The Role of Bias in Third Party Intervention: Theory and Evidence.”
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No Justice for Journalists in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia September 2011
No Justice for Journalists in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia September 2011 ARTICLE 19 Free Word Centre 60 Farringdon Road London EC1R 3GA United Kingdom Tel: +44 20 7324 2500 Fax: +44 20 7490 0566 E-mail: [email protected] www.article19.org International Media Support (IMS) Nørregarde 18, 2nd floor 1165 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel: +45 88 32 7000 Fax: +45 33 12 0099 E-mail: [email protected] www.i-m-s.dk ISBN: 978-1-906586-27-0 © ARTICLE 19 and International Media Support (IMS), London and Copenhagen, August 2011 This work is provided under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 2.5 licence. You are free to copy, distribute and display this work and to make derivative works, provided you: 1) give credit to ARTICLE 19 and International Media Support (IMS); 2) do not use this work for commercial purposes; 3) distribute any works derived from this publication under a licence identical to this one. To access the full legal text of this licence, please visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ legalcode. ARTICLE 19 and International Media Support (IMS) would appreciate receiving a copy of any materials in which information from this report is used. This report was written and published within the framework of a project supported by the International Media Support (IMS) Media and Democracy Programme for Central and Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. It was compiled and written by Nathalie Losekoot, Senior Programme Officer for Europe at ARTICLE 19 and reviewed by JUDr. Barbora Bukovskà, Senior Director for Law at ARTICLE 19 and Jane Møller Larsen, Programme Coordinator for the Media and Democracy Unit at International Media Support (IMS). -
Economic and Social Council by Its Resolutions 663 C (XXIV) of 31 July 1957 and 2076 (LXII) of 13 May 1977
UNITED E NATIONS Economic and Social Distr. Council GENERAL E/CN.4/2006/120 27 February 2006 Original: ENGLISH COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Sixty-second session Items 10 and 11 of the provisional agenda ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS Situation of detainees at Guantánamo Bay Report of the Chairperson-Rapporteur of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Leila Zerrougui; the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Leandro Despouy; the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak; the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Asma Jahangir; and the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, Paul Hunt Summary The present joint report is submitted by five holders of mandates of special procedures of the Commission on Human Rights who have been jointly following the situation of detainees held at the United States of America Naval Base at Guantánamo Bay since June 2004. Section I provides a legal analysis common to all five mandates. Sections II to V outline the legal framework specific to each mandate, as well as the particular allegations of human rights violations which concern them. The final section contains conclusions and recommendations. GE.06-11276 (E) 170306 E/CN.4/2006/120 page 2 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 - 5 4 I. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK .................................................... 6 - 16 5 A. Human rights and counter-terrorism measures ................ 6 - 7 5 B. The obligations of the United States of America under international law ................................................... -
Airat Vakhitov, Agreed to Speak with Human Rights Watch, He Said, Because He Felt the Story of the Russian Detainees’ Experiences Back Home Had Not Yet Been Told.2
March 2007 Volume 19, No. 2(D) The “Stamp of Guantanamo” The Story of Seven Men Betrayed by Russia’s Diplomatic Assurances to the United States Map of Russia .......................................................................................................... 1 Summary .................................................................................................................2 Recommendations to the US government............................................................4 Recommendations to the Russian government....................................................5 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 6 Background..............................................................................................................7 US Refoulement to Russia: A Violation of the Prohibition against Torture ..............10 Diplomatic Assurances...................................................................................... 11 The Risk of Torture and Ill-Treatment in Russia................................................... 14 Return to Russia.....................................................................................................19 Post-Return Abuses by Russia................................................................................21 Torture and Ill-Treatment...................................................................................22 Rasul Kudaev...............................................................................................23 -
