PYAY UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SYLLABUS FOR BSc DEGREE COURSES AND REFERENCES (BOTANY SPECIALIZATION) Botany Courses for First Year Bot 1101 Plant Biology Semester I Origin and Diversity Introduction  Botany as a Science  The Origin of Life  Cells and Tissues (Tabulated Presentation of Structure and Functions)  Diversity of Plants Functions and Environment Introduction  Absorption and Transport  Plant Nutrition  Energy in Plant  Plant Growth and Response  Plant Reproduction  Plant Heredity  Plant and their Environment

Bot 1102 Basic Concepts of Applied Botany Semester II Introduction  Seed Technology  Important Role of Photosynthesis in Our Ecosystem  Food, Medicine, Clothing and Shelter  The Role of Hormones in Growth and Development of Plants  Effects of Polyploidy among Edible Plants  Fungal Technology  Introduction to Bonsai References: 1. Anderson, S.H., R.E. Beiswenger and P. Walton, 1987.Environmental Science. Merrill Publishing Company, A. Bell & Howell information Company 2. Arms, K and Camp, P., 1987. Biology. Saunders, New York 3. Audesirk, G. and T. Audesrik, 1989. Biology. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, London 4. Backer, J. J. W. and G. E. Allen, 1979. A Course in Biology. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Califonia, London. Amsterdam, Don Mills, Ontario, Sydney

5. Barbour, M. G. and T. L. Rost, 1982. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology. John Wiley and Sons Inc 6. Clegg, C., 1980. Biology for Schools and Colleges. Heinemann Educational Books. Ltd., Great Britain 7. Edwards, G. I. And M. Cimmino, 1987. Barron's AP Biology. Barron's Education Series, Inc., New York London, Toronto, Sydney 8. Fried, G. H., 1990. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Biology. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Singapore 9. Guttman, B.S. and J. W. Hopkins, 1983. Understanding Biology. Harcount Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, London. Sydney Prints 10. Keeton, W. T., 1980. Biological Science. Norton, New York 11. Mader, S., 1985, Inquiry into Life. W. C. Brown. Dubque, lowa 12. Miller, K. R. and J. Levine, 1993. Biology. Prentice Hall. Eagle-Wood Cliffs, New Jersey, Needham, Massachusetts 13. Oram, R. E., 1989. Biology, 3rd ed. Ged Merrill Publishing Co., Toronto, London, Sydney, U.S.A 14. Raven, P. H. et al., 1981. Biology of Plants. Worth, New York 15. Simon, E. W., K. J. Dormet and J. N. Hartshorne, 1973, Lowsin's Botany. University Book Stall, New Delhi 16. Stern, Kingsley R., 1997. Introductory Plant Biology. Times Mirror Higher Education Group. Inc 17. Taylor, D. J., 1998. Biological Science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom 18. Towle, A., 1989. Modern Biology. Teachers Edition. Holt, Rincheart and Winston. Austin, New York 19. Wessells, N. K. and J. L. Hopson, 1988. Biology. Random House Inc., New York

Botany Courses for First Year Zoology Bot 1001 Varieties of Plants and their relatives Introduction Categorizing the Varieties of Plants and their Relatives The Invisible Kingdom Viruses  The Structure of virus  Reproduction of virus  Viruses and Diseases Kingdom: Monera  Bacteria  Cyanobacteria  Chloroxybacteria  Archebacteria  Importance of Monera Kingdom: Protista  Classification of Protists  Evolution of Protists  Plant-like protists  Fungus-like Protists Kingdom: Fungi  The characteristics of fungi  Oomycetes-The water mold  Zygomycetes-Common mold  Ascomycetes-Sac fungi  Basidiomycetes-Club fungi  Deuteromycetes-Imperfect fungi  Lichens-The ultimate symbionts  Importance of Fungi Kingdom: Plantae  Major plat divisions  The basic plant life-cycle  Algea-Diverse aquatic plants  Bryophytes-The first land plants  Pteridophytes-The first vascular plants  Spermatophyta-The seed plants References: 1. Anderson, S. H., R. E. Beiswenger and P. Walton. 1987. Environmental Science, Merrill Publishing Company. A. Bell & Howell Information Company. 2. Arms. K. and Camp, P. 1987. Biology. Saunders, New York.

3. Audesirk, G. and T. Audesirk. 1989. Biology. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, London. 4. Backer, J.J. W. and G.E. Allen. 1979. A Course in Biology. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., California, London, Amsterdam, Don Mills, Ontario, Sydney. 5. Barbour, M.G. and T. L. Rost, 1982. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 6. Clegg, C. 1980. Biology for Schools and Colleges. Heinemann Educational books. Ltd. Great Britain 7. Edwards, G. I. and M. Cimmino. 1987. Barron’s AP Biology. Barron’s Educational Series, Inc., New York, London, Toronto, Sydney. 8. Fried, G. H. 1990. Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Biology. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. Singapore. 9. Fuller, H.J. and Oswald Tippo. 1949, 1954, College Botany, Holt, Rinchart and Winston. New York. 10. Guttman, B. S. and J. W. Hopkins. 1983. Understanding Biology. Harconut Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, London, Sydney Prints. 11. Keeton, W.T. 1980. Biological Science. Norton, New York. 12. Mader, S. 1985. Inquiry into life. W.C. Brown. Dubuque, Iowa. 13. Miller, K. R. and J. Levine. 1993. Biology. Prentice Hall Eagle-Wood Cliffs. New Jersey. Needham, Massachusetts. 14. Oram, R. E. 1989. Biology, 3rd ed. Ged Merrill Publishing Co., Toronto, London, Sydney. U. S. A. 15. Raven. P.H et al., 1981 Biologyof Plants. Worth, New York. 16. Robbins, W. W., T. E. Weier and C. R. Stocking 1950. Botany. John Wiley and Sons, New York, London. Sydney. 17. Simon, E. W., K. J. Dormet and J. N. Hartshrone. 1973. Lowsin’s Botany. Universal Book Stall, New Delhi. 18. Sinnott, E. E. and K. S. Willson. 1955. Botany. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. San Francisco. Toronto, London. Kogakusha Co., Ltd., Tokyo. 19. Stern, Kingsley R. 1997. Introductory Plant Biology. Times Mirror Higher Education Group, Inc. 20. Taylor, D. J. 1998. Biological Science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 21. Towel, A. 1989. Modern Biology. Teachers Edition. Holt, Rinchart and Winston: Austin, New York. 22. Weisz, P. B. and M. S. Fuller. 1962. The Science of Botany. McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc, and Kogakusha Company, Ltd., Tokyo. 23. Wessells, N. K. and J. L. Hopson. 1988. Biology. Random House, Inc., New York

24. Wilson, C. L. and W. E. Loomis. 1952. Botany. New York, Chicago, SanFrancisco, Toronto, London. Bot-1002 Importance of Plants Plants and Man  Plants for Food  Plants for Clothing  Plants for Shelter  Other Uses of Plants Plants and Environment  The hydrosphere-Liquid environment  The Lithosphere-Mineral environment  The atomosphere-The gaseous environment  Biosphere-The living environment  The Fate of Earth References: 1. Anderson, S.H., R. E. Beiswenger and P. Walton, 1987. Environmental Science, Merrill Publishing Company. A. Bell & Howell Information Company. 2. Audesirk, G. and T. Audesirk., 1989. Biology. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, London. 3. Hill A. F., 1952. Economic Botany. Mc.Graw-Hill Book Company, INC. 4. Keller A. Edward and Botkin A. Daniel. 1989. Environmental Studies (Earth as a Living Plant) Second Edition. Merill Publishing Company London. U. K. 5. Mader, S. Sylvia, 1998. Biology. 6th ed. WCB/Mc. Graw-Hill A division of the Mc. Graw- Hill Companies. U.S.A. 6. Pandey S. N., A. Chadha, 1999. Economic Botany, Vikas Publishing House PVT LTD. India 7. Stern, Kingsley R. 1997. Introductory Plant Biology. Times Mirror Higher Education Group. Inc. 8. Taylor, K.J. 1998. Biological Science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom 9. Towel, A. 1989. Modern Biology. Teachers Edition. Holt, Richard and Winston: Austin, New York 10. Weisz, P. B. and M, S. Fuller. 1962. The Science of Botany, Mc. Graw Hill Book Company, Inc. and Kogakusha Company. LTD. 11. Wessells. N. K. and J.L. Hopson. 1988. Biology. Random House, Inc., New York 12. Myanmar facts and Figures 2002. Published by Ministry of Information 13. Some common commercial Hardwoods of Myanmar. Publication of Myanmar Timber Enterprise 1992. 14. Statistical Year Book 2001.

Botany Courses for Second Year Semester I

Bot 2101 Survey of Plant Kingdom I Section I. Algae Introduction  Prokaryotic Algae o Cyanophyta  Protistic Algae o Euglenophyta o Phaeophyta o Rhodophyta  Eukaryotic Algae o Chlorophyta o Xanthophyta  Economic Importance of Algae

Section II. Bryophyta Introduction  Classification  Hepaticopsida  Riccia  Marchantia  Comparison of Riccia and Marchantia  Anthocerotopsida  Anthoceros  Bryopsida  Sphagnum  Funaria  Economic Importance of Bryophytes  Medicinal value References: 1. Desikachary, T. V., 1959. Cyanophyta. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 686 pp 2. Fritsch, F. E., 1935. The structure and reproduction of the Algae. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press, New York. 791 pp 3. Fritsch, F. E., 1945. The structure and reproduction of the Algae. Vol. I. Cambridge University Press, New York. 939 pp 4. Gangulee, H. C and A. K. Lar, 1998. College Botany, Vol. II anew Central Book Agency (p) Ltd., Calcutta. 1198 pp 5. Gilbert M. Smith, 1985. Cryptogamic Botany, Vol. I.II

6. Komaret et. al, 2008. Modern approved of systematic of Cyanobacteria 7. Pandey, S.N and Trivedi, P.S., 1999. A Textbook of Botany, Vol.I 8. Peter, R. Bell and Chistopher L.F Woodcock, 1983. The Diversity of Green Plants 9. Prescott, G. W, 1951. Algae of Western Great Lakes Area. WM.c.Brown Co. Inc., Dubuque, Lowa. 977 pp 10. Sharma, O.P., 1998. Textbook of fungi 11. Tin Myint and Yin Htay, 1996. Survey of Plant Kingdom Part 2 12. Tin Soe and Yin Htay, 1996. Survey of Plant Kingdom Part 1 13. V.I and D.J Chapman, 1977. The Algae, Second Edition 14. Vashishta, B.R., 1983. Algae 15. Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education, 3rd Year Course, A General Survey of Plant Kingdom (Lower groups).

Bot 2102 Angiosperms I Introduction  Classification  Nomenclature of Plants  Principles of Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Angiosperms  Orders of Angiosperms o Amborellales o Nymphaeales o Austrobaileyales o Magnoliales o Alismatales o Asparagales o Liliales o Arecales o Commelinales o Poales o Zingiberales References: 1. Cronquist, A., 1981. An Intergrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants, Columbia University Press, New York 2. Greuter, W., 1994. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code), Koeltz Scientific Book, D-61453, Koenigstein, Germany 3. Heywood, V. H., 1976. Plant Taxonomy, Second Ed. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, London 4. Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., and Seberg. O., 2007. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books

5. Htar Htar Soe, 1995. M. Sc. Thesis, Taxonomic Revision of Family Cypraceae in Yangon Division 6. Huldley, H. G. and Chit Ko K, 1987. List of Tree, Shrubs, Herbs and Principle Climbers, etc. Swe Daw Oo Press, on behalf of War Veterans Organization, Mayangon. 7. Khin Khin Si, 1992. Families of Flowering Plants (Angiospermae), Universities Press, University Estate, Yangon, Myanmar 8. Kress, W. J and Sherwood, S., 2009. The Art of Plant Evolution. Kew Publishing. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew 9. Nath Nair, D. M., 1963. Floral Diagrams and Flora Formulae of the Burmese Flowering Plants, The Rangoon University Press 10. Pandy B. P., 1999. Taxonomy of Angiosperms, S. Chand and Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110055 11. Radford E. A., 1974. Vascular Plant Systematic, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc 12. Radford E. A., 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc 13. Simpson, M. G., 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press. Amsterdam. Boston. Heidelberg. London. New York. Oxford. Pairs. San Diego. San Francisco. Singapore. Sydney. Tokyo 14. Taylor, Sir George, 1978. Flowering Plants of the World, Oxford University Press, Oxford, London, Melbourne 15. Taylor, D. J., 1997. Biological Science, Cambridge University Press 16. Tin Myint and Shuklar, P. and Misra, S. P., 1997. An Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Viskas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd

