Windsor Mound by Karin Anderson and Michael Lindeen Edited by Karin Anderson August 30, 1990 Archaeological Resources Management

windsor Mound

by Karin Anderson and Michael Lindeen

edited by Karin Anderson

August 30, 1990 Archaeological Resources Management Service Ball state University

-- Acknowledgements

Thanks to Mike Lindeen for providing me access to his data. Thanks to Dr. Glenn of Ball state University for help with the measurements and advice. Thanks to Don Cochran for his patience and guidance. Special thanks to Jeff McCoy without whose technical assistance this would have been handwritten. Thanks to Dallas Evans and Amy Johnson for their expertise.

i - Table of contents

Introduction - Windsor Mound 1

Historical Background 2

Methodology 3

cranial Descriptions 5 Summary of Cranial Descriptions 16 Conclusion 17 References Cited 19 Appendix A - Blank Data Form 21 Appendix B - Cranial Measurements 27 Cranial Indices 29 Cranial Observations 32 Table 1. Sex and Age 36 Appendix C - Photographs 38 Appendix D - Ceramic Analysis 45 Illustration 46 Appendix E - Faunal Analysis 48 Appendix F - Lithic Analysis 50

ii Windsor Mound (12-R-1) is presently located in a small wooded area, surrounded by agricultural lands. It is one of the largest mounds in east-central Indiana, fifteen feet high and over 100 feet across the base (Cochran field notes on file, ARMS). Approximately one-third of this impressive and important mound remains unexcavated, to date. This report is an attempt to extract information from the Windsor materials on loan to Ball State University's Archaeological Laboratory. To this end, the human skeletal material was inventoried and measurements, observations and photographs were taken. The ceramics were inventoried, identified and illustrated where necessary. The faunal material was identified where that was possible. Last, the lithics were inventoried and identified as to type and raw material. I have also included some of the field observations of Donald Cochran, the Laboratory's director. One of the biggest problems in archaeology today is the difficulty in obtaining funds to complete analyses after excavation. Similarly, many projects go unpublished and thus are not integrated with related regional information. In this manner, much knowledge is "lost" in the archives of our own institutions. It is my hope that this report is one small step toward the complete analysis and integration of all the materials that Ball State University holds. I have included the raw data in the report, unmanipulated, so as to allow for easy comparison and compilation with other regional reports. Although the Windsor crania Series is not large enouh to create a valid statistical

1 sample, it could, perhaps, become an important part of a regional database for prehistoric sites known to be contemporary and related in east-central Indiana.

Historical Background A carbon sample taken from the bottom of the mound revealed a date of 70 B.C. +/- 70 (Beta 25224). This, and the artifacts associated with windsor has led Mr. Cochran to assert that windsor is one of several east-central Indiana sites that are part of regional expression of two prehistoric cultures, "Adena" and "Hopewell" (Cochran 1990). The following is Cochran's description of the stratigraphy of the excavated portion of the mound (Cochran 1990): At the bottom of the excavation within the mound at or near the ori~inal ground surface are two distinct la¥ers of ash w1th fragments of cremated human bone. BU1lt on top of the upper ash layer is a rock mound with an open center. In the center of the rock mound was an extended burial with typical Adena artifact types, including plain stone tablets. No ceramics were associated with the burial. A radiocarbon sample collected from the top of the ash layer immediately below the burial produced a date of 70 B.C. +/- 70 (Beta-25224). When the rock mound was disassembled, at least 35 human crania were found ~laced among the rocks (Don Gleason, personal communicat10n 1988:89, Anderson 1990). An intrusive burial was found near the crest of the mound unassociated with the Adena burials. It appears to be of Early - Late Woodland (Intrusive Mound Culture) origin, given the artifact types encountered (Cochran et al. 1988:116-117). Although there is no other evidence of prehistoric activity, there could, of course, be other intrusive burials as yet uncovered.

2 After white settlement, Windsor Mound was disturbed further. The excavators uncovered an early trench, documented in Cochran's field notes. Two horse skulls and other bones, decayed boards and a square nail were recovered in a pit that extended from the top to near the bottom of the mound. pick marks were still visible on the wall of the trench. The most recent known disturbance to the mound has been the collector's excavation. This excavation has so far resulted in several "test" units scattered over the mound and a deep trench on the north slope, just east of the center (Cochran, field notes on file, ARMS).

Methodology The only artifacts available for study from Windsor are the remains of approximately 35 Native Americans and those artifacts that were inadvertently packed with the skeletal material. The skulls were in plastic bags, packed with the soil that surrounded them, when they arrived at Ball State University. These had been placed in large boxes, with no packing between the skulls. The skulls were cleaned, reconstructed where possible, assigned ascession numbers, and analyized by Michael Lindeen. The first shipment of 22 skulls was given ascession number 87.17. After the ascession number is an arbitrary number for the individual skull; thus, they are numbered 87.17.1, 87.17.2 and so on. Due to a cataloging error there is no number 87.17.11. Skull number 87.17.22 is from the intrusive burial and although it is not included in the data sheets, not being a valid member of the series, it will be discussed at the end of the cranial