Consejo Económico Y Social
NACIONES UNIDAS E Consejo Económico Distr. GENERAL y Social E/CN.4/2006/120 27 de febrero de 2006 ESPAÑOL Original: INGLÉS COMISIÓN DE DERECHOS HUMANOS 62º período de sesiones Temas 10 y 11 del programa provisional LOS DERECHOS ECONÓMICOS, SOCIALES Y CULTURALES LOS DERECHOS CIVILES Y POLÍTICOS Situación de los detenidos en la bahía de Guantánamo Informe de la Presidenta-Relatora del Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Detención Arbitraria, Leila Zerrougui; del Relator Especial sobre la independencia de los magistrados y abogados, Leandro Despouy; del Relator Especial sobre la tortura y otros tratos o penas crueles, inhumanos o degradantes, Manfred Nowak; de la Relatora Especial sobre la libertad de religión o de creencias, Asma Jahangir; y del Relator Especial sobre el derecho de toda persona al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud física y mental, Paul Hunt GE.06-11279 (S) 230306 280306 E/CN.4/2006/120 página 2 Resumen Presentan este informe conjunto cinco titulares de mandatos de los procedimientos especiales de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos que, desde junio de 2004, han seguido conjuntamente la situación de las personas detenidas en la base naval de los Estados Unidos de América en la bahía de Guantánamo. En la sección I se lleva a cabo un análisis jurídico común a los cinco mandatos. En las secciones II a V se describe el marco jurídico específico de cada mandato y se formulan las alegaciones de violaciones de los derechos humanos de que se ocupa cada uno. En la última sección figuran las conclusiones y recomendaciones. E/CN.4/2006/120 página 3 ÍNDICE Párrafos Página INTRODUCCIÓN......................................................................................... -
Caucasus Emirates
Caucasus Emirates The threats against the 2014 Winter Olympics put a spotlight on the Caucasus Emirates, a separatist Islamic extremist group in the Russian Federation loosely aligned with Al Qaeda. Although the Emirates’ purported primary aim is to create a state independent of Russia, its increased incorporation of extremist ideology and anti-Semitism into its mission heighten its inclination for acts of terrorism, while providing fodder for its growth. Founded in 2007 by Doku Umarov, former president of a self-proclaimed Chechen secessionist government, the Caucasus Emirates serves as an umbrella group for a number of smaller extremist and separatist organizations operating out of the Caucasus area, which includes Chechnya and Dagestan. Its stated goal is to create an independent Islamist theocracy in the Muslim-populated areas of Russia. The organization brought together a number of independent groups that had been fighting Russia for independence for decades, but whose leadership had been largely decimated by Russian forces. Although it was founded in 2007, the only emerged as a more active organization with a series of claimed attacks between 2009 and 2011. These attacks included a June 2009 sniper attack on the Dagestan Ministry of the Interior that resulted in three deaths; a September 2009 suicide bombing in Makhachkala, Dagestan that resulted in twelve deaths; the bombing of a train that resulted in 27 deaths and 100 injuries; a March 2010 bomb of the Moscow metro that resulted in 40 deaths and 100 injuries; an August 2010 attack by 60 militants 1 / 4 on a Chechen village that resulted in 6 deaths and 24 injuries; and a January 2011 bombing of the Domodedovo airport in Moscow that resulted in 37 deaths and 180 injuries. -
ON the EFFECTIVE USE of PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 © 2021 Andrew Peek All Rights Reserved
ON THE EFFECTIVE USE OF PROXY WARFARE by Andrew Lewis Peek A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2021 2021 Andrew Peek All rights reserved Abstract This dissertation asks a simple question: how are states most effectively conducting proxy warfare in the modern international system? It answers this question by conducting a comparative study of the sponsorship of proxy forces. It uses process tracing to examine five cases of proxy warfare and predicts that the differentiation in support for each proxy impacts their utility. In particular, it proposes that increasing the principal-agent distance between sponsors and proxies might correlate with strategic effectiveness. That is, the less directly a proxy is supported and controlled by a sponsor, the more effective the proxy becomes. Strategic effectiveness here is conceptualized as consisting of two key parts: a proxy’s operational capability and a sponsor’s plausible deniability. These should be in inverse relation to each other: the greater and more overt a sponsor’s support is to a proxy, the more capable – better armed, better trained – its proxies should be on the battlefield. However, this close support to such proxies should also make the sponsor’s influence less deniable, and thus incur strategic costs against both it and the proxy. These costs primarily consist of external balancing by rival states, the same way such states would balance against conventional aggression. Conversely, the more deniable such support is – the more indirect and less overt – the less balancing occurs. -