Bot 2103 Genetics Introduction  Mendelian Inheritance  Gene Interaciton and Lethality  Allelism and Pleitropism  The Genetics of Sex  Polygenic or Multiple Inheritance References:

1. Adrian M.Srb. R. D. Owen and R. S. Edgar, 1970. Faces and Genetics. Reading from Seientific American. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco 2. Cummings, K., 1997. "Concept of Genetics" 3rd. Edition. Prentic Hall International Editions 3. Jurgen Schulz-Schaeffer., 1980. "Cytogenetics" Plants, Animals and Humans. Springer-Verlag, New York Heidelberg Berlin

4. Lewis, W.H., 1980. Polyploid; Biological Relevance. Plenum Press. New York and London 5. Luciana, A.S., A. Stahl and A.M. Vagner-Capodano, 1987. Chromosome Today Vol.9. Porceedings of the 9. Intl. Chromosome Conference held in Marse'lle, France 6. Lupton, F.G.H, 1987. Whear Breeding; Its Scientific basis. Chapman & Hall. London, New York 7. McGinnis. R.C., 1996. Establishing a monosomic series in Avena sativa L. in "Chromosoe Manipulations and Plant Genetics" ed. By Riley, R. and K.R. Lewis. Oliver and Boyd Edinburgh and London 8. Rieger, R., A. Michaelis. and M.M.Green, 1976. Glossary of genetics and Cytogenetics. Classical and Molecular. 4th Ed. Springer Verlag Berlin Heicelberg New York 9. Strichberger. M. W., 1985. "Genetics" 3rd Ed. McMillan Publishing Company New York and London 10. Swanson, C.P., 1965. Cytology and Cytogenetics. MacMillan Co 11. Swanson, C.P., T. Merz and W.J. Young, 1981. "Cytogenetic; The Chromosoe in Division, Inheritance and Evolution. 2nd . Ed. Prentice Hall Intl. Inc. London 12. Wagner, R.P., B.H.Judd, B.G. Sanders and R.H. Robinson, 1980. "Introduction to Moden Genetics" John Wiley and Son Co 13. Whitehouse, H.L.K., 1969. "Towards and Understanding of the Mechanism of heredity". The English Language Book Society and Edward Arnold Ltd

Bot 2104 Ecology Introduction  Environment of Plants: Climatic Factor  Environment of Plants: Edaphic Factor  Environment of Plants: Topographic Factor  Environment of Plants: Biotic Factor  Species of Population  Ecosystems and Living Organisms References: 1. Agarwal, V.K. and P.S. Verma, 2004. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, printed in India 2. Anderson, S. T., R. E. Beiswenger & P. W. Purdom, 1993. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE.4th Edition. Macillan Pub. Co 3. Arora, M. P., 2001. ECOLOGY.4th Revised and Enlarged Edition. Himalaya Publishing House. India 4. Biswarup Mukherjee, 1994. Environmental Biology, Mc Graw-Hill Publishing, New Delhi

5. Chapman, J. L. & M.J. Reiss, 1992 ECOLOGY: Principles and Applications, Combridge University Press 6. Chiras, Daniel D., 1993. BIOLOGY: the web of life, 1st Edition. West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minneapolis 7. Esau, Katherine, 1965. PLANT ANATOY.2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 8. Foth, Henry D., 1987. FUNDAENTALS OF SOIL SCIENCE.6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 9. Johnson, B. George and Jonathan B. Losos, 1942. The Living World, fifth edition 10. Miller, G. Tyler, JR, 2003. Sustaining the Earth. Ninth edition 11. Northington, David K. & Schneider Edward, L., 1996. THE BOTANICAL WORLD.2nd Edition. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Dubque. 12. Postlethwait, John H. & Hopson, Janet L., 1989. THE NATURE OF LIFE.1st Edition. Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company, New York 13. Pratt, Carl R., 1995. ECOLOGY.1st Edition. Springhouse Corporation, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 14. Raven, Peter H. & Johnson, George B., 1988. UNDERSTANDING BIOLOGY.1st Edition. Ties Mirror/ Mosby Collage Publishing, New York 15. Raven, H. Peter and Linda R. Beng, 2001. Environment, third edition, printed in the United States of Aerica, Harcourt, Inc 16. United Nationals Environment Programe (UNEP), 2002. Global Environment Outlook 3, published in UK and United States 17. Wessells, Norman K. & Hopson, Janet L., 1988. BIOLOGY.1stEdition. Random House, Inc., New York

Bot 2105 Introduction to Evolution Introduction  EVOLUTION OF EARTH  EVOLUTION OF ATMOSPHERE  CHEMICAL EVOLUTION IN PREBIOTIC SOUP  FROM MOLECULE TO FIRST CELL  FROM PROKARYOTES TO EUKARYOTES References: 1. Anastas, D.2002 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the to the RNA World. Biology, University of British Columbia 2. Andras P. & C. Andras, 2006. The Protein Interaction World Hypothesis of the Origin of Life. Viva Origino 34. 40-50 3. Anthony M. Poole & David Penny, 2006. Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes. BioEssays 29:74-84, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

4. Bernhardt, Harold S.2012. The RNA world hypothesis: the worst theory of the early evolution of life (except for all the others) a Bernhardt Biology Direct, 7:23 5. Campbell, Mary K. & Shawn O. Farrell, 2012. Biochmistry, 7th Edition. Biochemistry and Organization of Cells. Nelson Education Ltd. Canada 6. Deamer D., Japson P. Dworkin, S. Sandford, Max P. Bernstein & Louis J. Allamandola, 2002. The First Cell Membranes. ASTROBIOLOGY Volume 2, Number 4, Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. 7. Dworkin, J.P., Antonio Lazcano & Stanley L. Miller, 2003. The roads to and from the RNA world. Journal of Theoretical Biology 222(2003) 127-134 8. Emelyanov, Victor V. 2003. Mitochondrial connection to the origin of the eukaryotic cell Eur. J. Biochem. 270, 1599-1618 Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia 9. Kelling, Patrick J.2014. The Impact of History on Our Perception of Evolutionary Events: Endosymbiosis and the Origin of Eukaryotic Complexity. Published by Cold Spring Harbor Labortory Press, Canada. 10. Koonin, Eugene V.2010. The Origin of Early Evolution of Eukaryotes in the light of Phylogenies. Koonin Genome Biology 11:209. 11. Marker, A.V.2003. The Origin of the Eukaryotic Cells. Paleontological Journal Vol 39.2.109-116. 12. Moizsis, Staphen J. Life and the Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere. University of Colorado, Bouldr. 13. Pyke, K. 2013. Plastid Biology, What are plastids and where did they come from? Cambridge University Press. 14. Raven, 2013. plant Biology. Edition 6. 15. Rosenberg, E.&1. Zilber-Rosenberg 2013. The Hologenome Concept: Human, Animal and Plant Microbiotes. Spinger International Publisher, Switzerland. 16. Willey, Joanne M., Linda M. Sherwood & Christopher J. Woolverton, 2009. Prescott's Principles of Microbiology. McGraw-Hill, Companies, Inc., New York, NY.

Bot 2106 Survey of Plant Kingdom II Semester II Introduction Section I. Fossil Section II. Pteridophyta  Classification of Pteridophyta  Types of Pteridophyta  General Characteristics of Pteridophyta  Lycophyta  Sphenophyta  Filicophyta

 Psilophyta Section III. Gymnospers  General Description  Classification of Gymnosperms  The Characteristics Feature of Gymnosperms o Cycadales o Ginkgoales o Coniferales o Gnetales Section IV. Angiosperms Kingdom: Fungi  Classification o Mycota  Classification of Eumycotina o Phycomycetes o Ascomycetes o Basidiomycetes o Deuteroycetes References: 1. Chand's. S., 1999. "Simplified Course in Botany." B.Sc. I, B.P. Pandey. S. Chand and Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi 2. Dutta, A.C., 1983. "Botany for Degree Students" Fifth Edition, Oxford University Press 3. Michel G. Simpson, 2006. "Plant Systematics, Elsevier Acadamic Press. 4. Mukherji, H., 1972. "Plant Groups." Books and Allied Private Limited Calcutta, India. Eight Edition 5. Pandey, S.N, S.P Misra, P.S. Trivfdi, 1998. "A Textbook of Botany Vol.II" 11th Edition. University of Danpur 6. Rashid A., 1998. "An Introduction to Bryophyta." University of Delhi 7. Smith, G.M., 1955. "Cryptogamic Botany." Vol. II. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes Mc Graw Hill Book Company, Inc 8. Tin Myint, 1972. "Bryophytes and Protracheaphytes. University Press, Yangon (Myanmar) 9. Tin Soe, 1995. "General Survey of Plant Kingdom." University Press, Yangon 10. Vashishta, B.R., 1963. "Botany for Degree Students." Part II. Bryophyta. S. Chand And Co. Delhi 11. Vashishta, P.C., 1975. "Botany for Degree Students." Vol IV. Pteridophyta. S. Chand and Co. (Pyt) Ltd 12. Yin Htay, 1992. "Bryophytes-Survey of Plant Kingdo Part I

Bot 2107 Angiosperms II Introduction  Caryophyllales  Myrtales  Cucurbitales  Fabales  Fagales  Malpighiales  Rosales  Brassicales  Malvales  Sapindales  Ericales  Gentianales  Lamiales  Solanales  Apiales  Asterales References: 1. Cronquist, A., 1981. An Intergrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants, Columbia University Press, New York 2. Greuter, W., 1994. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Tokyo Code), Koeltz Scientific Book, D-61453, Koenigstein, Germany 3. Htar Htar Soe, 1995. M.Sc. Thesis, Taxonomic Revision of Family Cypraceae in Yangon Division 4. Heywood, v.H., 1976. Plant Taxonomy, Second Ed. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, London 5. Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., and Seberg, O., 2007. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books 6. Hundley, H. G. and Chit Ko K, 1987. List of Tree, Shrubs, Herbs and Principle Climbers, etc. Swe Daw Oo Press, on behalf of War Veterans Organization, Mayangon 7. Khin Khin Si, 1992. Families of Flowering Plants (Angiospermae), Universities Press, University Estate, Yangon, Myanmar 8. Kress, W. J and Sherwood, S., 2009. The Art of Plant Evolution. Kew Publishing Royal Botanic Garden, Kew 9. Nath Nair, D. M., 1963. Floral Diagrams and Flora Formulae of the Burmese Flowering Plants, The Rangoon University Press

10. Pandy B. P., 1999. Taxonomy of Angiosperms, S. Chand and Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110055 11. Radford E. A., 1974. Vascular Plant Systematic, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc 12. Radford E. A., 1986. Fundmentals of Plant Systematics Harper and Row Publishers, Inc 13. Simpson, M. G., 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press. Amsterdam. Boston. Heidelberg. London. New York. Oxford. Paris. San Diego. San Francisco. Singapore. Sydney. Tokyo 14. Shuklar, P. and Misra, S. P., 1997. An Introduction to Taxonomy of Angiosperms, Viskas Publishing House, Pvt. Ltd 15. Taylor, Sir George, 1987. Flowering Plants of the World, Oxford Univesity Press, Oxford, London, Melbourne 16. Taylor, D. J., 1997. Biological Science, Cambridge University Press

Bot 2108 Cytogenetics Introduction  Identification of genetic materials  Chromosome and chromosome structure  Chromosome aberration  Linkage, crossing over and genetic mapping of chromosome  Polyploidy  Epigenetics References: 1. Annonymous, 2012.Epigenetics and human disease, Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Al, USA. 1st Ed., Academic Press in an imprint Elsevier. 2. Benner, M. 1995. Genetics Complete Course Review and Outline format.(ASR) Applied Science Review. Springhouse Corporation. 3. Burns, G., W.& and P.J. Bottimo, 1989. The science of genetics. 6th Ed. Macmillan publishing Publishing company Company, New York. 4. chape, P.C. et al. Christopher, K. Mathews, 1994. Biochemistry, 3rd Ed by Lippincott williams and Wilkins. 5. Cumming, K.Klig, W.S., M.R. Cummings Klug, and S. William et al. 2009. Concept of Genetics. 9th Ed 6. Eberhard Passarge, N.D. 2007. Colour Atlas of Genetics. 3rd Ed. Thieme Stuttgart. New York. 7. Enzo,2009. Epigenetics and Chromatin Modification, International Edition. Life Sciences. Holliday, R., 2006.Epigenetics: A Historical Overview , Epigenetics, 1:2, 76-80DOI:10.4161/epi.2.2762

