sponsor’s plausible deniability. These should be in inverse relation to each other: the greater and more overt a sponsor’s support is to a proxy, the more capable – better armed, better trained – its proxies should be on the battlefield. However, this close support to such proxies should also make the sponsor’s influence less deniable, and thus incur strategic costs against both it and the proxy. These costs primarily consist of external balancing by rival states, the same way such states would balance against conventional aggression. Conversely, the more deniable such support is – the more indirect and less overt – the less balancing occurs. -
THE SITUATION of Idps from CHECHNYA
WRITENET Paper No. 11 /2002 RUSSIAN FEDERATION: THE SITUATION OF IDPs FROM CHECHNYA John B. Dunlop Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution May 2002 WriteNet is a Network of Researchers and Writers on Human Rights, Forced Migration, Ethnic and Political Conflict WriteNet is a Subsidiary of Practical Management (UK) E-mail: [email protected] THIS PAPER WAS PREPARED MAINLY ON THE BASIS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION, ANALYSIS AND COMMENT. ALL SOURCES ARE CITED. THE PAPER IS NOT, AND DOES NOT PURPORT TO BE, EITHER EXHAUSTIVE WITH REGARD TO CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTRY SURVEYED, OR CONCLUSIVE AS TO THE MERITS OF ANY PARTICULAR CLAIM TO REFUGEE STATUS OR ASYLUM. THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THE PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR AND ARE NOT NECESSARILY THOSE OF WRITENET OR UNHCR. ISSN 1020-8429 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction....................................................................................................3 2 The Current Political Situation in Ingushetia ............................................3 3 The Likely Return of Chechen IDPs from Ingushetia to Chechnya.........5 4 The Current Political Situation in Chechnya .............................................8 5 The Position of Inner IDPs Residing in Chechnya.....................................8 6 The Role of the UN and Other International IGOs and NGOs in Chechnya ......................................................................................................11 7 Three Scenarios for the Future ..................................................................12 8 Bibliography.................................................................................................13 -
Russian Analytical Digest No 5
No. 5 29 August 2006 rrussianussian aanalyticalnalytical ddigestigest www.res.ethz.ch www.russlandanalysen.de BESLAN – TWO YEARS AFTER ■ ANALYSIS Looking Back at Beslan. Alexander Cherkasov, Moscow 2 ■ ANALYSIS Th e North Caucasus: Taking stock two years after Beslan. Jeronim Perovic, Zurich 4 ■ TABLES AND DIAGRAMS Th e North Caucasus and the Southern Federal District: Statistics and Facts 9 ■ OPINION SURVEY Th e North Caucasus in Russian Eyes 13 ■ CHRONOLOGY Terror-related incidents in the North Caucasus September 2004 – August 2006 14 Research Centre for East CSS Center for Security Otto Wolff -Stiftung DGO European Studies, Bremen An ETH Center Studies, ETH Zurich rrussianussian aanalyticalnalytical russian analytical digest 05/06 ddigestigest Analysis Looking Back at Beslan Alexander Cherkasov, Moscow Summary Two years after the Beslan tragedy, the authorities have yet to publish a fi nal report on what took place there. Most importantly, they have refused to examine the terrorist attack within the larger context of the Chechen war. Th ey have also blamed all the deaths on the terrorists, preventing a thorough investigation examining the role of the Russian security forces and the responsibilities of the authorities. Such a study would make possible a more nuanced understanding of what happened at Beslan. Hostage-taking tragedies: Moscow’s terrorists prepare and carry out their plans? Which questionable approach administrative and law enforcement offi cials were uring the course of the Chechen wars over the responsible for this?” Th ose questions are suitable for Dlast 12 years, Beslan was the fourth large-scale prosecutors. In the wider sense, we need to address terrorist act with the taking of hostages in Russia. -