APT28: a Window Into Russia's Cyber Espionage Operations? | Fireeye
SPECIAL REPORT APT28: A WINDOW INTO RUSSIA’S CYBER ESPIONAGE OPERATIONS? SECURITY REIMAGINED APT 28: A Window into Russia’s Cyber Espionage Operations? CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 APT28 TARGETING REFLECTS RUSSIAN INTERESTS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6 APT28 interest in the Caucasus, Particularly Georgia ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 APT28 Targeting of the Georgian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) ....................................................................................... 8 APT28 Targeting of the Georgian Ministry of Defense ....................................................................................................................................... 9 APT28 Targeting a Journalist Covering the Caucasus ...................................................................................................................................... 10 APT28’s Other Targets in the Caucasus ...................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Całość Opracowania W Formacie
OÂRODEK STUDIÓW WSCHODNICH IM. MARKA KARPIA Centre for Eastern Studies Czeczenia mi´dzy kaukaskim d˝ihadem a „ukrytym” separatyzmem Chechnya: Between a Caucasian Jihad and ‘hidden’ separatism Maciej Falkowski W arszawa, styczeƒ 2007 / Warsaw, January 2007 © Copyright by OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia © Copyright by Centre for Eastern Studies Redaktor / Editor Anna ¸abuszewska Opracowanie graficzne / Graphic design Dorota Nowacka T∏umaczenie / Translation OSW / CES Wspó∏praca / Co-operation Jim Todd Wydawca / Publisher OÊrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a Warszawa / Warsaw, Poland tel./phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 fax: +48 /22/ 525 80 40 Spis treÊci / Contents Czeczenia mi´dzy kaukaskim d˝ihadem a „ukrytym” separatyzmem / 5 Tezy / 5 Wst´p / 7 1. Od czeczeƒskiej wojny narodowowyzwoleƒczej do kaukaskiego d˝ihadu / 9 2. Polityka czeczenizacji i „ukryty” separatyzm czeczeƒski / 18 3. Próba prognozy / 32 Chechnya: Between a Caucasian Jihad and ‘hidden’ separatism / 35 Executive summary / 35 Introduction / 36 1. From the Chechen war for national liberation to a Caucasian jihad / 38 2. The policy of Chechenisation and the ‘hidden’ Chechen separatism / 47 3. A tentative forecast / 60 Czeczenia mi´dzy kaukaskim d˝ihadem a „ukrytym” separatyzmem Tezy 1. Czeczenia jest wcià˝ najbardziej niestabilnà republikà rosyjskiego Kau- kazu Pó∏nocnego. Mimo to trwajàcy tam od jesieni 1999 roku otwarty konflikt zbrojny, zwany drugà wojnà czeczeƒskà, stopniowo przygasa. IntensywnoÊç walk maleje z roku na rok, zaÊ os∏abieni wieloletnià wojnà bojownicy nie sà w stanie przejàç inicjatywy i powa˝nie zagroziç stacjo- nujàcym w republice wojskom federalnym. Obserwowane obecnie os∏a- bienie bojowników nie jest jednak równoznaczne z zakoƒczeniem kon- fliktu. -
Speaking of Suicide Bombers, I Stumbled Across
Understanding Suicide Terrorist Bombings in Russia PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 155 May 2011 Mark Kramer Harvard University Suicide terrorist bombings have been a frequent phenomenon in Russia over the past decade. The large majority of these attacks have occurred in the North Caucasus— particularly Chechnya, Dagestan, and Ingushetia—but many such bombings have also been perpetrated in Moscow, including the powerful explosion inside the international arrivals hall of Domodedovo Airport in January 2011 that killed 37 people and wounded some 180. What lies behind these attacks? Generalizations about the motives of a large group of people are always hazardous, no more so than in this case. Except in the relatively few instances when attempted suicide bombings have been unsuccessful and the would-be attackers have not been killed by security forces, the perpetrators of suicide bombings are not around to reveal why they acted as they did. Some, but not all, of the suicide terrorists in Russia leave video recordings or notes that explain why they took such drastic action. But even when attackers’ posthumous testimony is available, it is often incomplete, deceptive, or obfuscatory. The testimony can be valuable, but in many cases it gives no more than a rough idea of why the attackers wanted to kill and die for their cause. Despite the difficulties of assessing the motives of suicide terrorists in Russia, a few points can be stated with certainty. First, nearly all of the attackers have been of North Caucasus origin or working with terrorist groups based in the North Caucasus. Second, since late 2007 the majority of suicide bombers have been from Dagestan and Ingushetia, although a considerable number of such attacks have still been perpetrated by Chechens. -