8. Hsan,S.A.,2006.Course No.2103.Microbial Genetics-1.Distributed by Mandalay Univ. 9. Hsan,S.A., 2007. Course No.2103.Microbial Genetics-2.Distributed by Mandalay Univ. 10. King, R.C., Willian Standfield and K.M. Pamela, 2006.A Dictionary of Genetics. 7th Ed. Oxford University Press. 11. Klein, C.B.and H.S.Spring, 2005.Epigenetics and Environmental Diseases-G 48.2025- 4, Credits Course Coordinators. 12. Klug.wW.et al, M.R. Cummings, C.A.Spencer and M.A. Palladino, . 2013. Essential Genetics.8th Ed. 13. Knudson, A.G., 1965.Genetics and Disease. McGraw Hill Com. 14. Kuvicek, S. and M.Amaral, 2012.Epigenetics: A Primer CeMM-Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austerian Academy of Sciences in Vienna. 15. Leuciana, A.S., et al.Stahl, A.,J.M.Luciani and A.M. Vagner-Capodano, 1987. Chromosome today vol.9.Proceeding of the 9th International Conference Held in Marse'll France. 16. Lewis, wW.H., 1980.Polyploid Biological Relevance Plenum Press. New York & London. 17. Michal Inbar-Feigenberg, M.D.,S.Choufani, D.T.Butcher, M.D. Maian Roifman and M.D. Rosanna Weksberg, 2013. Basic concepts of epigenetics. American society for Reproductive Medicine, Published by Elsevier Inc. Vol.99:3, 6.7-615. 18. Primerose, S.B.and R.M. Twyman. 1976.Principle of Gene manipulation and Genomics. 7th Ed. Blacdwel Publishing.Australia. 19. Riger, R.,et al., 1976.Glossary of Genetics and Cytogenetic, 7th Ed. Spinger Varlag Verlin Hideberg. New York. 20. Shukla, R.S. and P.S. Chandel. 2007. Cytogenetic, Evolution, Biostatistics and Plant Breeding.S.Chanceld and Company Limited. 21. Strickverger, M.W. 1965. Genetics 3rd Mc Millan Pub.Com. New York. 22. Swason, C.P.11965. Cytology and cytogeetics, Mc Millan Pub. Com. New York. 23. Tocris, 2014. Epigenetics.Research Bulletin, a biotechne brand abcam.com/epigenetics.

Bot 2109 Horticulture Introduction to Horticulture  Growth and Horticulture  Climate and Soil (AbioticFactors)  Plant Propagation  Post Production Technology  Landscaping

References: 1. Acquaah, George, 2002. Horticulture: Principles and Practices. Second Edition. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-033125-2 2. Bautista, O.K., 1994. Introduction to Tropical Horticulture. Second Edition. SEAMEO Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in agriculture (SEAMEO SEARCA) and University of the Philippines los Banos (VPLB), Languna 4031, Philippines. ISBN-971-560-002-6 3. Hartmann H. T., D. E. Kester and F. T. Davies Jr., 1990. Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. Fifth Edition. Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey 0763 ISBN-0-13- 681016-0 4. Janick, Jules, 1979. Horticultural Science. Third Edition. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-1031-5 5. Poincelot, Raymond P., 1979. Horticulture: Principles and Practical Application. Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0-13-394809-9 6. SEAMO Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in agriculture (SEAMO SEARCH) and University of the Phillippines los Banos (VPLB), Laguna 4031, Phillippins. ISBN-971-560-002-6

Bot 2110 Plant Pathology Introduction  Introduction to plant Pathology  History of Plant Phatholoogy  Significance of Plant Diseases  Diagnosis of Plant Diseases  Identification of a previously Unknown Diseases  Stages in the Development of Disease  Development of Disease in Plants  Relationships between Disease Cycles and Epidemics  Control of Plant Diseases References: 1. Agrios, G.N.(1988). Plant Pathology. (San Diego, Academic Press, Inc.) 2. Clay, K.(2004). Fungi and the food of the Gods. Nature 427-401. 3. Deorge N.A.(1978). Plant Pathology, Second Edition, Printed in the United States of America. 4. Kendrick, B.(2000). The Fifth Kingdom.3rd Edition 5. kenneth Horst, R.(2008). Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook. Seven Edition, Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York. 6. Money, N.P.(2004). Mycologist 18:71

7. Xiaoling, Z.(2000). Plant Pthology.(Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural Universtity, Guangzhou, PR. China) 8. http//www.plantpathology 9. http//www.symptoms of diseases Botany Courses for Third Year Semester I

Bot 3101 Medicinal Plants Introduction  Studies of Chemical Compounds of Plants which are of Value in Medicine  Sources of Plant Drugs  Therapeutic Classes of Drugs References: 1. Chevallier, A., 1998. The encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Dorling Kindersley. London. New York 2. Kapoor, L.D., 2001. Ayurvedic Medicinal plants, CRC Press, USA 3. Prajapati, N.D., et al., 2003. A Hand Book of Medicinal Plants. Shyan Printing Press, India 4. Ross, I. A., 1999. Medicinal Plants of the World. Humana Press. Totowa, New Jersey 5. Trease and Evans, 1978. Pharmacognosy.11th Ed. Bailliere, Tindall, London 6. Wallis T.E., 1967. Test Book of Pharmacognosy.5th Ed. Glouscester Ltd. London 7. Medicinal Plants, 1995. Department of Botany, University of Yangon 8. Myanmar Medicinal Plants. Part I and II, 1999. Department of Botany, University of Yangon 9. Specification of Thai Medicinal Plants, 1986. Aksornsampan Press, Bangkok, Thailand

Bot 3102 Plant Cytology and Anatomy Introduction  The Structure and Function of Cell Components  The Cell Wall  Tissues  Tissues System  Transition Zones from the Root to the Stem  Secondary Growth

References: 1. Dutta, A. C., 1982. Botany for Degree Students, Calcutta, Oxford University Press, Delhi

2. Eames and Mac Daniels, 1953. An Introduction to Plant Anatomy, 2nd editioin, McGraw-Hill book Company, Inc. New York, London 3. Esau, K., 1965. Plant Anatomy, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York 4. Fahn, A., 1974. Plant Anatomy, 2nd edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York 5. Johnson, G. B. 2006. Essential of Living World 6. Kyaw Soe & Tin Myo Ngwe, 1972. Introductory Plant Cytology, Histology and Anatomy 7. Pandey, B.P., 1993, Plant Anatomy, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi 8. Raven, P.H. and G.B. Johnson, 2002. Biology, 6thed 9. Verma, P.S. and V.K. Agarwal, 2009. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology

Bot 3103 Plant Physiology I

Introduction  Solutions and Colloidal System  Diffusion, Osmosis and Imbibition  Transpiration  Water Movement in Plants  Phloem Translocation Referecnes: 1. Alfonso. Alejar, Arcelia. M and Dianisio – Sese, Maribel. L., 1999. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. Plant Physiology Society of the Philippines. Pasing City, Metro- Manila. 166 pp 2. Audesrk, G. and T. Audesirk Biology, 1989. Life on Earth. (2nded). Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 3. Blestate, J. K. A., 1978. Plant Physiology. Macmillan, London 4. Curtis, O. F., 1950. Plant Physiology. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York 5. Fuller, H. J. and O. Tippo., 1954. College Botany. Hott. Rinchart and Winston. New York 6. Meyer, B. S., 1959. Plant Physiology,(2nded). Marugen Company, Tokyo 7. Noggle, R. G. and J. F. Geroge, 1983. Introductory Plant Physiology. (2nded.). Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 8. Wessel's, N. K. and Hopson, 1988. Biology (1st ed). Random House, Inc. New York

Bot 3104 Environmental Biology Introduction  Environment  Abiotic Environment Factors  Biotic Environment Factors

 Population  Pollution  Natural Resources, Conservation and Management

References: 1. Agareal, V. K. and P.S. Verma, 2004. Ecology, Printed in India 2. Biswarup Mukherjee, 1994 Environmental Biology, Mc Graw-Hill Publishing, New Delhi 3. Johnson, B. George and Jonathan B. Losos, 1942. The Living World, fifth edition. 4. Miller, G. Tyler, JR (2003). Sustaining the Earth. Ninth edition. 5. Raven, H. Peter and Linda R. Beng, 2001. Environment, third edition, printed in the United States of America, Harcourt, Inc 6. United Nationals Environment Programme (UNEP), 2002. Global Environment Outlook 3, published in UK and United States.

Bot 3105 Floristics and Herbarium Techniques Section A Floristics Introduction  Floristic Study  Identification of Plants  Diagnostic Features of Selected Families  Construction of Keys of Families, Genera and Species  Classification Section B Herbarium Techniques Introduction  Plant Collection Techniques  Herbarium Specimen and Its Preparation  Herbarium Management  Factors Influencing Distribution of Plants and Vegetation References: 1. Backer, C. A., 1963. Flora of Java. Vol. I. N. V. P. Noordhoff-Groningen, The Netherlands 2. Davis, J.H., 1960. The Forests of Burma. Univ, of Florida Press. Gaineville, U. S. A. Good, Ronald (1974). The Geography of The Flowering Plants 3. Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., and Seberg, O., 2007. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books 4. Judd, W. S., Campbell, C. S., Dellogg, E. A., Stevens, P. F., and Donoghue, M. J., 2002. Plant Systematic. A Phylogenetic Approach. Second Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts U. S. A

5. Kress, W. J. and Sherwood, S., 2009. The Art of Plant Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, TW 93 AB, UK 6. Lawrence, G. H. M., 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Company: New York 7. Nath Nair, Mohinder, 1962. A Numbered Analytical Dichotomous Key to the Families of flowering Plants., Rangoon University Press, Rangoon, Burma 8. Nyo Mg, 2003. Plant Collection Techniques and Herbarium Manatement. Published by Department of Botany, University of East Yangon 9. Pandey B. P., 1999. Taxonomy of Angiosperms., S. Chand and Company Ltd. Ran Nagar, New Delhi-110055 10. Radford, E.A., 1974. Vasular Plant Systematics. Harper and Row Publishers, Inc 11. Simpson, M. G., 2006. Plant Systematics. Elservier Academic Press. Amsterdam. Boston, Heidelberg. London. New York. Oxford. Paris. San Diego. San Francisco. Singapore. Sydney. Tokyo

Bot 3106 Weed Science Introduction  Weeds  Weed Classification  Methods of Weed Management and Control  Biological Weed Control References: 1. Agriculture Research Service, 1965. A survey of extent and cost of weed control and specific weed probles. Agric. Res. Serv. Rpt. 23-1, USDA, Washingten, D. C 78 pp 2. Aldrich, R. J., 1984 Weed. Crop Ecology: Principles in weed Management. Berton, N. Scetuate, Massachusetts, pp. 5-6 3. Chandler. J. M. Economic losses due to weeds. Res. Rpt. 27th AM. Mtg. Southern weed Sci-Soc. Pp 192-214 4. Dallyn, S, and R. Sweet., 1970 Weed control methods, losses and costs due to weeds and benefits of weed control in protatoes, pp-210-228 in FAO Int. Conf. On weed control, Davis, Calfornia

Bot 3107 CellBiology Semester II Introduction to Cell  Chemical components of cell  Origin and evolution of cell  Bioenergetics and Metabolism : Plastids and Mitochondria  Cell compartment : Membrane  Protective home for cell : Cell wall

 Protein sorting organelles : ER and GA  Cells control and information centre : Nucleus  Basic Genetic mechanism  Bone and muscle of plant cell : Cytoskeleton  House of protein synthesis : Ribosome  Multifunctional compartments : Vacuole and lysosome Referecnes: 1. Albert, et al., 2007. Mol. bio. Cell 2. Cooper, 1997. The Cell: molecular approach 3. Kluge, et al., 2009. Concept of genetics 4. Nelson and Cox, 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry

Bot 3108 Advanced Genetics Introduction  Chromosomes  DNA and It's structure  DNA Replications  RNA, RNA synthesis, Kinds of RNAs, and Other Materials  The Flow of information From DNA to Protein via RNA References: 1. D.P.Snustard & M.J. Simmons. 2012. Principle of Genetics. 6th Ed. John Wiley and son Inst. 2. L.H.Hurtwell, M.L.Goldberg, J.A.Fischer, and L.Hood. 2018. Genetics from Gene to Genomes. McGraw Hill Edu. 3. E.Passarge. 2007. Coloe Atlas of Genetics. 3rd Ed. Thieme. 4. L.J.Collins. 2011. RNA Infrastructure and Networks. Springer Science + Business media, LLC. 5. J.D.Watson, T.A.Baker, S.P.Bell, A.Gann, M.Levine and R. losick. 2004.3rd Edn. Molecular biology of the Gene. Pearson CSHL Press. 6. J.M.Gott. 2003. RNA Interference, Editing and Modification: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press. 7. S.F.Kianan and P.M.A. Kianan. 2016. Plant Cytogenetics, Methods and Protocols. Humana Press.