3 descriptions section. The second shipment of skulls was assigned ascession number 88.65.1. Thus, they are numbered 88.65.1.23, 88.65.1.24 and so on. There are 32 "whole" skulls in all, although they are numbered to .34 due to the discrepancies above. There are three partial skulls, numbered from 88.65.1.35, that may represent more than three additional individuals. This shipment was cleaned, reconstructed and analyized by the author. I contacted Mike Lindeen to get his data of the first group of skulls. He sent a text describing individual characteristics of the skulls (a format I have imitated in my analysis of the last nine skulls) and the cranial observations for the first group. The cranial measurements and most of the indices were not available. I completed the measurements and indices for all the skulls. The measurements were taken with standard anthropometric instruments, spreading, sliding and coordinating calipers. The indices were derived from standard anthropometric formulae, using the measurements above. The charts referred to are in Appendix A. The data collected is in Appendix B. Photographs of characteristics common to the series and special instances of trauma and pathology are in Appendix c. The few artifacts that arrived with the skulls, were given the number of the skull with which they were associated. Where this was not known, they were simply labeled "Windsor". Illustrations of the one piece of diagnostic pottery are included in Appendix D, with the ceramic analysis. The analysis was done by Amy Johnson. The faunal analysis is Appendix E and was done by Dallas Evans. The lithic analysis, Appendix F, was completed

4 by the author and checked by Donald Cochran. The following discussion of the skeletal material is largely Mike Lindeen's. The introduction and summary have been edited to reflect the additional data.

cranial Descriptions The Windsor series contains remains from 32 seperate individuals. All were lacking the postcranial skeleton (excluding the first two cervical vertebrae). In every instance some degree of cranial reconstruction (usually extensive) was necessary before metrical analysis could be attempted. The basilar region was frequently impossible to reconstruct and therefore data normally taken from this cranial region is scant. Similarly, only one-fourth of the mandibles (or portions thereof) were recovered in association with the skulls. The first two cervical vertebrae (the atlas and the axis) were found in association with the crania in 40 percent of the cases. The majority of the skulls exhibit some degree of vertico occipital ("cradleboard") deformation. The crania are most deformed upon the posterior halves of the parietals and upon the most superior portion of the occipital. The deformation is commonly asymmetrical and often seems to produce a complex lambdoidal suture. Alveolar prognathism may be another byproduct of the deformation process. In a number of cases the deformation might have been exagerated postmortem by earth pressure. For example, #87.17.4 has a cranial index of 110, perhaps the highest index ever recorded. In such instances it is difficult if not impossible to distinguish between premortem and postmortem

5 cranial deformation. Individual 1 appears to be a young adult female. The cranium is in a fair state of preservation, although the mandible is missing. The skull displays pronounced postmortem deformation, resulting from each pressure (Photo 4). This has exaggerated the cranial length and has artificially compressed the cranial breadth. Relative to this population, brow ridges, mastoid processes, and the general muscularity of this cranium are all small. Glenoid fossa depth and glenoid fossa size are both exceptionally diminuitive. Incisors are moderately shovel shaped. No caries were detected upon the teeth of the upper jaw, however teeth wear is pronounced for an individual of this age indicating a diet consisting of a high proportion of grit. Individual 2 has been categorized as a male of middle age. Preservation is fair but postmortem warpage has prevented proper reconstruction. Moderate "cradleboard" deformation is visible upon the squamous portion of the occipital and upon the posterior right parietal surface. The vault of the skull is hypsicranial and the base and temporal regions are unusually narrow. The zygomatics are heavy and stout yet the remainder of the features of this cranium are medium in size. The body of the mandible is thick and markedly tall throughout its length. The right condyle is twisted toward the midline corresponding to the unusual angle of the glenoid fossas. Teeth size is large and the teeth are absent of caries, yet wear is extreme. Individual 3 is a robust midde to older aged male. Weight of this skull is unusually heavy. Brow ridges are divided in

6 form and large in size. Mastoids, although not massive, are particularly elongated. Temporal lines are pronounced and rough. The occiput is undeformed, bun-shaped and heavily convoluted. Parietal bossing is extensive. The maxilla is wide, and teeth are worn to the extent that virtually no enamel remains. Molars are elongated bucco-lingually, and are unusually narrow fronto distally. Premolar and molar teeth have been blackened by food consumed during life or by organic deposits postmortem. Although incomplete, individual 4 exhibits an extreme degree of occipital deformation (Photo 1), with a cranial index of 110 as reconstructed. This individual appears to be a young adult female. Cranial breadth is 160mm, the greatest of this series. Postorbital constriction is pronounced, with a minimum frontal breadth of only 87.5mm. General muscularity of the skull is small. Teeth wear is greatest on the first molars, but overall wear is minimal for this population. Individual 5 has been classified as a middle aged male. Areas of muscle attachment, brown ridges, and mastoids are all small to medium. Little to no deformation seems to have taken place antemortem. Slight crowding of the teeth is notable on the upper and lower jaws. The mandible is wide bilateral in form and chin projection is relatively great for a native American. Upper incisors are classically shovel-shaped. Tooth wear is most evident upon the first and second molars. The preservation of individual 6 is good although the mandible and much of the face are missing. This specimen is male and is an older adult. Muscularity of the skull is very large, specifically upon the occipital. A single interparietal ("Inca")