Commdh 2009 36E RF Chec
Strasbourg, 24 November 2009 CommDH(2009)36 Original version REPORT by Thomas Hammarberg Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe Following his visit to the Russian Federation (Chechen Republic and the Republic of Ingushetia) on 2 -11 September 2009 CommDH(2009)36 Executive Summary Commissioner Thomas Hammarberg and his delegation visited the Russian Federation from 2 to 11 September 2009. In the course of the visit the Commissioner held discussions on the most serious human rights problems in the Chechen Republic and the Republic of Ingushetia with national and local authorities, as well as non-governmental organisations. The Commissioner concluded that, in view of the extraordinary challenges which persist in this part of the North Caucasus, the effective protection of human rights in the region will require sustained efforts and a multi-pronged approach. The present report focuses on the following major issues: 1. Situation of human rights defenders: The murder of Natalia Estemirova, the leading member of the NGO Memorial in Chechnya, provoked widespread condemnation, both nationally and internationally, and prompted serious concerns about the viability and safety of the work of human rights NGOs. The Commissioner was informed of efforts under way to elucidate this murder. Bringing the perpetrators to justice is absolutely crucial and would undoubtedly be interpreted as an indication of the determination of the relevant authorities to protect human rights and end patterns of impunity. The Commissioner welcomed the efforts by the Ingush authorities to engage in a regular dialogue with human rights NGOs. However, the overall recommendation by the Commissioner on the subject was that much stronger actions are needed to protect activist members of human rights organisations. -
THE SITUATION of Idps from CHECHNYA
WRITENET Paper No. 11 /2002 RUSSIAN FEDERATION: THE SITUATION OF IDPs FROM CHECHNYA John B. Dunlop Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution May 2002 WriteNet is a Network of Researchers and Writers on Human Rights, Forced Migration, Ethnic and Political Conflict WriteNet is a Subsidiary of Practical Management (UK) E-mail: [email protected] THIS PAPER WAS PREPARED MAINLY ON THE BASIS OF PUBLICLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION, ANALYSIS AND COMMENT. ALL SOURCES ARE CITED. THE PAPER IS NOT, AND DOES NOT PURPORT TO BE, EITHER EXHAUSTIVE WITH REGARD TO CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTRY SURVEYED, OR CONCLUSIVE AS TO THE MERITS OF ANY PARTICULAR CLAIM TO REFUGEE STATUS OR ASYLUM. THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THE PAPER ARE THOSE OF THE AUTHOR AND ARE NOT NECESSARILY THOSE OF WRITENET OR UNHCR. ISSN 1020-8429 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction....................................................................................................3 2 The Current Political Situation in Ingushetia ............................................3 3 The Likely Return of Chechen IDPs from Ingushetia to Chechnya.........5 4 The Current Political Situation in Chechnya .............................................8 5 The Position of Inner IDPs Residing in Chechnya.....................................8 6 The Role of the UN and Other International IGOs and NGOs in Chechnya ......................................................................................................11 7 Three Scenarios for the Future ..................................................................12 8 Bibliography.................................................................................................13 -
Shifting Faces of Terror After 9/11: Framing the Terrorist Threat
SHIFTING FACES OF TERROR AFTER 9/11: FRAMING THE TERRORIST THREAT A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Elena Pokalova Dissertation written by Elena Pokalova B.A., Ural State Pedagogical University, 2002 M.A., Kent State University, 2010 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2011 Approved by Andrew Barnes, Ph.D., Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Landon Hancock, Ph.D., Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Steven Hook, Ph.D., Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Karl C. Kaltenthaler, Ph.D., Member, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Accepted by Steven Hook, Ph.D., Chair, Department of Political Science John R.D. Stalvey, Ph.D., Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................ vii Note on Transliteration ....................................................................................................viii List of Frequently Used Abbreviations.............................................................................. ix 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................