Chechnya – War and History 400 Years of Colonial Conquest – 400 Years of Resistance
Ekkehard Maaß | Bettina Kubanek Chechnya War and History 400 Years of Colonial Conquest – 400 Years of Resistance This exhibition was produced by the German-Caucasian Society An old Chechen legend A long, long time ago there was a violent storm. It plucked trees by their roots, caused rivers and seas to burst their banks and razed mountains flat. It was so violent that all living beings fled before it. None resis- ted but a lone wolf, who stood fast on all four legs to spite the storm. The storm grew angry, tearing the wolf’s hide from his body in tatters and biting him until his blood ran, and yet the wolf would not flinch from where he stood… for he had no other home but this and refused to abandon it, however great the misfortune that befell it. Chechnya – War and History 400 Years of Colonial Conquest – 400 Years of Resistance When Chechnya left the Soviet Union in 1991 to declare independence, its prospects were just as real as those of former Soviet republics in the Baltic, South Caucasus and Asia. Never did the Chechens imagine that their country would be totally destroyed by air raids and artillery fire during two Russian wars while Western democracies, for the most part, stood by. 200,000 dead, the plight of refugees, concentration camps, purges and cruel torture have uprooted Chechen society and driven people to a despair that makes them increasingly unpredictable. The spread of the conflict throughout the North Caucasus and its devastat- ing impact on Russian society itself should be a cause for deep concern among the governments of Europe. -
Islamists and Nationalists Online Appendix
Islamists and Nationalists Online Appendix Online Appendix: “Islamists and Nationalists” October 30, 2014 Contents 1 North Caucasus Violent Events Data 2 1.1 Automated event coding . .2 1.2 Actors . .3 1.3 Tactics . .9 1.4 Targets . .9 1.5 A four-tiered typology of Islamist violence........................9 1.6 A two-tiered typology of government violence...................... 15 1.7 Reliability of automated event coding . 16 2 Variable descriptions for aggregated data 18 2.1 Geographic locations and dates . 18 2.2 Conflict dynamics . 19 2.3 Control variables . 21 3 Summary statistics 22 4 Regression tables, robustness checks and matching balance 27 4.1 Autologistic regressions (all four definitions) . 27 4.2 Matched Analysis . 36 4.3 Sensitivity Analysis: Alternative Model Specifications . 42 4.4 Sensitivity Analysis: Time Effects . 47 4.5 Sensitivity Analysis: Local and Federal Forces . 56 4.6 Sensitivity Analysis: Alternative Definitions of Selective Tactics . 58 1 Islamists and Nationalists Online Appendix 1 North Caucasus Violent Events Data We use a new dataset of violent incidents in the Russian North Caucasus. The panel dataset is based on monthly observations across 7,584 municipalities in 200 districts (rayons) of the seven autonomous republics of the North Caucasus, and two adjacent regions (oblasts).1 The sample of villages and towns is universal, encompassing all populated places within these regions, as listed in the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency’s GEOnet Names Server (GNS). For each week between July 2000 and December 2011, we measured the incidence and number of violent events in each village through automated text mining of the independent Memorial Group’s “Hronika nasiliya [Chronicle of Violence]” event summaries (Memorial, 2009). -
"Ethnic War, Holy War, War O' War: Does the Adjective Matter In