7 bone is present. supraorbital ridges are pronounced and the malar bones are prominent. The tympanic plate is exceptionally thick. Teeth are worn below the enamel level and are narrow fronto-distally. Individual 7 is a juvenile of about 11 years of age (Photo 5). Preservation is fair, but occipital deformation has resulted from earth pressure. Upper incisors are classically shovel shaped. Second premolars are extensively worn despite the young age of the skull. upper canines and second molars had not erupted at the time of death. Individual 8 appears to be a middle-aged female and is in a good state of preservation. Occipital deformation is pronounced producing a cranial index of 92.5 (Photo 2). The face is distinctively broad and flat, with a moderate degree of alveolar prognathism. the first molars are carious and greatly worn. Upper and lower third molars are somewhat reduced. The external cranial vault is blackish in coloration, due either to the context of the burial (organic deposits) or to intentional painting. The forehead is prominent and the basilar region is high. Individual 9 is very fragmentary, consisting of the occipital, the mastoids, portions of the parietals, and the maxilla. Deformation is evident upon the posterior right parietal and upon the right half of the occipital. occipital muscular relief and mastoid size indicate this individual to be a male of middle age. There are no caries present in the upper teeth, and the first molars are markedly worn. Third molars are

8 greatly reduced. Individual 10 is a robust middle-aged male and is well preserved. Cheekbones are high and orbits are relatively small. Alveolar prognathism is exceptional in this specimen. occipital deformation is minimal (slight flatttening at lambda). This individual has a tripartite epactal ("Inca") bone (Photo 12). Lambdoidal serration is complex. Shoveling of the incisors is pronounced. Upper third molars are reduced and their mandibular counterparts are crowded. There is marked tooth wear but an absence of caries. Individual 12 appears to be a young adult female. The morphology of the face is slender and delicate, particularly so with respect to the zygomatic processes. Borders of the orbits are relatively sharp, as are the nasal sills. cranial form is spheroid, accentuated by "cradleboard" deformation. No cavities are visible on the teeth of the maxilla, but peculiar and pronounced wear of the central incisors is notable. Individual 13 is a robust middle-aged male with a flat broad face and quadrangular orbits. Cranial preservation is very good. The occipital exhibits pronounced deformation (Photo 3), and is composed of areas of rugged muscle attachments. The greatest amount of deformation (a depression in fact) occurs just above the intersection of the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures. In the postcoronal region of the left parietal there is evidence of a partially healed trauma, apparently from a gouge-type wound (Photo 6). Cranial form is spheroid. Coloration of the skull matches that of individual 1. Individual 14 appears to be a middle-aged male.

9 preservation is fair. Weight of the skull is heavy. Pronounced asymmetrical deformation exists upon the occipital and left parietal, asymmetry that may have been exacerbated by earth pressure. styloids are large. There is pronounced prognathism of the maxilla. Brow ridges are large and divided, yet the mastoids are only medium in size. Because of the deformation, the apex of the skull is located near bregma. Little enamel remains on the teeth. Chin form is narrow bilateral and chin projection is large for an aboriginal American. Individual 15 is a young to middle-aged male. The face is large and broad, with prognathism of the upper jaw. The zygomatics and mastoids are large. Deformation has primarily occurred in the region just superior to lambda. The right glenoid fossa is somewhat larger than its counterpart on the left. As is the case with most of this series, tooth wear is greatest on the lingual side of the teeth. Tooth wear has occurred less upon the surfaces of the incisors and canines as compared to most of this population. Individual 16 is an older adult, presumably a male. Earth pressure has artificially compressed the height of the skull. A moderate degree of occipital deformation has taken place antemortem. Most of the features of the cranium (including the mastoids, brow ridges, and zygomatics) are medium in size. Nasal sills are sharp. The upper jaw has been devastated by abscesses and all that remains of the teeth are the roots. In contrast, the mandible is the most massive of this population, and the teeth are in very good condition. Chin form is wide bilateral

10 and chin projection is relatively great for a native American. The gonial angle is 124 degrees, the most obtuse of this series. Individual 17 appears to be a middle-aged female. Preservation is fair. There is pronounced occipital deformation. Brow ridges are divided in form and large in size. Mastoids are medium. The orbits are somewhat rounded and the nasal sills are sharp. Glenoid fossa depth is small. The malars project anteriorally. The temporal lines are pronounced. Tooth wear is extensive. Chin form is wide bilateral and the chin is moderately projecting. Individual 18 is a middle-aged male in a fair state of preservation. Muscularity of the skull is large, particularly so upon the occipital region. Deformation appears to have flattened the posterior halves of the parietals, forcing the intersection of the coronal and sagittal sutures upward. Mastoids are large and brow ridges are medium in size. Incisors are moderately shovel-shaped. The greatest wear on the upper teeth occurs upon the first molars. The third molars are reduced to the shape and size of the premolars. Individual 19 is a robust middle to older aged adult male in a fair state of preservation. The face is wide yet also projects forward. Supraorbital ridges, mastoids, and muscular relief are all medium. vertico-occipital deformation approximates a 90 degree angle relative to the horizontal plane. Sagittal elevation is pronounced. Genoid foss as are wide and fairly deep. There has been a large degree of resorption in the maxilla. Bone thickness and the weight of the skull is heavy. Individual 20 is a poorly preserved middle-aged female.