Bot 3109 Plant Physiology II Introduction  Photosynthesis  Respiratin  Growth and Development

 Plant Growth Regulators  Mineral Nutrition

References: 1. Alfonso. Alejar, Arcelia. M and Dianisiko.- Sese, Maribel. L., 1999. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. Plant Physiology Society of the Phillippines. Pasing City, Metro- Manila. 166 pp 2. Audesrk, G. and T. Audesirk Biology. 1989. Life on Earth. (2nded). Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 3. Blestate, J. K. A., 1978. Plant Physiology. Macmillan, London 4. Curtis, O. F., 1950. Plant Physiology. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York 5. Fuller, H. J. and O. Tippo, 1954. College Botany. Hott. Rinchart and Winston. New York 6. Meyer, B. S., 1959. Plant Physiology, (2nded). Marugen Company, Tokyo 7. Noggle, R. G. and J. F. Geroge, 1983. Introductory Plant Physiology. (2nded). Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New York 8. Wessel's, N. K. and Hopson, 1988. Biology (1sted). Random House, Inc. New York

Bot 3110 Applied Ecology  Sustainability- Exploitation And Agriculture  Pollution  Conservation  Introduction of Exotic Species References: 1. Krebs, J. Charles (1978). Ecoligy. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance, Second Edition. Institute of Animal Resource Ecology. British Columbia University. 2. Morgan, K. Richard (1998).Environmental Impact Assessment, A methodological perspective, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. 3. Stilling, D. Peter (1992). Introductory Ecology. University of South Florida, printed in the United States of America. 4. Townsend, R. Colin, John L. Harper and Michael Began (2000). Essentials of Ecology. Blackwell Science, Inc.

Bot 3111 Biochemistry I Introudction  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins

 Nucleic Acids  Enzymes

References; 1. Holum, J.R. 1982. Fundamental of general Organic and Biological chemistry.John Wiley and Lous, Inc. U.S.A. 2. H.S.Srivastava-Elements of Biochemistry. 3. Lehninger, A.L. 1975. Biochemistry. Worth Publishers, Inc, New York 4. Veerakumari, L, 2004. Biochemistry. MJP Publishers, A Unit of Tamilnadu Book Houses. 47, Nallathambi Street , Triplicane, Chennai 600 005.

Botany Courses for Fourth Year Semester I

Bot 4101 Plant Systematics Introduction  The Science of Plant Systematics  Phylogenetic Sysetematics  The Concept of Character  Taxonomic Evidence  Plant Classification  Plant Nomenclature  Phylogeny and Evolution

References: 1. Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., and Seberg, O., 2007. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books 2. Judd, W. S., Campbell, C. S., Kellogg, E. A., Stevens, P. F., and Donoghue, M. J., 2002. Plant Systematics. A Phylogenetic Approach. Second Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts U. S. A 3. Kress, W. J. and Sherwood, S., 2009. The Art of Plant Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, TW 9 3AB, UK 4. Radford, E. A., 1974. Vascular Plant Systematic, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc 5. Simpson, M. G., 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press. Amsterdam. Boston. Heidelberg. London. New York. Oxford. Paris. San Diego. San Francisco. Singapore. Sydney. Tokyo

Bot 4102 Pharmacognosy Introduction  Plant Nomenclature and Taxonomy

 Classification, Identification and Histological Characters of Plants (Leaves, stem, root, bark, flower, fruit and seed)  Preliminary Observatin  Organized (Cellular) Crude Drugs  Unorganized (Acellular) Crude Drugs References: 1. Gunner samuellsson, 1991. Drug of natural origin, A Test book of Pharmacognosy. Swedish Pharmaceutical Press 2. Harborne. J. B., 1973. Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Mordern Technique of Plant Analysis, Chapman and Hall, London 3. Harborne. J. B., 1989. Phytochemical Methods. Chapman and Hall, London 4. Heinrich, M., et al., 2004. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 5. Kress et. al.,2003. A Checklist of The Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar, Washington D. C 6. Kokate et. al., 2000. Practical Pharmacognosy, Vallabh Prakashan 7. Sammbamurty. A. V. S. S., 1998. A Text book of Modern Economic Botany. Asia Printograph, Shahdara, Delhi 8. Trease & Evans, 2002. Pharmacognosy.15th Edi. Edinburgh, London, New York

Bot 4103 Microbilogy Intoduction  The World of Microbiology  Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope  Functional Anatomy of Procaryotes and Eucaryotes  Growth of Microorganisms, Screening and Isolation  Isolation of Pure Culture and Growth  Control of Microbial Growth References: 1. Altar, R. M., 1988. Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications Second Edition, MacMillan Publishing Co., New York 2. Brock, T. D., M. T. Yadigam, 1991. Biology of Microorganisms, sixth Edition Prentice. Hall International Edition 3. Prescott, L. M., 1994. Microbiology McGraw-Hill Co 4. Prescott, H., 2002 Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Co

Bot 4104 Plant Tissue Culture Introduction  Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture  Types of Plant Tissue Culture

 Required Facilities for Plant Tissue Culture  Growth Measurement  Rapid Clonal Propagation  Production of Secondary Metabolites by Cell Cultures References: 1. Bhupendra Kumar and Shailesh Chand Gautam.2014.Plant Tissure Culture. Sonali Publications. Sachin Printers, Moujpur, Delhi. 2. Bonga,J.M.and H.Durzan.1987.Tissue Culture in Forestry. Mertinus, Niijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. 3. De,K.K997.An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture(Repr.). New Central Book Agency(P) Ltd. Calcutta 4. Dixon, R.A. Plant Natural Products: the molecular genetic basis of biosynthetic diversity. CurrOpin Biotechnol. 10:192-7 5. Dornenburg, H.and D.Knorr. 1997. Challenges and Opportunities form Metabolite Production from Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures. Food Technol. 51:47, 48, 5-52,51. 6. George,E.F.and P.D. Sherriagton. 1984. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Exegetics.Ltd., England 7. Hartmenn, H.and D.E.Kester. 1990. Plant Progagation Principles and Practices. Unviersity of California. 8. Khanna, V.K. 2002.Plant Tissue Culture Practice. Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, G.B Plant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar.(U.P) 9. Mantell, S.H,J.A. Mattheus and R.A. Makee, 1985.Principles of Plant Biotech-nology. Blackwell Scientific Publications. 10. Reinert, J.M.M. Yeoman, 1982. Plant Cell and Tissue culture. A Laboratory Manual Springa-Vertage, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 11. Street, H.E., 1997. Plant Tissue culture and Cell Culture.(2nd ed.).Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford London 12. Sunil Kumar and M.P.Singh.2016. Plant Tissue Culture. APH Publishing Cooperation. Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi. 13. Thorpe, T.a.(ed.). 1981. Plant Tissue Culture Methods and Application in Agriculture. Academic Press. 14. Wetter, L.R. and F.Constable.(eds.). 1982. Plant Tissue Culture Methods.(2nd ed.). National Research Council of Canada.

Bot 4105 Research Methodology Introduction  Research in Science  Problem Formulation and Problem Handing in Research  Research Tools and Research Framework

 Literature Survey  Research Design  Research Data Analysis, Interpretation and Presentation  Research Reports  Contents of a Research Paper (Ref. Research Methods MAAS) References: 1. Arkin, H., and R. R., 1962. Cotton, Tables for Statisticians, Barnes and Noble Inc., N.Y 2. Auger, P., 1961. Current Trends in Scienctific Research, UNESCO, Imprimeries Oberthur, rennes 3. Beach, D. P., and T. K. E. Alvager, 1992. Handbook for Scientific and Technical Research, Prentice-Hall 4. Beveridge, W. I. B., 1957. The Art of Investigation, W. W. Norton, N. Y 5. Calder, R., 1955. Science in Our Life, Signet Key Book 6. Calderon, R., J. F., and E. C. Gonzales, 1993. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing, National Book Store, Manila

Bot 4106 Mineral Nutrition of Plant Introduciton  Ion Uptake and Transport  Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response  Function of Macronutrients  Functions of Micronutrients  Beneficial Mineral Elements  Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases  Symptom of Deficiency and Toxic of Mineral Nutrients References: 1. Hopkin, 1997. Introduction to plant physiology 2. Marschner, H., 1997. Mineral nutrition of high plants 3. Salisbury and Ross, 2007. Plant physiology

Bot 4107 Biochemistry II (ြပစုဆဲ) Applied Ecology ( 2018 – 2019 ) Semester II Introduction  Sustainabiligy-Exploitation and Agriculture  Pollution  Conservation  Principles of Environment Impact Assessment  Introduction to the Study of Plant Community

References: 1. Krebs, J. Charles, 1978. Ecology. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundandce, Second Edition. Institute of Animal Resource Ecology. British Columbia University 2. Morgan, K. Richard, 1998. Environmental Impact Assessment, A Methodological perspective, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands 3. Stiling, D. Peter, 1992. Introductory Ecology. University of South Florida, printed in the United States of America 4. Townsend, R. Colin, John L. Harper and Michael Began, 2000 Essentials of Ecology. Blackwell Science, Inc

Bot 4108 Plant Biotechnology Introduction  Recombinant DNA Technology  Genetic Engineering  Biofuel Technology References: 1. Brown, T. A., 2006. Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis.5th Edition 2. Nicholl, D. S., 2002. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. 2nd Edition. 3. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press 3. Richard J. Reece, 2004. Analysis of Genes and Genomes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England 4. Rober J. Brooker, 2005. Genetics – Analysis and Principle.2nd Edition

Bot 4109 Applied Microbiology Introduction  Microbiology in the Biological World  Environmental Microbiology  Water and Waste Treatment  Microbiology of Food, Beverage and Medicine  Bioleaching References: 1. Foster, J. W., 1949. Chemical Activities of Fungi |N. Y. Academic Press 2. Lardy, H. A. 1949. Respiratory Enzymes (rev.ed) Minncapolis, Minn; Burgass Publishing Co 3. Oginsky, Enelyn L. and Umbreit, Woyne W., 1954. An Introduction to Bacterial Physiology San Francisco, Calif. W. H. Freeman And Co

4. Peterson W. H. and Peterson MS., 1945. Relation of Bacteria to Vitamin and Other Growth Factors Bact. Rev. 9:49-109 5. Porter, J. R., N. Y. Wiley. 1964. Bacterial Chemistry and Physiology 6. Stephenson, M., 1949. Bacterial Metabolism (3rdEdt) N. Y. Longman, Green 7. Weskman, C. H and Wilson P. W., (eds) 1951. Bacterial Physiology N. Y. Academic Press

Bot 4110 Biodiversity and Conservation Introduction to Biological Diversity  Drivers of Biodiversity Loss  The Value of Biodiversity  Wildlife, Fisheries and Endangered Species  Conservation and Sustainable Use References: 1. Clive Hambler, 2004. Conservation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2. G. Tyler Miller, JR., 2004. Sustaining the Earth, Sixth Edition, Thomson Learning, Inc 3. Kumar and Asija, 2000. Biodiversity, Principles and Conservation, Published by Agrobios (India), New Delhi 4. Malcolm L. Hunter JR., 1999. Maintaining Biodiversity in forest Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 5. United Nations, 2000. State of the Environment in Asia and the Pacific, New York

Bot 4111Molecular Biology Introduction  Molecules in Cells  Genes and How They Work  The Study of Cell Organization  Organelle Biogenesis References: 1. Darnell, J. H. Lodish and D. Baltmore. 1990. Molecular Cell Biology. 2ndEdition., W.H. Freeman Co. Ltd 2. Raven, P.H. & G.B. Johnson, 2002. Biology. 6th Edition. McGraw Hill Co. Ltd

PYAY UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SYLLABUS FOR HONOURS DEGREE COURSES AND REFERENCES (BOTANY SPECIALIZATION)