University of California, Berkeley Ethnic War, Holy War, War O’ War: Does the Adjective Matter in Explaining Collective Political Violence? Edward W. Walker Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Working Paper Series This PDF document preserves the page numbering of the printed version for accuracy of citation. When viewed with Acrobat Reader, the printed page numbers will not correspond with the electronic numbering. The Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies (BPS) is a leading center for graduate training on the Soviet Union and its successor states in the United States. Founded in 1983 as part of a nationwide effort to reinvigorate the field, BPS’s mission has been to train a new cohort of scholars and professionals in both cross-disciplinary social science methodology and theory as well as the history, languages, and cultures of the former Soviet Union; to carry out an innovative program of scholarly research and publication on the Soviet Union and its successor states; and to undertake an active public outreach program for the local community, other national and international academic centers, and the U.S. and other governments. Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies University of California, Berkeley Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies 260 Stephens Hall #2304 Berkeley, California 94720-2304 Tel: (510) 643-6737 [email protected] http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~bsp/ Ethnic War, Holy War, War O’ War: Does the Adjective Matter in Explaining Collective Political Violence? Edward W. Walker Spring 2006 Edward W. Walker is Executive Director of the Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies and Adjunct Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley. -
Ideology, Image-Making and the Media in Putin's Russia
Ideology, Image-making and the Media in Putin's Russia. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF PhD IN RUSSIAN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY BY GREGORY J. SIMONS University of Canterbury 2004 L ?_(:1t l )t INDEX. LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ... v GLOSSARY ... VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... Vll ABSTRACT ... Vll INTRODUCTION. ... 1 CHAPTER 0: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE THESIS. 0.0 Chapter Objectives ... 14 0.1 Media Theory ... 14 0.1.1 The Significance of the Mass Media ... 14 0.1.2 Social Functions of the Media ... 15 0.1.3 Requirements for Freedom of the Press ... 16 0.1.4 Political Communication ... 17 0.2 Critical Theory ... 20 0.3 Semiotics ... 22 0.4 Ideology ... 23 0.5 Jean Baudrillard' s Theories of Simulation and Simulacra ... 27 0.6 Image Theory ... 30 0.7 TV and Power ... 32 0.8 Making the News ... 36 0.9 Chapter Summary ... 39 CHAPTER I: VLADIMIR PUTIN AND THE DEBATE ON THE EMERGENCE OF CULT OF PERSONALITY. 1.0 Chapter Objectives. ...41 1.1 Definition of Cult of Personality. .. 42 I 1.2 Cult of Personality in the Soviet Union. ... 45 1.3 Does a 'Cult of Putin' Really Exist? ... 49 1.3.1 Creating Putin. ... 50 1.3.2 Creating an 'Acceptable' Public Personality. ... 51 1.3.3 Reinforcing the Image. ... 52 1.3.4 Putin's Initial Public Profile: A Summary. ... 59 1.3.5 Putin: The Passionate Lover of Literature. ... 60 1.3.6 Putin For Sale: The Industry Dealing in Putin Paraphernalia. ... 61 1.3.7 Cultural Putin: Art and Culture Dedicated to Putin. -
A Russian Chronology: January – March 2009 Research & Assessment Branch ISBN 978-905962-65-5 April 2009 09/03 Dr Mark a Smith
Research & Assessment Branch 09/03 Defence Academy of the United Kingdom 09/03 Russian Domestic Policy: A Chronology January – March 2009 1 January 2009 One of the leaders of the Solidarity opposition movement, Boris Nemtsov, says he thinks that 2009 will be a year of social protest, due to the economic crisis: This will result in the end of Putinism. This is the deal between Putin and citizens. The deal was money in exchange for rights. Putin gave citizens money - pensions, salaries, work etc - and in exchange took away from citizens their rights - the right to independent information, the right to elect its authorities, the right to independent courts, the right to opposition activities. Co-chairman of the Right Cause party Leonid Gozman says "the transformation of the economic and social crisis into a political one, mass unrest and the situation getting out of control and sliding into the extralegal field cannot be ruled out" in the new year. He says it is preferable "that stability remains in the country in the next two to three years if only to bar from power people in comparison with whom Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin will look white and fluffy". 2 January 2009 Yabloko leader Sergey Mitrokhin says that in 2009 "we may witness mass unrest across the country, a further clamp-down in connection with this unrest and the country being brought to a dangerous point." 2 January 2009 Vesti TV reports that many of the largest iron and steel mills in Russia are putting production on hold, due to the global financial crisis. -