11 This skull has undergone pronounced occipital deformation. Brow ridges are small and divided. The fragmentary mastoids appear to be small. General muscularity is medium. Chin form is narrow bilateral with only a small degree of projection. The mandibular teeth exhibit both extensive wear and caries. In this instance teeth wear is greatest upon the buccal surfaces of the molars. Individual 21 is a very robust male and has been placed in the older age category. Both mastoids and muscularity are very large. Pronounced occipital deformation has rendered a cranial index of 97.48. Weight of the skull is very heavy. Glenoid foss as are very deep and wide. Molars are high and stout. In the upper jaw, tooth wear is marked and caries are present. Individual 88.65.1.23 is poorly preserved middle-age male. Only portions of the cranium could be reconstructed. The bone itself is rapidly disintegrating. Whether this is due to a bone disease in life or environmental exposures post-mortem is difficult to assess. The skull is large and heavy with massive occipital muscle attachments. Mastoids are also large. Teeth wear is heavy but not extreme; it is to the lingual side. There is a large cavity in the upper left second molar. Of note is an eroded abscess on the right half of the interior frontal (Photo 10). The dimensions of the abscess are 41mm by 28mm, and 6-8mm deep. According to Dr. Elizabeth Glenn of Ball state University it is the probable cause of death. Individual 88.65.1.24 appears to be an older adult male. Preservation is poor. Skull consists of the calva and a portion of the basilar region. Mastoids and styloids are medium.

12 Muscularity is large. sutures are very nearly closed. Individual 88.65.1.25 is extremely well preserved with little or no deformation. It appears to be a male although not as heavily muscled as the rest of the males in the series. occipital muscle attachments, mastoids and zygomatics are all medium in size. The sagittal suture is slightly raised. Both the maxilla and mandible are missing. Therefore, age estimation is difficult. The sutures are not yet closed, but are nearly so, in several places. The individual was probably middle-aged at the time of death. Individual 88.65.1.26 is a young adult female in a fair state of preservation. The skull exhibits earth pressure and "cradleboard" deformation. A single "Inca" bone is present. The mastoids are medium in size. The zygomatics are slender and occipital muscle attachments are slight. The brow ridges are small. The orbits are small as well and the edges are sharp. Nasal openings are smooth and large. There are large parietal protuberances, probably due to wrapping. Smaller protuberances are also visible on the frontal. Teeth are large and wear is obvious but not extreme; enamel is present everywhere. Of note are several small abscesses on the interior of the frontal bone. Individual 88.65.1.27 is in a fair state of preservation after extensive reconstruction. The skull appears to be a middle-aged adult male. Although the lower occipital is missing, there are no obvious signs of muscle attachments. There is at least one "Inca" bone present. The fragmented mastoids are medium in size. The zygomatics are large and the arch extends well beyond the auditory meatus. The sagittal suture is raised

- 13 somewhat. The brow ridges are massive; the forehead is low. The lower nasal openings are flat. Second molars show extreme wear as do the incisors. otherwise, wear is lingual and moderate. This skull shows few signs of head binding as reconstructed. Individual 88.65.1.28 is a young to middle aged adult male. Preservation is fair (after considerable basilar reconstruction). The zygomatics and mastoids are medium in size. The brown ridges are prominent. The orbits are large and their edges are rounded. Nasal sills are smooth. "Cradleboard" deformation present is relatively slight. Although the muscle attachments on the occiptal are small, there are prominent attachments on the parietal. The sagittal suture is lightly elevated. On the left parietal, near the apex, is a partially healed gouge-type wound about 15mm in diameter (Photo 7). The incisors are prominently shovel-shaped. Again most teeth wear is on the second molars; the left has a large cavity. The other teeth have moderate wear to the lingual side. Individual 88.65.1.29 is an older adult female. The preservation is fair but earth pressure deformation is extreme. There are two Wormian bones in the complex lambdoidal suture. The mastoids and zygomatics are small. Occipital muscle attachments are slight. There are large parietal protruberences and smaller frontal ones. The orbits are of medium size and the edges are sharp. The brow ridges are small. Teeth wear is extreme, and to the lingual side. Both upper second molars have large caries. There is a lare abscess in the right maxilla around the canine.

14 Individual 88.65.1.30 is an older adult male in a good state of preservation. Musculature is heavy. The mastoids and zygomatics are large. styloids are median, curved anteriorly. cradleboard deformation is present. The sagittal suture is raised. Nasal sills are sharp. The forehead is high. Teeth wear is extreme to the lingual side. There are caries in the first and second upper right molars, and two large abscesses in the left maxilla. Individual 88.65.1.31 is a middle to older age adult male. Preservation is poor; the lower portion of the face, maxilla and mandible are missing. The mastoids and zygomatics are large, as are the occipital muscle attachments. The lambdoidal suture is very complex (Photo 11). The zygomatic arch extends well beyond the auditory meatus. Orbits are wide set and the brow ridges are heavy. The forehead is high. The coronal suture is nearly closed in places. Supraorbital ridges are rounded; there is a chip 12mm long on the left one that could be premortem. A barely healed gouge-type wound, 16mm by 12mm is present in the middle of the left parietal (Photo 9). Upon arrival at Ball State, a thin sheet of bone was present over the wound, but disentegrated. The individual also exhibits "cradleboard" deformation. Individual 88.65.1.32 is a young adult male in a poor state of preservation. The left half of the face, right parietal, mastoids and zygomatics are missing. The skull is large and heavy. The mastoids appear to have been large. Occipital muscle attachments are median to large. There appears to have been nasal sills present. Teeth wear is slight and there are no caries present. The skull is decaying in the same manner as