Botany Courses for First Year BSc Honours Semester I Bot 3201 Medicinal Plants Introduction  Studies of Chemical Compounds of Plants which are of Value in Medicine  Sources of Plant Drugs  Therapeutic Classes of Drugs References: 1. Chevallier, A., 1998. The encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Dorling Kindersley. London. New York 2. Kapoor, L.D., 2001. Ayurvedic Medicinal plants, CRC Press, USA 3. Prajapati, N.D., et al., 2003. A Hand Book of Medicinal Plants. Shyan Printing Press, India 4. Ross, I. A., 1999. Medicinal Plants of the World. Humana Press. Totowa, New Jersey 5. Trease and Evans, 1978. Pharmacognosy.11th Ed. Bailliere, Tindall, London 6. Wallis T.E., 1967. Test Book of Pharmacognosy.5th Ed. Glouscester Ltd. London 7. Medicinal Plants, 1995. Department of Botany, University of Yangon 8. Myanmar Medicinal Plants. Part I and II, 1999. Department of Botany, University of Yangon 9. Specification of Thai Medicinal Plants, 1986. Aksornsampan Press, Bangkok, Thailand

Bot 3202 Plant Cytology and Anatomy Introduction  The Structure and Function of Cell Components  The Cell Wall  Tissues  Tissues System  Transition Zones from the Root to the Stem  Secondary Growth

References: 1. Dutta, A. C., 1982. Botany for Degree Students, Calcutta, Oxford University Press, Delhi 2. Eames and Mac Daniels, 1953. An Introduction to Plant Anatomy, 2nd editioin, McGraw-Hill book Company, Inc. New York, London 3. Esau, K., 1965. Plant Anatomy, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York 4. Fahn, A., 1974. Plant Anatomy, 2nd edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York 5. Johnson, G. B. 2006. Essential of Living World 6. Kyaw Soe & Tin Myo Ngwe, 1972. Introductory Plant Cytology, Histology and Anatomy 7. Pandey, B.P., 1993, Plant Anatomy, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi 8. Raven, P.H. and G.B. Johnson, 2002. Biology, 6thed 9. Verma, P.S. and V.K. Agarwal, 2009. Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology

Bot 3203 Plant Physiology I

Introduction  Solutions and Colloidal System  Diffusion, Osmosis and Imbibition  Transpiration  Water Movement in Plants  Phloem Translocation Referecnes: 1. Alfonso. Alejar, Arcelia. M and Dianisio – Sese, Maribel. L., 1999. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. Plant Physiology Society of the Philippines. Pasing City, Metro- Manila. 166 pp 2. Audesrk, G. and T. Audesirk Biology, 1989. Life on Earth. (2nded). Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 3. Blestate, J. K. A., 1978. Plant Physiology. Macmillan, London 4. Curtis, O. F., 1950. Plant Physiology. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York 5. Fuller, H. J. and O. Tippo., 1954. College Botany. Hott. Rinchart and Winston. New York 6. Meyer, B. S., 1959. Plant Physiology, (2nded). Marugen Company, Tokyo 7. Noggle, R. G. and J. F. Geroge, 1983. Introductory Plant Physiology. (2nded.). Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 8. Wessel's, N. K. and Hopson, 1988. Biology (1st ed). Random House, Inc. New York

Bot 3204 Environmental Biology Introduction  Environment  Abiotic Environment Factors  Biotic Environment Factors  Population  Pollution  Natural Resources, Conservation and Management References: 1. Agareal, V. K. and P.S. Verma, 2004. Ecology, Printed in India 2. Biswarup Mukherjee, 1994 Environmental Biology, Mc Graw-Hill Publishing, New Delhi 3. Johnson, B. George and Jonathan B. Losos, 1942. The Living World, fifth edition. 4. Miller, G. Tyler, JR (2003). Sustaining the Earth. Ninth edition. 5. Raven, H. Peter and Linda R. Beng, 2001. Environment, third edition, printed in the United States of America, Harcourt, Inc 6. United Nationals Environment Programme (UNEP), 2002. Global Environment Outlook 3, published in UK and United States.

Bot 3205 Floristics and Herbarium Techniques Section A Floristics Introduction  Floristic Study  Identification of Plants  Diagnostic Features of Selected Families  Construction of Keys of Families, Genera and Species  Classification Section B Herbarium Techniques Introduction  Plant Collection Techniques  Herbarium Specimen and Its Preparation  Herbarium Management  Factors Influencing Distribution of Plants and Vegetation References: 1. Backer, C. A., 1963. Flora of Java. Vol. I. N. V. P. Noordhoff-Groningen, The Netherlands 2. Davis, J.H., 1960. The Forests of Burma. Univ, of Florida Press. Gaineville, U. S. A. Good, Ronald (1974). The Geography of The Flowering Plants

3. Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., and Seberg, O., 2007. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books 4. Judd, W. S., Campbell, C. S., Dellogg, E. A., Stevens, P. F., and Donoghue, M. J., 2002. Plant Systematic. A Phylogenetic Approach. Second Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts U. S. A 5. Kress, W. J. and Sherwood, S., 2009. The Art of Plant Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, TW 93 AB, UK 6. Lawrence, G. H. M., 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Company: New York 7. Nath Nair, Mohinder, 1962. A Numbered Analytical Dichotomous Key to the Families of flowering Plants., Rangoon University Press, Rangoon, Burma 8. Nyo Mg, 2003. Plant Collection Techniques and Herbarium Manatement. Published by Department of Botany, University of East Yangon 9. Pandey B. P., 1999. Taxonomy of Angiosperms., S. Chand and Company Ltd. Ran Nagar, New Delhi-110055 10. Radford, E.A., 1974. Vasular Plant Systematics. Harper and Row Publishers, Inc 11. Simpson, M. G., 2006. Plant Systematics. Elservier Academic Press. Amsterdam. Boston, Heidelberg. London. New York. Oxford. Paris. San Diego. San Francisco. Singapore. Sydney. Tokyo

Bot 3206 Weed Science Introduction  Weeds  Weed Classification  Methods of Weed Management and Control  Biological Weed Control References: 1. Agriculture Research Service, 1965. A survey of extent and cost of weed control and specific weed probles. Agric. Res. Serv. Rpt. 23-1, USDA, Washingten, D. C 78 pp 2. Aldrich, R. J., 1984 Weed. Crop Ecology: Principles in weed Management. Berton, N. Scetuate, Massachusetts, pp. 5-6 3. Chandler. J. M. Economic losses due to weeds. Res. Rpt. 27th AM. Mtg. Southern weed Sci-Soc. Pp 192-214 4. Dallyn, S, and R. Sweet., 1970 Weed control methods, losses and costs due to weeds and benefits of weed control in protatoes, pp-210-228 in FAO Int. Conf. On weed control, Davis, Calfornia

Bot 3207 Cell Biology Semester II Introduction to Cell  Chemical components of cell  Origin and evolution of cell  Bioenergetics and Metabolism : Plastids and Mitochondria  Cell compartment : Membrane  Protective home for cell : Cell wall  Protein sorting organelles : ER and GA  Cells control and information centre : Nucleus  Basic Genetic mechanism  Bone and muscle of plant cell : Cytoskeleton  House of protein synthesis : Ribosome  Multifunctional compartments : Vacuole and lysosome Referecnes: 1. Albert, et al., 2007. Mol. bio. Cell 2. Cooper, 1997. The Cell: molecular approach 3. Kluge, et al., 2009. Concept of genetics 4. Nelson and Cox, 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry

Bot 3208 Advanced Genetics Introduction  Chromosomes  DNA and It's structure  DNA Replications  RNA, RNA synthesis, Kinds of RNAs, and Other Materials  The Flow of information From DNA to Protein via RNA References: 1. D.P.Snustard & M.J. Simmons. 2012. Principle of Genetics. 6th Ed. John Wiley and son Inst. 2. L.H.Hurtwell, M.L.Goldberg, J.A.Fischer, and L.Hood. 2018. Genetics from Gene to Genomes. McGraw Hill Edu. 3. E.Passarge. 2007. Coloe Atlas of Genetics. 3rd Ed. Thieme. 4. L.J.Collins. 2011. RNA Infrastructure and Networks. Springer Science + Business media, LLC. 5. J.D.Watson, T.A.Baker, S.P.Bell, A.Gann, M.Levine and R. losick. 2004.3rd Edn. Molecular biology of the Gene. Pearson CSHL Press. 6. J.M.Gott. 2003. RNA Interference, Editing and Modification: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press.

7. S.F.Kianan and P.M.A. Kianan. 2016. Plant Cytogenetics, Methods and Protocols. Humana Press.

Bot 3209 Plant Physiology II Introduction  Photosynthesis  Respiratin  Growth and Development  Plant Growth Regulators  Mineral Nutrition References: 1. Alfonso. Alejar, Arcelia. M and Dianisiko.- Sese, Maribel. L., 1999. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. Plant Physiology Society of the Phillippines. Pasing City, Metro- Manila. 166 pp 2. Audesrk, G. and T. Audesirk Biology. 1989. Life on Earth. (2nded). Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 3. Blestate, J. K. A., 1978. Plant Physiology. Macmillan, London 4. Curtis, O. F., 1950. Plant Physiology. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York 5. Fuller, H. J. and O. Tippo, 1954. College Botany. Hott. Rinchart and Winston. New York 6. Meyer, B. S., 1959. Plant Physiology, (2nded). Marugen Company, Tokyo 7. Noggle, R. G. and J. F. Geroge, 1983. Introductory Plant Physiology. (2nded). Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New York 8. Wessel's, N. K. and Hopson, 1988. Biology (1sted). Random House, Inc. New York

Bot 3210 Applied Ecology  Sustainability- Exploitation And Agriculture  Pollution  Conservation  Introduction of Exotic Species References: 1. Krebs, J. Charles (1978). Ecoligy. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance, Second Edition. Institute of Animal Resource Ecology. British Columbia University. 2. Morgan, K. Richard (1998).Environmental Impact Assessment, A methodological perspective, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. 3. Stilling, D. Peter (1992). Introductory Ecology. University of South Florida, printed in the United States of America.

4. Townsend, R. Colin, John L. Harper and Michael Began (2000). Essentials of Ecology. Blackwell Science, Inc.

Bot 3211 Biochemistry I Introudction  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids  Enzymes

References; 5. Holum, J.R. 1982. Fundamental of general Organic and Biological chemistry.John Wiley and Lous, Inc. U.S.A. 6. H.S.Srivastava-Elements of Biochemistry. 7. Lehninger, A.L. 1975. Biochemistry. Worth Publishers, Inc, New York 8. Veerakumari, L, 2004. Biochemistry. MJP Publishers, A Unit of Tamilnadu Book Houses. 47, Nallathambi Street , Triplicane, Chennai 600 005.

Botany Courses for Second Year BSc Honours Semester I Bot 4201 Plant Systematics Introduction  The Science of Plant Systematics  Phylogenetic Sysetematics  The Concept of Character  Taxonomic Evidence  Plant Classification  Plant Nomenclature  Phylogeny and Evolution

References: 1. Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A., and Seberg, O., 2007. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books 2. Judd, W. S., Campbell, C. S., Kellogg, E. A., Stevens, P. F., and Donoghue, M. J., 2002. Plant Systematics. A Phylogenetic Approach. Second Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts U. S. A 3. Kress, W. J. and Sherwood, S., 2009. The Art of Plant Evolution. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Richmond, Surrey, TW 9 3AB, UK 4. Radford, E. A., 1974. Vascular Plant Systematic, Harper and Row Publishers, Inc 5. Simpson, M. G., 2006. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press. Amsterdam. Boston. Heidelberg. London. New York. Oxford. Paris. San Diego. San Francisco. Singapore. Sydney. Tokyo

Bot 4202 Pharmacognosy Introduction  Plant Nomenclature and Taxonomy  Classification, Identification and Histological Characters of Plants (Leaves, stem, root, bark, flower, fruit and seed)  Preliminary Observatin  Organized (Cellular) Crude Drugs  Unorganized (Acellular) Crude Drugs References: 1. Gunner samuellsson, 1991. Drug of natural origin, A Test book of Pharmacognosy. Swedish Pharmaceutical Press 2. Harborne. J. B., 1973. Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Mordern Technique of Plant Analysis, Chapman and Hall, London 3. Harborne. J. B., 1989. Phytochemical Methods. Chapman and Hall, London 4. Heinrich, M., et al., 2004. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy.