Central Asia-Caucasus
Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst BI-WEEKLY BRIEFING VOL. 8 NO. 11 31 MAY 2006 Searchable Archives with over 1,000 articles at http://www.cacianalyst.org ANALYTICAL ARTICLES: FIELD REPORTS: RUSSIAN CHECHNYA POLICY: “CHECHENIZATION” TURNING INTO WILL GEORGIA LEAVE THE CIS? “KADYROVIZATION”? Kakha Jibladze Emil Souleimanov CENTRAL ASIAN UNION: NAZARBAYEV’S PUBLIC CONFIDENCE, TRUST AND PIPEDREAM OR VIABLE SCHEME? PARTICIPATION IN POST-SOVIET Marat Yermukanov CENTRAL ASIA Timur Dadabaev SECOND PEACEFUL RALLY ORGANIZED IN KYRGYZSTAN KAZAKHSTAN BUILDS PARTNERSHIP Nurshat Ababakirov WITH GERMANY Roger McDermott IMPROVING TAJIKISTAN’S BANKING SEC- TOR UZBEK PRESIDENT KARIMOV VISITS Bakhtiyor Naimov PAKISTAN Asma Shakir Khwaja NEWS DIGEST Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst BI-WEEKLY BRIEFING VOL. 8 NO. 11 31 MAY 2006 Contents Analytical Articles RUSSIAN CHECHNYA POLICY: “CHECHENIZATION” TURNING INTO “KADYROVIZATION”? 3 Emil Souleimanov PUBLIC CONFIDENCE, TRUST AND PARTICIPATION IN POST-SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA 6 Timur Dadabaev KAZAKHSTAN BUILDS PARTNERSHIP WITH GERMANY 9 Roger McDermott UZBEK PRESIDENT KARIMOV VISITS PAKISTAN 11 Asma Shakir Khwaja Field Reports WILL GEORGIA LEAVE THE CIS? 13 Kakha Jibladze CENTRAL ASIAN UNION: NAZARBAYEV’S PIPEDREAM OR VIABLE SCHEME? 14 Marat Yermukanov SECOND PEACEFUL RALLY ORGANIZED IN KYRGYZSTAN 16 Nurshat Ababakirov IMPROVING TAJIKISTAN’S BANKING SECTOR 18 Bakhtiyor Naimov News Digest 20 THE CENTRAL ASIA-CAUCASUS ANALYST Editor Svante E. Cornell Assistant Editor, News Digest Alima Bissenova Chairman, Editorial Board S. Frederick Starr The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst is an English language global Web journal devoted to analysis of the current issues facing the Central Asia-Caucasus region. It serves to link the business, governmental, journalistic and scholarly communities and is the global voice of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, The Johns Hopkins University-The Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. -
The Role of Bias in Third Party Intervention: Theory and Evidence.”
Disrupting Escalation of Terror in Russia to Prevent Catastrophic Attacks Simon Saradzhyan and Nabi Abdullaev 2005-10 December 2005 CITATION AND REPRODUCTION This document appears as Discussion Paper 2005-10 of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. BCSIA Discussion Papers are works in progress. Comments are welcome and may be directed to the authors via email at [email protected] or [email protected]. This paper may be cited as: Simon Saradzhyan and Nabi Abdullaev, “Disrupting Escalation of Terror in Russia to Prevent Catastrophic Attacks,” BCSIA Discussion Paper 2005-10, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, December 2005. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and publication does not imply their endorsement by BCSIA and Harvard University. This paper may be reproduced for personal and classroom use. Any other reproduction is not permitted without written permission of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. To obtain more information, please contact: Sarah Buckley, International Security Program, 79 JFK Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, telephone (617) 495-1914; facsimile (617) 496-4403; email [email protected]. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Simon Saradzhyan is a security and foreign policy analyst and writer based in Moscow. He holds an MPA from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He currently works as news editor for the Moscow Times. He recently co-founded the Center for Eurasian Security Studies in Moscow and works as a consultant for the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Mr. Saradzhyan is the author of several papers on terrorism and security. -