15 88.65.1. 23. Individual 88.65.1.33 appears to be female. Preservation is poor, and age is uncertain. The zygomatics are small, as are the mastoids, and the muscularity is slight. There are relatively large protuberences on the frontal. supraorbital ridges are sharp. Individual 88.65.1.34 is extremely fragmentary, consisting mainly of the calva. Frontal eminences are prominent as well as brow ridges. There is a significant post-coronal depression. "Trauma" to the left parietal (Photo 8) may be congenital or may have occured at birth. This is suggested due to the fact that the depression is also appearent on the interior of the skull as well. The individual had slight muscularity and exhibits "cradleboard" deformation. Individual 22 is an intrusive burial and thus should not be thought of as a valid member of this series. This specimen is the only individual to have postcranial remains recovered along with the skull. This individual is a male of young to middle age. Brow ridges are large and median in form. The occiput is undeformed. The zygomatics are high and project anteriorally.

Summary of Cranial Descriptions The average individual of this series is hyperbrachycephalic. The population may be genetically predisposed to brachycephaly but the compression caused by head binding is undoubtedly the major factor responsible for the prevailing head shape. The skulls of this series are very comparable to the Kentucky Adena crania, with the only notable

16 - APPENDIX A CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS, INDICES, AND OBSERVATIONS

CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS AND INDICES

Cat. No. ___-'Field No. Age ___ Sex ______Site _____C.ulture ______Date___ Observer______

MEASUREMENTS INDICES

C Capacity :--_--::,.-______L+B+H/3 Cranial Module TP Mean Thick. L. Par. B/L Cranial .~...,...,,.-______L Glabella-Occipital Length H/L Length-Height ______B Maximum Breadth - H/B Breadth-Height ______MF Minimum Frontal Breadth H/(L+B/2)Mean Height -:-______FC Frontal Chord - PAH/L Length-Auricular ______H Basion-Bregma Height BPH/H Flatness Cran. Base PAH Porion-Apex Height -- MF/B Trans. Franta-Par. ______BPH Pasion-Porion Height TFH/TFB Total Facial ______LB Length of C:ranial Base _ UFH/TFB Upper Facial ______TFB Total Facial Breadth UFH/MFB Midfacial -:---::=--.,....-:,--_____ MFB Midfacial Breadth TFB/B Trans. Crania-Facial TFH Total Facial Height MF/TFB Zygo-Frontal ______UFH Upper Facial Height SlOB/lOB Facial Flatness ,,-______IOB Internal Orbital Breadth AlB/BOB Ant. Interorbital ______SlOB Subtense Orbital Breadth LOH/LOBM Left Orbital (mf) ______BOB Biorbital l3xeadth LOH/LOBD Left Orbital (d) ______AlB Ant. lntero:rbital Breadth NB/MH Nasal LOBM Left Orbital Breadth (rof) DS/DC NasalR=-oot"""""7 H'-e";""ig""":h"""t------LOBD Left Orbital Breadth (d) - SMN/MN Nasal Bone Height ______LOH Left Orbital Height - HNB/BNB Nasal Bridge Height ______NH Nasal Heigh'~ MB/ML Maxilla-Alveolar ______NB Nasal Breadj~h BA/MF Franta-Mandibular ______DC Dacryal Chord BA/TFB Zygo-Mandibular ______DS Dacryal Subtense 1M/BCB Mandibular ______MN Minimum Nasal Breadth SMN Subtense Nasal Breadth- _____ HC Horizontal Circumf. BNB Breadth of Nasal Bridge- SA Sagittal Arc HNB Height of Nasal Bridge - TA Transverse Ar-c------ML Maxilla-Alveolar Length- TB Trans. Arc/Bregma ______MB Maxilla-Alveolar Breadth- FL Facial Length (ba-pr) - ---- FIA Facial Length (ba-alv. pt. ) ____ SH Height of M€,nd. Symphysis _____ BA Bigonial Breadth -,..,,--______RL Minimum Ramus Length 1M Length of Ms.ndible -- _____ BCB Bicondyloid Breadth ______GL Left Gonial Angle ______FP MP AP N A B

21 CRANIAL OBSERVATIONS

Catalogue Number ____~ Card Number ____-,:- Site.--=--:--:::-::--,::-..--.__ --- Culture Variety Sex(M, M?, F, F?, C). Age ___