5. Kress et. al.,2003. A Checklist of The Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar, Washington D. C 6. Kokate et. al., 2000. Practical Pharmacognosy, Vallabh Prakashan 7. Sammbamurty. A. V. S. S., 1998. A Text book of Modern Economic Botany. Asia Printograph, Shahdara, Delhi 8. Trease & Evans, 2002. Pharmacognosy.15th Edi. Edinburgh, London, New York

Bot 4203 Microbilogy Intoduction  The World of Microbiology  Observing Microorganisms Through a Microscope  Functional Anatomy of Procaryotes and Eucaryotes  Growth of Microorganisms, Screening and Isolation  Isolation of Pure Culture and Growth  Control of Microbial Growth References: 1. Altar, R. M., 1988. Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications Second Edition, MacMillan Publishing Co., New York 2. Brock, T. D., M. T. Yadigam, 1991. Biology of Microorganisms, sixth Edition Prentice. Hall International Edition 3. Prescott, L. M., 1994. Microbiology McGraw-Hill Co 4. Prescott, H., 2002 Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology. McGraw-Hill Co

Bot 4204 Plant Tissue Culture Introduction  Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture  Types of Plant Tissue Culture  Required Facilities for Plant Tissue Culture  Growth Measurement  Rapid Clonal Propagation  Production of Secondary Metabolites by Cell Cultures References: 1. Bhupendra Kumar and Shailesh Chand Gautam.2014.Plant Tissure Culture. Sonali Publications. Sachin Printers, Moujpur, Delhi. 2. Bonga,J.M.and H.Durzan.1987.Tissue Culture in Forestry. Mertinus, Niijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht. 3. De,K.K997.An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture(Repr.). New Central Book Agency(P) Ltd. Calcutta

4. Dixon, R.A. Plant Natural Products: the molecular genetic basis of biosynthetic diversity. CurrOpin Biotechnol. 10:192-7 5. Dornenburg, H.and D.Knorr. 1997. Challenges and Opportunities form Metabolite Production from Plant Cell and Tissue Cultures. Food Technol. 51:47, 48, 5-52,51. 6. George,E.F.and P.D. Sherriagton. 1984. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Exegetics.Ltd., England 7. Hartmenn, H.and D.E.Kester. 1990. Plant Progagation Principles and Practices. Unviersity of California. 8. Khanna, V.K. 2002.Plant Tissue Culture Practice. Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, G.B Plant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar.(U.P) 9. Mantell, S.H,J.A. Mattheus and R.A. Makee, 1985.Principles of Plant Biotech-nology. Blackwell Scientific Publications. 10. Reinert, J.M.M. Yeoman, 1982. Plant Cell and Tissue culture. A Laboratory Manual Springa-Vertage, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 11. Street, H.E., 1997. Plant Tissue culture and Cell Culture.(2nd ed.).Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford London 12. Sunil Kumar and M.P.Singh.2016. Plant Tissue Culture. APH Publishing Cooperation. Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi. 13. Thorpe, T.a.(ed.). 1981. Plant Tissue Culture Methods and Application in Agriculture. Academic Press. 14. Wetter, L.R. and F.Constable.(eds.). 1982. Plant Tissue Culture Methods.(2nd ed.). National Research Council of Canada.

Bot 4205 Research Methodology Introduction  Research in Science  Problem Formulation and Problem Handing in Research  Research Tools and Research Framework  Literature Survey  Research Design  Research Data Analysis, Interpretation and Presentation  Research Reports  Contents of a Research Paper (Ref. Research Methods MAAS) References: 1. Arkin, H., and R. R., 1962. Cotton, Tables for Statisticians, Barnes and Noble Inc., N.Y 2. Auger, P., 1961. Current Trends in Scienctific Research, UNESCO, Imprimeries Oberthur, rennes 3. Beach, D. P., and T. K. E. Alvager, 1992. Handbook for Scientific and Technical Research, Prentice-Hall

4. Beveridge, W. I. B., 1957. The Art of Investigation, W. W. Norton, N. Y 5. Calder, R., 1955. Science in Our Life, Signet Key Book 6. Calderon, R., J. F., and E. C. Gonzales, 1993. Methods of Research and Thesis Writing, National Book Store, Manila

Bot 4206 Mineral Nutrition of Plant Introduciton  Ion Uptake and Transport  Mineral Nutrition and Yield Response  Function of Macronutrients  Functions of Micronutrients  Beneficial Mineral Elements  Relationship between Mineral Nutrition and Plant Diseases  Symptom of Deficiency and Toxic of Mineral Nutrients References: 1. Hopkin, 1997. Introduction to plant physiology 2. Marschner, H., 1997. Mineral nutrition of high plants 3. Salisbury and Ross, 2007. Plant physiology

Bot 4207 Biochemistry II (ြပစုဆဲ) Applied Ecology ( 2018 – 2019 ) Semester II Introduction  Sustainabiligy-Exploitation and Agriculture  Pollution  Conservation  Principles of Environment Impact Assessment  Introduction to the Study of Plant Community References: 1. Krebs, J. Charles, 1978. Ecology. The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundandce, Second Edition. Institute of Animal Resource Ecology. British Columbia University 2. Morgan, K. Richard, 1998. Environmental Impact Assessment, A Methodological perspective, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands 3. Stiling, D. Peter, 1992. Introductory Ecology. University of South Florida, printed in the United States of America 4. Townsend, R. Colin, John L. Harper and Michael Began, 2000 Essentials of Ecology. Blackwell Science, Inc

Bot 4208 Plant Biotechnology Introduction  Recombinant DNA Technology  Genetic Engineering  Biofuel Technology References: 1. Brown, T. A., 2006. Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis.5th Edition 2. Nicholl, D. S., 2002. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. 2nd Edition. 3. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press 3. Richard J. Reece, 2004. Analysis of Genes and Genomes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England 4. Rober J. Brooker, 2005. Genetics – Analysis and Principle.2nd Edition

Bot 4209 Applied Microbiology Introduction  Microbiology in the Biological World  Environmental Microbiology  Water and Waste Treatment  Microbiology of Food, Beverage and Medicine  Bioleaching References: 1. Foster, J. W., 1949. Chemical Activities of Fungi |N. Y. Academic Press 2. Lardy, H. A. 1949. Respiratory Enzymes (rev.ed) Minncapolis, Minn; Burgass Publishing Co 3. Oginsky, Enelyn L. and Umbreit, Woyne W., 1954. An Introduction to Bacterial Physiology San Francisco, Calif. W. H. Freeman And Co 4. Peterson W. H. and Peterson MS., 1945. Relation of Bacteria to Vitamin and Other Growth Factors Bact. Rev. 9:49-109 5. Porter, J. R., N. Y. Wiley. 1964. Bacterial Chemistry and Physiology 6. Stephenson, M., 1949. Bacterial Metabolism (3rdEdt) N. Y. Longman, Green 7. Weskman, C. H and Wilson P. W., (eds) 1951. Bacterial Physiology N. Y. Academic Press

Bot 4210 Biodiversity and Conservation Introduction to Biological Diversity  Drivers of Biodiversity Loss  The Value of Biodiversity  Wildlife, Fisheries and Endangered Species

 Conservation and Sustainable Use References: 1. Clive Hambler, 2004. Conservation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2. G. Tyler Miller, JR., 2004. Sustaining the Earth, Sixth Edition, Thomson Learning, Inc 3. Kumar and Asija, 2000. Biodiversity, Principles and Conservation, Published by Agrobios (India), New Delhi 4. Malcolm L. Hunter JR., 1999. Maintaining Biodiversity in forest Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 5. United Nations, 2000. State of the Environment in Asia and the Pacific, New York

Bot 4211 Molecular Biology Introduction  Molecules in Cells  Genes and How They Work  The Study of Cell Organization  Organelle Biogenesis References: 1. Darnell, J. H. Lodish and D. Baltmore. 1990. Molecular Cell Biology. 2ndEdition., W.H. Freeman Co. Ltd 2. Raven, P.H. & G.B. Johnson, 2002. Biology. 6th Edition. McGraw Hill Co. Ltd

UNIVERSITY OF YANGON DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SYLLABUS FOR BSc HONOURS DEGREE AND MSc QUALIFYING COURSES AND REFERENCES (BOTANY SPECIALIZATION)

Botany Courses ForThird Year BSc Honours/MSc Qualifying Bot 5201 Industrial Microbiology Introduction  Characteristics of Microorganism  Methods of Measurement of Microbial Growth  Microbial Screening, Selection and Strain Improvement  The Fermentation Industry  Biodeterioration References: 1. Abaronowitz, Y., and G. Cohen, 1981.The Microbiological Production of Pharmaceuticals. Scientific American 245(3):140-152 2. Atlas,R.M.(2d), 1984. Petroleum Microbiology. Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. New York 3. Atlas, R.M.(2d)., 1988.Microbiology Fundamentals and Applications. Macmillan Publishing Co. a division of Macmillan Printed in USA 4. Casida, L.E., 1968.Industrial Microbiology. John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York 5. Primrose, S.B., 1987. Modern Biotechnology. Blackwell Scientific Publishers,

Bot.5202 Advanced Plant Physiology I Information  Basic Concepts in Advanced Plant Physiology  Water Stress  Temperature Stress  Light Stress

References: 1. Bostock,R.M.2005.Signal crosstalk and induced resistance: Straddling the line between cost and benefit. Annual Review of Phytopathology.43:545-580 2. Buchanan, B.B., W. Gruissem, R.L. Jones. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. Rockville MD: American Society of Plant Physiologists. 3. Creelman, R.A.,J.E.Mullet. 1997. Biosynthesis and action of Jasmonates in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 48:355-381.

4. Demming-Adams, B., W.W. Adams III, A. Mettoo.2006. Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation and Environment Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol.21.Dordrecht: Springer. 5. H.-B.Shao,L-Y.Chu, C.A.Jaleel, and C-X. Zhao.2008. Water-deficit strees-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies. Vol.331, pp.215- 225. 6. Harwood, J.L1998. Involvement of chloroplast lipids in the reaction of plants submitted to stress. Lipids in Photosynthesis: Structure, Function and Genetics.Advances in Photosynthesis, Vol 6,pp.287-302. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 7. Howe, G.A., G Jander.2008.Plant immunity to insect herbivores. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59:41-66. 8. Iba, K.2002. Acclimatve response to temperature stress in higher plants: Approaches of gene engineering for temperature tolerance.Annual Review of Plant Biology. 53:224-245 9. Ingram, J.,D. Bartels. 1996. The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 47: 377-403 10. Kessler, A.,I.T. Baldwin. 2002 Plant responses to insect herbivory: The emerging molecular analysis. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 53:299-328 11. L.W.Jones and B.Kok.1966.Photoinhibition of Chlooroplast Reactions I Kinetics and Action Spectra. Plant Physiol. 41: 1037-1043. 12. Litchtenthaler, H.K. 1981. Adaptation of leaves and chloroplasts to high quanta fluence rates. In: Photosynthesis VI. Ed.G.Akoyunoglou, Balaban Internat. Science Service. Philadelphia, Pp.273-287. 13. Lichtenthaler, H.K.1984.Differences in morphology and chemical composition of leaves grown at different light intensities and qualities. In: Control of Leaf Growth. Eds. N.R. Baker, W.J.Davies, and C.K.Ong. S.E.B. Seminar Series Vol. 27, Cambridge University Press.pp.201-221 14. Lichtenthaler, H.K.,C.Buschmann, M. Doll, H-J.Fietz, T. Bach, U.Kozel,D.Meier, U. Rahmsdorf.1981. Photosynthetic activity, chloroplast ultrastructure, and leaf characteristics of high-light and low-light plants and of sun and shade leaves. Photosynbth.Res. 2: 115-141 15. Lichtenthaler,H.K.,D. Meier, C. Buschmann. 1984. Development of chloroplasts at high and low high light quanta fluence rates.Israel.J.Bot. 33:185-194. 16. Lichtenthaler, H.K., G.Kuhn, U.Prenzel, C. Buschmann, D. Meier.1982b. Adaptation of chloroplast-ultrastructure and of chlorophyll-protein levels to high light and low-light growth conditions. Z.Naturforsch., 37c, 464-475

17. Lichtenthaler,H.k.,G.Kuhn, U.Prenzel, D.Meier.1982a. Chlorophyll-protein levels and stacking degree of thylakoids in radish chloroplsts from high-light, low-light and bentazon-treated plants. Physiol.Plant.56:183-188. 18. Meier.D.,H.K.Lichtenthaler. 1981.Ultrastructural development of chloroplasts in radish seedlings grown at high and low light conditions and in the presence of the herbicide bentazon. Protoplasma. 107: 195-207 19. Melis, A. 1999. Photosystem-II damage and repair cycle in chlorplasts: What modulates the rate of photodamage in vivi? Trends in Plant Science. 4:130-135. 20. Nikolaus Amrhein, Klaus Apel, Sacha Baginsky, Nina Buchmann, Markus Geisler, Felix Keller, Christian Korner, Enrico Martinoia, Lutz Merbold, Christine Muller, Melanie Paschke, Bernhard Schmid. 2012. Zurich-Basel Plant Science http://www.plantsciences.ch. 21. Nishida, I.,N. Murata. 1996.chilling Sensitivity in plants and cyanobacteria: The crucial contribution of membrane lipids. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and plant Molecular Biology. 47:541-568. 22. Seyed Y.S.Lisar, Rouhollah Motafakkerazad, Mosharraf M. Hossain and Ismail M. M.Rahman. 2012. Water Stress in Plants: Causes, Effects and Responses, water Stress, Prof. Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman(Ed), ISBN: 978-953-307-963-9, In Tech, Availabel From: http//www.intechopen.com/books/water- stress/ water-stress- in-plants-causes-effects- and –responses. 23. Taiz, L.and E.Zeiger.2002.Plant Physiology. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer Associates.