The Chechens: a Handbook
The Chechens The ancient Chechen nation has been living in its idyllic homeland in the North Caucasus for thousands of years, building states, creating its own civilization, and forging relations and interacting with other Caucasian and Near Eastern civilizations. The only comprehensive treatment of the subject available in English, this book provides a ready introduction and practical guide to the Chechen people, and to some little known and rarely considered aspects of Chechen culture, including customs and traditions, folklore, arts and architecture, music and literature. The Chechens also includes: • Chechen history from ancient times, providing sketches of archaic religions and civilizations; • the present political situation in Chechnya; • the esoteric social structure and the brand of Sufism peculiar to the Chechens; • analysis of Chechen media development since the early twentieth century, and of the short-lived Chechen film industry; images of the Chechens carried by Russian and Western medias; • a section on proverbs and sayings; • appendices detailing social structure, the native pantheon, bibliographies and periodicals pertaining to the Chechens and Chechnya, and a lexicographic listing; • a comprehensive bibliography, with many entries in English, for further reading. This handbook should prove a corrective to the negative stereotypes that have come to be associated with the Chechens and put a human face back on one of the noblest—yet least understood—of nations. This book is an indispensable and accessible resource for all those with an interest in Chechnya. Amjad Jaimoukha is Assistant President of the Royal Scientific Society in Jordan. Educated in England, he has written a number of books and articles, including The Circassians (also published by RoutledgeCurzon), Kabardian—English Dictionary, The Cycles of the Circassian Nart Epic and Circassian Proverbs and Sayings. -
Chechnya: Between a Caucasian Jihad and "Hidden" Separatism
OÂRODEK STUDIÓW WSCHODNICH IM. MARKA KARPIA Centre for Eastern Studies Czeczenia mi´dzy kaukaskim d˝ihadem a „ukrytym” separatyzmem Chechnya: Between a Caucasian Jihad and ‘hidden’ separatism Maciej Falkowski W arszawa, styczeƒ 2007 / Warsaw, January 2007 © Copyright by OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia © Copyright by Centre for Eastern Studies Redaktor / Editor Anna ¸abuszewska Opracowanie graficzne / Graphic design Dorota Nowacka T∏umaczenie / Translation OSW / CES Wspó∏praca / Co-operation Jim Todd Wydawca / Publisher OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a Warszawa / Warsaw, Poland tel./phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 fax: +48 /22/ 525 80 40 Spis treÊci / Contents Czeczenia mi´dzy kaukaskim d˝ihadem a „ukrytym” separatyzmem / 5 Tezy / 5 Wst´p / 7 1. Od czeczeƒskiej wojny narodowowyzwoleƒczej do kaukaskiego d˝ihadu / 9 2. Polityka czeczenizacji i „ukryty” separatyzm czeczeƒski / 18 3. Próba prognozy / 32 Chechnya: Between a Caucasian Jihad and ‘hidden’ separatism / 35 Executive summary / 35 Introduction / 36 1. From the Chechen war for national liberation to a Caucasian jihad / 38 2. The policy of Chechenisation and the ‘hidden’ Chechen separatism / 47 3. A tentative forecast / 60 Czeczenia mi´dzy kaukaskim d˝ihadem a „ukrytym” separatyzmem Tezy 1. Czeczenia jest wcià˝ najbardziej niestabilnà republikà rosyjskiego Kau- kazu Pó∏nocnego. Mimo to trwajàcy tam od jesieni 1999 roku otwarty konflikt zbrojny, zwany drugà wojnà czeczeƒskà, stopniowo przygasa. IntensywnoÊç walk maleje z roku na rok, zaÊ os∏abieni wieloletnià wojnà bojownicy nie sà w stanie przejàç inicjatywy i powa˝nie zagroziç stacjo- nujàcym w republice wojskom federalnym. Obserwowane obecnie os∏a- bienie bojowników nie jest jednak równoznaczne z zakoƒczeniem kon- fliktu.