1. Description 13. Brow ridge stze 23. Postcoronal depres. O. Cranium O. None O. None 1. Calvarium 1. Trace 1. Small 2. Calvaria 2. Small 2. Medium 3. Calva 3. Medium 3. Large 2. Preservation 4. Large Teoral region O. Poor 5. V. large 2 . Fullness 1. Fair 14. Glabella O. Flat 2. Good O. Flat 1. Small 3. Muscularity 1. Small 2. Medium O. Small 2. Medium 3. Large 1. Medium 3. Large 25. Mastoids 2. Large 4. V. large O. Small 3. V. large 15. Frontal height 1. Medium 4. Weight O. V. low 2. Large O. Light 1. Low 3. V. large 1. Medium 2. Medium 26. Supramastoid crest 2. Heavy 3. High O. Small 5. Deformation 4. V. high 1. Medium O. None 16. Frontal slope 2. Large 1. Occipital O. Bulging 27. Sphenoid depres. 2. Lambdoid 1. None O. Small 3. Fronto-occ. 2. Slight 1. Medium 4. Fr.-vert.-occ. 3. Medium 2. Large 5. Par.-fr.-oc:c. 4. Pronounced Occipital region 6. Bil.-fr.-occ. 5. V. pronounced 28. Curve 7. Annular 17. Postorb. constr. O. None 8. Pathological O. Small 1. Small 9. Earth Pressure 1. Medium 2. Medium 6. Degree of deform. 2. Large 3. Pronounced O. None 18. Eminence 29. Occipital position 1. Trace O. Small O. High 2. Small 1. Medium 1. Medium 3. Medium 2. Large 2. Low 4. Pronounced 19. Median crest 30. Occipital breadth 7. Form O. None O. Bun O. Ellipsoid 1. Small 1. Narrow 1. Ovoid 2. Medium 2. Medium 2. Spheroid 3. Large 3. Wide 3. Pentagonoid 20. Breadth 31. Ext. occ. protub. 4. Rhomboid O. Small O. None 5. Sphenoid 1. Medium 1. Small 6. Birsoid 2. Large 2. Medium 8. Dental age. ___ Parietal region 3. Large 9. Epiphyseal age . 21. Sagittal elevation 32. Torus 10. Pubic age -.- O. None O. Absent 11. Suture age--- 1. Small 1. Small ridge Frontal region 2. Medium 2. Medium ridge 12. Brow ridges 3. Large 3. Large ridge O. Median 4. V. large 4. Small mound 1. Divided 22. Eminences 5. Medium mound 2. Continuous O. Small 6. Large mound 3. Torus 1. Medium 2. Large 2.

33. Lambdoid flat. 43. Pharyngeal fossa 55. Os japanicum O. None O. None O. Absent 1. Small 1. Submedium 1. Present 2. Medium 2. Medium 2. Trace, med. 3. Pronounced 3. Large 34. Lamb. serration 44. Glen. fossa depth 56. Zygcmatics, size O. ? O. Small O. Small 1. Simple 1. Medium 1. Medium 2. Submedium 2. Large 2. Large 3. Medium 45. Postglen. proc. 3. V. large 4. Pronounced O. Small 57. Zygon. bone ht. 5. V. pronounced 1. Medium O. Low 35. Cor. serration 2. Large 1. Medium O. ? 46. Tympanic plate 2. High 1. Simple O. Thin 58. Infrazygom. notch 2. Submedium 1. Medium O. Absent 3. Medium 2. Thick 1. Small 4. Pronounced 3. V. thick 2. Medium 5. V. pronounced 47. AuditoFJ meatus 3. Large 36. sag. serration O. Round 59. Zyg., lat. proj. O. ? 1. Oval O. Small 1. Simple 2. Ellipse 1. Medium 2. Submedium 3. Slit 2. Large 3. Medium 48. Ext. ptery. plate 3. Diag. flat. 4. Pronounced O. Small 60. Zyg., ant. proj. 5. V. pronounced 1. Medium O. Small 37. Os Incae 2. Large 1. Medium O. None 49. Face size 2. Large 1. Single O. Small 61. Marginal process 2. Multipartite 1. Medium O. Absent 3. Os apicis 2. Large 1. Submedium 4. Sut. mendosa 3. V. large 2. Medium 5. Temporo-occ. 50. Orbit shape 3. Large 6. Par. notch bone O. Oblong 62. Zyg. proc. thickn. 38. Wormian bones lam. 1. Rhcmboid O. Small O. 0 2. Square 1. Medium 1. 1 3. Ellipse 2. Pronounced 2. 2 4. Round Nasal Bones 3· 3 51. Orbit inclin. 63. Size 4. 4 O. None O. Small 5· 5 1. Small 1. Nedium 6. 6 2. Medium 2. Large 7· 7 3. Pronounced 64. Root height 8. 8 52. Supra orb . notch O. Very low 9· 9+ O. Absent 1. Low 39. Platybasia 1. Present, bilat. 2. Medium O. Absent 2. Present, left 3. High 1. Present 3. Present, right 4. V. high 40. Condyle elev. 53. Supraorb. foram. 65. Root breadth O. Small O. Absent O. V. Small 1. Medium 1. Present, bilat. 1. Small 2. Large 2. Present, left 2. Medium 41. Basion 3. Present, right 3. Large O. Low 54. Sub orb . fossa 4. V. large 1. Medium O. Absent 66. Bridge breadth 2. High 1. Slight O. Small 42. Styloids 2. Medium 1. Medium O. Small 3. Deep 2. Large 1. Medium 2. Large 23 3· 67. Bridge height 77. Alveolar Progn. 87. Alv. progn. mand. O. V. low O. Absent O. None 1. Low 1. Slight 1. Slight - 2. Medium 2. Medium 2. Medium 3. High 3. Pronounced 3. Pronounced 4. V. high 78. Total Progn. 88. Genial tubercles 68. Profile O. Absent O. Pit O. Concave 1. Slight 1. Absent 1. Straight 2. Medium 2. Small 2. Sl. conc-conv. 3. Pronounced 3. Medium 3. Conc-conv. 79· Alv. border absorp. 4. Large 4. V. conc-com·. O. None 89· Mylohyoid arch 69· Nasion depres. 1. Slight O. Absent O. Absent 2. Medium 1. Right 1. Small 3. Pronounced 2. Left 2. Medium 80. Alv. border pres. 3. Bilateral 3. Deep O. Poor 90· Pterygoid attach. 70. Naso-frontal Sl:.t. 1. Fair O. Small O. Pointed 2. Good 1. Medium 1. Gabled 3. Perfect 2. Pronounced 2. Dome 81. Palate shape 3. V. pronounced 3. Arched O. Parabolic 91. Gonial ang. evers. 4. Clubed 1. Hyperbolic O. None 5. Squared 2. Elliptical 1. Small 71. Constriction 3. Small "u" 2. Medium O. Absent 4. Large "u" 3· Pronounced 1. Slight 82. Palate height 92. Tooth eruption 2. Medium O. Low O. Incomplete 3. Marked 1. Medium 1. Complete 4. V. marked 2. High 2. 3rd Molar suppr. 72. Lower margin 3. V. high 93. Teeth lost, ante- O. Indented 83. Palatine torus mortem 1. Arched O. Absent 94. Teeth lost, post- 2. Tipped 1. Small ridge mortem 73· Nasal spine 2. Medium ridf!;e 95. Mandibular torus O. Absent 3. Large ridge O. Absent 1. Small 4. Small mound 1. Small 2. Medium 5. Medium mound 2. Medium 3. Rt. angle 6. Large mound 3. Large 4. Large 84. Mandible Size 96. Teeth wear 74. Nasal sills O. Small O. None O. Absent 1. Medium 1. Slight 1. Dull 2. Large 2. Medium 2. Medium 3. V. large 3. Pronounced 3. Sharp 85. Chin form 4. V. pronounced 75· Subnasal grooves O. Nar. bilat. 97. Carious teeth O. Absent 1. Wide bilat. 98. Abscesses 1. Small 2. Intermediate O. None 2. Medium 3. Median 1. Pyorrhea 3. Pronounced 86. Chin proj. 2. Small-few 4. Sulci O. Negative 3. Medium, several 76. Mid facial Progn. 1. Neutral 4. Large, many O. Absent 2. Small 99· Shovel incisors 1. Slight 3. Medium O. Absent 2. Medium 4. Large 1. Slight 3. Pronounced 2. Medium 3. Pronounced