Bot 5203 Advanced Pharmacognosy Introduction  Basic Pharmacognosy  Methods of Plants Analysis  Plants Metabolites  Drugs Production References: 1. Gunnar samuellsson, 1991.Drug of natural origin, A Test book of Pharmacognosy. Swedish Pharmaceutical Press 2. Harborne. J.B., 1973.Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Mordern Technique of Plant Analysis, Chapman and Hall, London 3. Harborne. J.B., 1989. Phytochemical Methods.Chapman and Hall, London 4. Heinrich, M.,et al., 2004. Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 5. Kress et.al., 2003. A checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs and Climbers of Myanmar, Washington D.C 6. Kokate et.al., 2000. Pratical Pharmacognosy, Vallabh Prakashan

7. Sammbamurty. A.V.S.S., 1998. A Text book of Modern Economic Botany. Asia Printograph, Shahdara, Delhi 8. Trease & Evans, 2002.Pharmacognosy. 15th Edi. Ediburgh, London, New York

Bot 5204 Molecular Genetics Introduction  Nucleic Acid and Basic Mechanism  DNA as Genetic Materials  Concepts of Genes  Duplication and Replication  Transcription and Translation  Application of DNA

References: 1. Kluge et al., 2009. Concept of Genetics 2. Lewin B., 2008. Genes IX

Bot 5205 Plant Geography Introduction  The Geography of the World  The Division of the World into Floristic Region  Some General Aspects of Plant Geography  The Geological History and Past Distribution of the Flowering Plants  The Factors of Distribution  The Theory of Tolerance  The Forest of Myanmar References: 1. Bradshaw, M.and Weaver, R., 1995. Foundations of Physical Geography USA: A division of Wm. C. Brown Communication, Inc 2. Daubenmire, R., 1978. Plant Geography. United Kingdom edition, United Kingdom: Academic Press, Inc.(London). Ltd. 3. Good, R., 1974. The Geography of the Flowering Plants.(4th ed.). Great Britain, London: Longman Group Limited. 4. Merrell, D.J., 1962. Evolution and Genetics. Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Printed in the United States of America 5. Tarbuck, E.J. and Lutens, F.K., 1984. The Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. USA: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company 6. Tarbuck, E. J. and Lutgens, F.K., 1988. Earth Science. Columbus, Ohino: Merill Publishing Company, A Bell and Howell Information Company.

Bot 5206 Evolution Introduction  Evolution Theory  Natural Selection and Variation  Speciation and Macrovolution  Genetic Evolution  Population Genetics References: 1. Darwin, 2003. Revise edition Origin of Species 2. Kress and Sherwood, 2009. The art of Plant evolution 3. Mayr,E., 2001. What evolution is

Bot 5207 Microbial Biotechnology  Microbial Diversity  MicrobialBiotechnology: Scope, Techniques, Examples  Production of Proteins in Bacteria and Yeast References: 1. Beneyx, F., and Mujacic, M. (2004). Recombinant protein folding and misfolding in Escherichia coli. Natura Biotechnology, 22, 1399-1408. 2. Beppu, T. (1988). Production of chymosin (rennin) by recombinant DNA technology. In Recombinant DNA and Bacterial Fermentation, J. A. Thomson (ed.), pp. 11-21, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 3. Bovine chymosin: Production by rDNA technology and application to cheese manufacture. Biotechnology Advances. 17, 205-217. 4. Cereghino, G. P. L., Cereghino, J. L., Ilgen, C., and Cregg, J. M. (2002). Production of recombinant proteins in fermenter cultures of the yeast Pichia pastoris. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 13, 329-332. 5. Georgiou, G., and Segatori, L. (2005). Preparative expression of secreted proteins in bacteria: status report and prospects. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 16, 538- 545. 6. Gerngross, T.U. (2004). Advances in the production of human therapeutic proteins in yeasts and filamentous fungi. Nature Biotechnology, 22, 1409-1414. 7. Glazer A. N and Hiroshi Nikaido (2007) Microbial Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo. 8. Goffeau, A., Barrell, B. G., Bussey, H., et al. (1996). Life with 6000 genes. Science, 274, 546-567.

9. Guthrie, C., and Fink, G. R. (2002). Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular and Cell Biology, Parts B and C (Methods in Enzymology, volumes 350 and 351), New York: Academic Press. 10. Hartl, F. U., and Hayer-Hartl, M. (2002). Molecular chaperones in the cytosol: from nascent chain to folded protein. Science, 295, 1852-1858. 11. Kapust, R. B., and Waugh, D. S. (1999). Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein is uncommonly effective at promoting the solubility of polypeptides to which it is fused. Protein Science, 8, 1668-1674. 12. Kjeldsen, T. (2000). Yeast secretory expression of insulin precursors. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 54, 277-286. 13. Kumar, A., and Snyder, M. (2001). Emerging technologies in yeast genomics, Nature Reviews Genetics, 2, 302-312. 14. Li, H., Sethuraman, N., Stadheim, T. A. et al. (2006). Optimization of humanized IgGs in glycol-engineered Pichia pastoris. Nature Biotechnology, 24, 210-215. 15. Liti, G., and Lousis, E. J. (2005) Yeast evolution and comparative genomics. Annual Review of Microbiology, 59, 135-153. 16. Mergulhao, F. J. M., Summers, D. K., and Monteiro, G. A. (2005). Recombinant protein secretion in Escherichia coli. Biotechnology Advances, 23, 177-202. 17. Miot, M., and Betton, J.-M. (2004). Protein quality control in the bacterial periplasm. 18. Mohanty, A. K., Mukhopadhyay, U. K., Grover, S., and Batish, V. K. (1999). 19. Schmid, F. X. (2002). Prolyl isomerases. Advances in Protein Chemistry, 59, 243-282. 20. Spencer, J. F. T., Ragout de Spencer, A. L., and Laluce, C. (2002). Non-conventional yeasts. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 58, 147-156. 21. Terpe, K. (2003). Overview of tag protein fusion: from molecular and biochemical fundamentals to commercial systems. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 60, 523-533. 22. Thomas, J.G., Ayling, A., and Baneyx, F. (1997). Molecular chaperones, folding cata lysts, and the recovery of active recombinant proteins from E. coli: to fold or refold. Applied Biochemisty and Biotechnology, 66, 197-238. 23. Van den Brink, H. M., Petersen, S. G., Rahbek-Nielsenm H., Hellmuth, K., and Harboe, M. (2006). Increased production of chymosin by glycosylation. Journal of Biotechnology, 125, 304-310.

Bot 5208 Advanced Plant Physiology II  Carbon Fixation by Crop Canopies  Biological Nitrogen Fixation  Flowering and Fruiting  Root Growth

References: 1. Bostock,R.M.2005.Signal crosstalk and induced resistance: Straddling the line between cost and benefit. Annual Review of Phytopathology.43:545-580 2. Buchanan, B.B., W. Gruissem, R.L. Jones. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. Rockville MD: American Society of Plant Physiologists. 3. Creelman, R.A.,J.E.Mullet. 1997. Biosynthesis and action of Jasmonates in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 48:355-381. 4. Demming-Adams, B., W.W. Adams III, A. Mettoo.2006. Photoprotection, Photoinhibition, Gene Regulation and Environment Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. Vol.21.Dordrecht: Springer. 5. H.-B.Shao,L-Y.Chu, C.A.Jaleel, and C-X. Zhao.2008. Water-deficit strees-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies. Vol.331, pp.215- 225. 6. Harwood, J.L1998. Involvement of chloroplast lipids in the reaction of plants submitted to stress. Lipids in Photosynthesis: Structure, Function and Genetics.Advances in Photosynthesis, Vol 6,pp.287-302. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 7. Howe, G.A., G Jander.2008.Plant immunity to insect herbivores. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59:41-66. 8. Iba, K.2002. Acclimatve response to temperature stress in higher plants: Approaches of gene engineering for temperature tolerance.Annual Review of Plant Biology. 53:224-245 9. Ingram, J.,D. Bartels. 1996. The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 47: 377-403 10. Kessler, A.,I.T. Baldwin. 2002 Plant responses to insect herbivory: The emerging molecular analysis. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 53:299-328 11. L.W.Jones and B.Kok.1966.Photoinhibition of Chlooroplast Reactions I Kinetics and Action Spectra. Plant Physiol. 41: 1037-1043. 12. Litchtenthaler, H.K. 1981. Adaptation of leaves and chloroplasts to high quanta fluence rates. In: Photosynthesis VI. Ed.G.Akoyunoglou, Balaban Internat. Science Service. Philadelphia, Pp.273-287. 13. Lichtenthaler, H.K.1984.Differences in morphology and chemical composition of leaves grown at different light intensities and qualities. In: Control of Leaf Growth. Eds. N.R. Baker, W.J.Davies, and C.K.Ong. S.E.B. Seminar Series Vol. 27, Cambridge University Press.pp.201-221 14. Lichtenthaler, H.K.,C.Buschmann, M. Doll, H-J.Fietz, T. Bach, U.Kozel,D.Meier, U. Rahmsdorf.1981. Photosynthetic activity, chloroplast ultrastructure, and leaf characteristics of high-light and low-light plants and of sun and shade leaves. Photosynbth.Res. 2: 115-141

15. Lichtenthaler,H.K.,D. Meier, C. Buschmann. 1984. Development of chloroplasts at high and low high light quanta fluence rates.Israel.J.Bot. 33:185-194. 16. Lichtenthaler, H.K., G.Kuhn, U.Prenzel, C. Buschmann, D. Meier.1982b. Adaptation of chloroplast-ultrastructure and of chlorophyll-protein levels to high light and low-light growth conditions. Z.Naturforsch., 37c, 464-475 17. Lichtenthaler,H.k.,G.Kuhn, U.Prenzel, D.Meier.1982a. Chlorophyll-protein levels and stacking degree of thylakoids in radish chloroplsts from high-light, low-light and bentazon-treated plants. Physiol.Plant.56:183-188. 18. Meier.D.,H.K.Lichtenthaler. 1981.Ultrastructural development of chloroplasts in radish seedlings grown at high and low light conditions and in the presence of the herbicide bentazon. Protoplasma. 107: 195-207 19. Melis, A. 1999. Photosystem-II damage and repair cycle in chlorplasts: What modulates the rate of photodamage in vivi? Trends in Plant Science. 4:130-135. 20. Nikolaus Amrhein, Klaus Apel, Sacha Baginsky, Nina Buchmann, Markus Geisler, Felix Keller, Christian Korner, Enrico Martinoia, Lutz Merbold, Christine Muller, Melanie Paschke, Bernhard Schmid. 2012. Zurich-Basel Plant Science http://www.plantsciences.ch. 21. Nishida, I.,N. Murata. 1996.chilling Sensitivity in plants and cyanobacteria: The crucial contribution of membrane lipids. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and plant Molecular Biology. 47:541-568. 22. Seyed Y.S.Lisar, Rouhollah Motafakkerazad, Mosharraf M. Hossain and Ismail M. M.Rahman. 2012. Water Stress in Plants: Causes, Effects and Responses, water Stress, Prof. Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman(Ed), ISBN: 978-953-307-963-9, In Tech, Availabel From: http//www.intechopen.com/books/water- stress/ water-stress- in-plants-causes-effects- and –responses. 23. Taiz, L.and E.Zeiger.2002.Plant Physiology. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer Associates.

