Among all organisms, humans are :
Archaea……..…………...
Bacteria…..…..…….…..
Eukaryotes………….…..
Viruses……………….…..
Campbell & Reece, page 679
Among eukaryotes, humans are :
Protists…..….…………..
Plants…..…..…..………..
Animals………..…….…..
Fungi……………….………
Campbell & Reece, page 554 Among animals, humans are :
Sponges…..….…………..
Molluscs.…..…..………..
Vertebrates…..…….…..
Arthropods……….………
Campbell & Reece, page 679
Among vertebrates, humans are :
Amphibians….…………..
Amniotes…..…..………..
Jawless fishes…….…..
Ray-finned fishes………
Campbell & Reece, page 684 The Amniote Egg
Among amniotes, humans are :
Birds………..……………..
Crocodilians…..………..
Mammals…………….…..
Lizards/snakes………….
Campbell & Reece, page 694 Among mammals, humans are : carnivores….……….….. primates………..……….. rodents……………….…..
Insectivores…………….
Campbell & Reece, page 694
Among primates, humans are :
Prosimians……………..
New World Monkeys..
Old World Monkeys….
Apes………………………
Campbell & Reece, page 708-709 Hominoid (ape) Evolution Pictured here is an evolutionary tree, or phylogeny, showing the relationships among modern-day hominoids. This tree is based on molecular data. In the last 20 years, DNA and protein sequence data have clearly shown that our closest relatives are the chimpanzees (genus Pan). The arrows indicate the age of each evolutionary divergence e.g., the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees diverged from the ancestor of gorillas approximately 6 million years ago. The arrow on the upper right indicates the last common ancestor of modern humans. This ancestor lived about 150,000 years ago (150 kya).
150 kya
5 mya 6 mya 12 mya 15 mya
Campbell & Reece, page 1112 The Taxa
A B C gorilla, m. human chimp, f. child
F D E
neanderthal A. afarensis human male
Character Definition & Coding — Cranial Capacity
CHARACTER: Cranial capacity CHARACTER DEFINITION The volume of the “braincase.” This braincase measurement provides a crude approximation of overall brain size, but it does not directly measure intelligence or cognitive abilities. An endocast —a mold made from the braincase— is more informative. It reveals the shape of the brain and whether specific lobes associated with human traits (e.g., speech) are present.
Character States Character Coding Taxa Exhibiting State (measured or observed (numerical value assigned value for the character; to character state) cc = cubic centimeter) 250-1000 cc 0 1001-2000 cc 1 Character Definition & Coding — Canine Diastema
CHARACTER: Canine diastema CHARACTER DEFINITION A conspicuous toothless gap in front of each of the two canine teeth in the upper jaw. [note: The front four teeth in the diastema upper jaw are the incisors. Immediately behind the incisors, there is a single canine tooth on the left side and a single canine canine on the right side.]
Character States Character Coding Taxa exhibiting each state (measured or observed (numerical value assigned value of the character) to each character state)
present 0
absent 1
Character Definition & Coding — Brow Ridges
CHARACTER: Brow ridges CHARACTER DEFINITION Prominent bony ridges above the eyes.
Character States Character Coding Taxa exhibiting each state (measured or observed (numerical value assigned value of the character) to each character state)
present 0
absent 1 Character Definition & Coding — Angle of Foramen Magnum
CHARACTER: Angle of foramen magnum 90° relative to the maxilla. CHARACTER DEFINITION The foramen magnum is the “big hole” that admits the spinal cord into the skull. The maxilla is the upper jaw bone, which bears the upper teeth. This character describes the angle at which a plane extending from the maxilla would intersect a plane extending foramen magnum from the foramen magnum. maxilla Character States Character Coding Taxa exhibiting each state (measured or observed (numerical value assigned value of the character) to each character state)
Obtuse angle (>90°) 0
Accute angle (<90°) 1
Character Definition & Coding —Saggital Crest
CHARACTER: Saggital Crest PICTURE CHARACTER DEFINITION A ridge of bone found along the top of of saggital cranium at the midline. crest
Character States Character Coding Taxa exhibiting each state (measured or observed (numerical value assigned value of the character) to each character state)
present 0
absent 1 Character Definition & Coding — Dental Arcade
CHARACTER: Dental Arcade PICTURE CHARACTER DEFINITION U-shaped parabolic In a view of the chewing surfaces of the upper or lower dentition, are the teeth arranged in U-shaped arc or a parabolic arc. Specifically, are the most posterior pair of teeth more distant from each other than the 6th most posterior pair of teeth.
Character States Character Coding Taxa exhibiting each state (measured or observed (numerical value assigned value of the character) to each character state)
present 0
absent 1
Character Matrix
anc A B C D E F
Cranial 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 capacity Canine 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 Diastema Angle of 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 Foramen Magnum Saggital crest 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
Brow ridges 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
Dentition Arc 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
Record all character states for all six characters and all six taxa in this table. The ancestor (anc) displays the state ‘0’ for all six characters. Pairwise Distance Matrix
Taxon anc A B C D E F
A 0
B 5 5
C 0 0 5
D 3 3 2 3
E 6 6 1 6 3
F 5 5 2 5 2 1
Calculate the character distances among all pairs of taxa.