24 4.

100. Bite O. Under 1. Edge - 2. Slight Over 3. Medium Over 4. Pronounced Over 101. Crowding O. Absent 1. Slight 2. Mesio-palatal Torsion 3. Medium 4. Pronounced 102. Molar Cusps, Upper o. 4-4-4 1. 4-4-3 2. 4-4-2 3. 4-3-2 4. 4-3-1 5. other 103. Molar Cusps, Lower O. 5-5-5 1. 5-5-4 2. 5-4-4 3. 4-4-4 4. 4-4-3 5. other 104. Stature _____

25 APPENDIX B Page No. 08/16/90 - CRANIAL INDICES INDICES .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .10 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16

L+B+H/3 103.7 (153.2) (148.7) 153.3 159.3 156.7 (148.5) B/L 71.3 .716 1.10 ( .8284) .7953 ( .839) .925 .7926 .9172 .8929 .883 .8372 ( .843) H/L 74.4 (.6n) .81 .95 .75 .9048 .747 H/B 1.05 ( .9455) (.9786) 1.03 1.057 1.013 ( .8862) Hf(L+B!2) 87.25 (.789) ( .8867) .987 .8368 .956 ( .8107) PAH/L (.6734) .80 .94 .743 .8887 .74 BPH/H (.1182) .1314 .145 .1348 .1875 .1362 HF/B 73.3 .6763 .5469 ( .6572) .7042 .6769 .6149 .604 .583 .627 .5894 .67 ( .6276) HH/HB .888 UFH/HB ( .63) .5m .5224 .5149 .5885 ( .5373) .5053 UHF/HFB (.77) ( .65) .7368 .6765 (.7083) .72 .6875 HB/B .964 .9818 (.875) ( .9789) .7461 .9054 .8993 .917 .87 ( .8874) .9826 HF/TFB ( .262) (.9016) .689 (.625) (.7194) .9072 .6791 .6716 1.571 .7231 ( .6642) .6784 SIOB/IOB .248 .268 .1683 .148 .1553 .1494 .137 .1263 .1359 .155 .167 .18 .1524 AlB/BOB .30 .9674 .2424 (.2553) (.2136) .2292 .234 .245 .2708 .2473 .2449 (.2255) LOH/LOBM .919 (.875) .7895 .8947 (.8974) .8488 .5385 .825 .8293 .972 .8919 ( .8) LOH/LOBD .9135 .7895 .9189 .5676 NB/NH (.521) .506 .561 (.4898) .4483 .6098 .5094 DS/DC SMN/MN .3158 .2272 .4286 .4286 .3636 .4286 HNB/BNB .4 .3443 .3385 .356 HB/ML 1 .15 (1.35) 1.34 1.38 1.27 1.17 1.196 1.18 1.12 BA/HF (.791 ) (1.2) 1.082 1.107 1.22 BA/HB (.713) .735 (.735) - LM/BCB .752 .8559 .9008 .8926 .85