Bot 5209 Industrial and Economic Plants Introduction  Sources of Industrial Plant From Cyanobacteria  Sources of Industrial Plant from Algae  Sources of Industrial Plant from Fungi  Sources of Industrial Plant From Angiosperm  Fibers obtained from Plants  Dyes obtained from Plants  Latex obtained from Plants  Oil obtained from Plants  Food and Spices obtained from Plants

References: 1. Alexopoulos, C.J., 1969. Introductory Mycology. 2nd Ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. London 2. Aye Aye Myat, 1997. MSc. Thesis, Pharmacognostic and Antimicrobial Study of Cassia alata L. 3. Chevallier, Andre, 1996. The encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindrsely Ltd., London 4. Hill, A.F.E., 1953. Economic Botany, 2nd Ed. Tosho Insatsu Printing Co., Ltd Tokyo, Japan 5. Lawrence, George H.M., 1964. Taxonomy of Vascular Plant. The Macmillan Co., Ltd. Newyork 6. Mohammed Ali, 1998. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. 2nd Ed. CBS Publishers and Disributors, New Delhi 7. Pandy, S.N and A.Chadha, 1996.Vol.3. Vikas Publishing House Rt.Ltd. 8. Sammbamurty. A.V.S.S., 1998. A Text book of Modern Economic Botany. Asia Printography, Shahdara, Delhi 9. Trease, G.E.and W.E.E. Evans, 1978, Pharmacognosy. 11th Ed. Bailliere, Tindall, London. 10. Wallis, T.E.1967. Text Book of Pharmacognosy. 5th Ed. Gloucester Ltd. London. 11. Medicinal and Industrial Plants 1998. Department of Botany, University of yangon.

Bot 5210 Enzymology Introduction  Breadth of Enzymology  Brief History of Enzymology  General Characteristics of Enzymes  Enzymes in Digestion and Assimilation of Foods  Industrial Enzymes  Useful Enzymes and their Application in Various Aspects References: 1. Boyce, C.O.L., 1998. Novo's handbook of pratical biotechnology(Enzsyme). Noro Industry A/S, Denmark 2. Whitaker, J.R., 1972. Pr5inciples of enzymology for the food science. Marel Dekker, Inc. USA 3. Wood, E.J., C.A. Smith and W.R. Pickering, 1997. Life chemistry and molecular biology. Portland Press Ltd., London

Bot 5211 Ethnobotany Introduction

 Field of Ethnobotany  Data Collection and Hypothesis Testing  Ethnomedicine  Ethnobotany and Natural Conservation  Quantitative Ethnobotany  Applied Ethnobotany References: 1. Aumeeruddy. Y-Thomas & Pei ShengJi, 2003. Applied Ethnobotany: Case- Studies from the Himalayan Region 2. Gary J.Martin, 1995. Ethnobotany Text 3. Hoftis. M.K. Barik, and A.M. Lykke, 1995. Quantitative Ethnobotany 4. Hamilton A.C., Pei Schengji, Kessy .J., 2003. The Purposes and Teching of Applied Ethnobotany 5. Patrick Maundu, Dhyani Bergeri Charles Lle Saitabau, 2001. Ethnobotany of the Loita Moasai 6. Journal of the Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine(Oct, 2006)

Bot 5212 Environmental Education and Ethics Introduction  Environmental Education  Environmental Economic, Politics and World Views  Conservation Education  Environmental Ethics References: 1. Daniel B.Botkin, Edward A. Keller, 1987. Environmental Studies, Earth as a Living Planet, Second Edition, Merrill Publishing Company, A Bell & Howell Information Company Columbus, Ohio 2. Environmental Education Materials, 2000. Guidelines for Excellence Workbook, Bridging Theory and Practice, NAAEE, North American Association for Environmental Education, USA 3. Environmental Education Materials, 2000. Guidelines for Learning(K-12) 4. Environmental Education Materials, 2000. Guidelines for Learning(K-12)Executive Summary & Self-Assessment Tool 5. Ian F. Speller berg, 1997. Conservation Biology, Longman Group Limited, Edinburgh Gate, Harlaw, England

PYAY UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SYLLABUS FOR MASTER DEGREE COURSES AND REFERENCES (BOTANY SPECIALIZATION)

Bot 611 Evolutionary Survey of Plant Kingdom Introduction  Algae  Bryophytes  Ferns and other seedless vascular plant  The seed plants; gymnosperms  The seed plants: angiosperms References: 1. Graham, L.E., and Wilcox, L.W., 2000. Algae. Wisconsin University Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458, printed in United States of America. 2. John,D.M., Whitton, B.A., & Brook, A.J., 2002.The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles.United States of America by cambridge university Press, New York. 3. Pandey, B.P.2008. Modern Prcticl Botany. S. Chand and Company PVT.LTD. Ram Nagar, New Delhi. 4. Prescott, G.w.1962. Algae of the Western Great Lakes Area. With an Illustrated Key to the Genera of Desmids and Freshwater Diatoms. W.C. Brown Co. Du Buqee, IA.pp.977. 5. Reece, J.B., Urry, L.A., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., and J.R.B. 2011. Campbell Biology. Tenth Edition.US. 6. Smith, G.M.1950.Freshwater Algae of the United States(2nd Edition), the Mc Grawhill Book Company. 7. Van den Hoek, C., Mann, D.G., & Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology, Cambridige University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Bot 612 Embryology and Morphogenesis Introduction  The flower  Microsporangium  Male Gametophyte  Megasporangium  Female Gametophyte  Pollination  Fertilization  The Endosperm

 The Embryo  Experimental Embryology  Monphoseness  Growth In General  Meristems  Correlation  Polarity  Symmetry  Organization References: 1. Bonner.J and J.E.Varner (1976) Plant Biochemistry.3rded. 2. Bruke,J.D.(1970) Cell Biology 3. De Robertis Nowinski-Saze(1965) Cell Biology. 4. Fogel, S.(1955) Great Experiments in Biology. 5. Foster and Gifford(1973) Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants. 6. Maheshwari, P.(1950) AnIntroduction to the Embryology of Angisperms. 7. Sharma, H.P.(2009) Plant Embryology. Narosa Publishing House PVT.LTD. India 8. Sinnott, E.W.(1960) Plant Morphogenesis. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York.

Bot 613 Principles of Taxonomy Introduction  Fundamentals of taxonomy  The components of taxonomy  Nomenclature  The fundamental components of evolution References: 1. Cronquist,A.1981.An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press, New York. 2. Radford, F.A. 1974. Vascular Plant Systematics.Haper and Row Inc. 3. Radford, E.A. 1986. Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper and Row Inc. 4. Takhrajan, A.1969.Flowering Plants: Origin and Dispersal. Oliver and Boyd Ltd. 5. Tun Yee, 1973.A Taxonomic Revision of the family Lythraceae in Burma. M.Sc.Thesis. 6. Yee Yee Than, 1991. A Comparative Morphology and Anatony of Some Myanmar Species of the Genus Dalbirgia. M.Sc.Thesis.

Bot 614 Applied Pharmacognosy Introudction  Historical Development of Pharmacognosy  Botanical Aspects of Pharmacognosy  Official Drugs from Different plant sources in Myanmar  Phytochemical aspects of Pharmacognosy  Preparation of reagents for Pharmacognosy References: 1. Aparna Buzarbarua,2000. A Text Book of Practical Plant Chemistry. S. Chand & Company Ltd.7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110055 2. Edwin Jarald, E.2007. Text Book of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry.CBS Publsihers & Distributors Pvt.Ltd, New Dehli-110002, India 3. Khin Win Kyi, 2018.Photochemical Investigation of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.and its wound Healing Activity.Ph.D Thesis, Department of Botany Unviersity of Yangon. 4. Kokate, C.K, A.P.Purohit and S.B. Gokhale. 1994. Practical Pharmacognosy, Vallabh Prakashan, New Delli, India. 5. Mohammed Ali, 2002.Pharmacognosy, Vol.I.CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt.Ltd. 6. Tin Wa, 1972, Phytochemical Screening Methods and Producers, Phytochemical Bulletin of Botanical Society of America Inc.,5(3), 4-10 7. Trease, G.E.and W.C. Evans.2002. Pharmacognosy, 15th Ed. Bailliere Tindall, London. 8. WHO.1998.Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials, World Health Organization, Geneva.

Bot 621 Advanced Microbiology Introduction  The role of Microorganisms in 21st Century  Environmental Microbiology  Agricultural Microbiology  Bio-energy of Microbes  Biocontrol References: 1. William Bains, 1998, Biotechnologies From A to Z, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo. 2. Kumer, H.D. and Swati Kumer, 1999, Modern Concepts of Microbiology, Vikas Publsihing House PVT Limited, Delhi. 3. Tortora, G.J, B.R. Funke, C.L.Case,1992, Microbiology: An Introduction, 4th Edition, The Benjamin/ Cummings Publishing Company, Inc, New York, Singapore, Tokyo 4. Tiwari,S.C. and G.D. Sharma, Microbial Diversity: Status and Potential Applications, 2002, Scientific Book Centre, Guwahati-781-006.

5. Atlas, R.M., 1988, Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition, Macmillan Publishing Company, 866, Third Avenue, New York. 6. Kate, K.T. And S.A. Laird, 1999, The Commericial Use of Biodiversity: Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing, Earthscan Publication Ltd., London. 7. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial fuel cell 8. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5350692.html)

Bot-622 Environmental Science Introduction  Thinking Critically about the environment  Environmental ecology  Natural Resoruces  Environmental problems  Planning for a Sustainable future References: 1. Botkin,B.D.& Keller, E.A.,(2003). Environmental Science: earth as a living planet.(4th ed.).Printed in the United States of America, ISBAN 0-471-38941-5. 2. Cunningham, W.P., Cunningham, M.A. & Saigo, B.W.(2003). Environmental Science: A global Concern.(7th ed.). New York, USA: The McGraw-Hill Compajnies, Inc.ISBN 0-07-029426-7. 3. Miller,G.Tyler,Jr., (1996). Living in the environment(9th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing Company, Printed in the United States of America, ISBN 0-534-23898. 4. Raven, P.H. & Berg, L.R.(2001). Environment.(3rd ed.). Orlando: Florida, Harcourt College Publishers. ISBN 0-07-029426-7. 5. Toumsend, C.R., Harper, J.L. & Begon, M. (2000). Essential of ecology. U.S.A: Blackwell Science, Inc. ISBN 0-632-04348-2. 6. Trivedi, P.R. & Gurdeep, R(1995). Environmental ecology. Akashdeep Pubshing House, New Delhi-110 032, ISBN 81-7158-243-5. 7. http//www.envirnomental science/environmental literacy council.html.

Bot 623 Plant Biochemistry and Physiology Introuduction  Basic Plant Biochemistry  Bioenergetics and Metabolism  Enzymes  Plant Physiology  Growth and Development  Physiology of hormones action  Photomorphogenesis

 Plant Respiration  Photosynthesis  Stress Physiology References: 1. Aiba, S., Humphrey, A.E. and Millis N.F.1973. Biochemical Engineering. Second Edition. Academic Press, Inc., New York and London. A subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovenovich, Publishers. Originally published by University of Tokyo Press, Printed in Japan. 2. Lehninger, A.L. 1976. Biochemistry: The molecular Basis of Cell Structure and Function. Second edition. Worth Publishers, Inc.444 Park Avenue South, New York. May. 3. May Than Su, Daw. 1999. Plant Biochemistry. M.Sc. First Academic Year, Semester II. Elective Course. November. Department of Botany, University of Yangon. 4. Stoker,H.S. 1998.Organic and Biological Chemistry. By Houghton Mifflin company, Boston, New York. Printed in the Phillippines. 5. Stryer,L. 1995. Biochemistry. Fourth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. 6. Veerakumari, L. 2004. Biochemistry. MJP Publishers. A Unit of Tamilnadu Book House. 47, Nallathambi street, Triplicane, Chennai 600 005. Printed and bound in India.

Bot 624 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Introduction  Plant Molecular Biology  From Hybrid Plants to Transgenic Plants  Cytogenetics of the Crop Plants  Molecular Cloning Methods

References: 1. Bonga,J.M and 11,Durzan 1987.(ed). Tissue Culture in Forestry.Mertinus, Nijhoff publishers, Dordrechi. 2. De.K.K.1997.An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture(Repr).New Central Book Agency(p)Ltd, Calcutta. 3. George,E.F and P.D Sherriaglon.1984.Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture Exegetics Ltd.England 4. Hartmana,II and I) E Kester 1990, Plant Propertation Principles and Practics University of Califorma 5. Mantell.S.H.J.A Maitheus and R.A., Make 1985. Principles of Plant Biotochnology Blackwel Scientific Publications.

6. Reinert J.and M.M. Ycoman 1982.Plant Cell and Tissue Culture. A Laboratory Manual Springa-Vertage, Berlin, Heideliberg, New York. 7. Strees, II.E.1997(ed), Plant Tissue Culture and cell Culture(2nd ed) Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford London. 8. Thorpe.T.A.1981(ed).Plant Tissue Culture Meniods and Application in Agriculture Academic Press. 9. Wetter, L.R.and F.Constable(eds.) 1982.Plant Tissue Culture Methods(2nd ed.) National Research Council of Canada.