29 Page No. 08/16/90 CRANIAL INDICES

"'" INOICES .17 .18 .19 .20 .21 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 .31 .32

L+B+H/3 (155.3) 160 155 158.3 153 (158) B/l .8876 .9509 ( .7627) .9748 .8535 .8448 .8136 .6943 1.012 .9509 .7784 .89 .89 ( .867) H/l (.956) .8507 .8136 .8555 .89 .8728 H/B (.9806) .9967 1 .96 (1 ) H/(l+B/2) ( .9682) .9179 .8972 .9052 .9423 ( .935) PAH/l (.9468) .7831 .804 .8428 .88 .8595 BPH/H (.1382) .39 .1528 .1723 .1565 .1722 MF/B .6133 .6387 (.69) ( .6479) .6258 .59 .653 .6736 .6716 .5536 .6387 .6715 .6429 .6463 (.57) TFH/TFB UFH/TFB .5481 UHF/MFB .7048 TFB/B .907 (1.03) (1 ) .9175 (1.028) .927 .8766 ( .9864) MF/TFB .6765 (.669) (.6258) .6439 (.6554) .7244 .73 ( .6552) SIOB/IDB .1856 .1617 .153 .1368 ( .0762) .167 .14 .1617 .1397 .1942 .18 .1443 AlB/BOB .2474 .2121 .2336 .225 (.2308) .2121 .25 .2475 .2871 lOH/lOBM .8933 .825 1.057 .8718 .825 .8919 .9024 .8919 LOH/lOBD .9487 .925 .917 HB/NH .5 .463 .463 .4717 DS/DC .5 SMH/MN .375 .4 .389 ( .3636) .33 .45 .3 .4 .36 .3 .5 .5 HNB/BNB .3509 .3692 MB/Ml 1.28 1.36 BA/MF BA/TFB "..- lM/BCB

30 Page No. 08/16/90 Cranial Observations

OBSERVATI()IjS .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .10 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 .17

Description o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Preservation 1 o o 2 o 2 2 2 Muscularity o 2 o 0+ 2 o 1+ 1+ 0+ o Weight o 2+ 0+ 0+ 2 o 1+ 0+ 2 0+ Deformat i on 9 o 2 2 9 1 o 1 1 2 Degree of Deform. 4 4 o 4 2 4 4 4 o 4 4 4 4 4 Form o 3 5 3 5 5 2 2 5 5 5 Dental Age 11 Epiphyseal Age Pubic Age Suture Age Brow Ridges o o 2 o o o 3 o Brow Ridge Size 2+ 2+ 4 2 3 4 3+ o o 3 o 1 Glabella 1 2 2 2 1+ 1+ 2+ 2 2 2 Frontal Height 2 2 3 2 1+ 2 1+ 3 2 2+ 2= 4 4 2 Frontal Slope 3 ! 3 4 3 3 3 5 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 Postorb. Constr. 2 1+ 2 1+ 0+ 1+ 1 Eminence 0 1 o o 1 o 1+ 0+ 0+ o Median Crest 1 2+ 1 1 o o 1 3 2 2 2 Breadth 0 0+ 1 1+ 2 1+ Sagittal Elevation 4 ! 3 1 3 2 2 2 2+ 3 2 2 Eminences 0 0+ 1+ 2 0+ 1+ 2 o 2 1 2 2 1+ 1 1 Postcoronal Depres. 2 1+ 2 o 1 o 1 1 2 2 Fullness 1 1 o 1+ 2 1 2+ 2+ 2+ 1+ 2 2 1+ 2 2 - Mastoids 0 2 o o 2 o 1 2+ 1 1 1+ 0+ 1+ 1 1+ Supramastoid Crest 1+ o 2 0+ 2 o 1 0+ 2 1 1+ o Sphenoid Oepres. 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1+ 1 1 Curve 2 o 3 o 2 2 1+ 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 Occipital Position 2 1+ 1+ 1 2 1+ 1+ 2 1 1+ 1 1 1 Occipital Breadth 2 2 2+ 3 2 2 2 2+ 2 2 2 3 2+ 2 2 2 Ext. Dcc. Protub. 0 2 3 o 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 2 Torus 0 6 o 5 3 o 2 6 5 5 5 4 4 lambdoid Flatness 2 o 3 o 2 3 2 2 3 2+ 2 3 larnd. serration 3 2 4 2 3+ 4 4 3+ 3 5 3 3 3+ 3 2 3 Cor. serration 2 3 2+ 2 2 3 3+ 3 4 2 3 1+ 2 3 2 Sag. serrat i on 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 Os Incae 0 o o o o o o o 2 o o o o o o Wormian Bones, lam. 6 4 9 8 9 9 4 6 9 7 7 4 2 4 3 Platybasia o o o o o o o Condyle Elevation 2 1+ 1+ Basion 2 2 1+ Styloids 0 1+ 2 0+ Pharyngeal Fossa 2 2+ 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 Glen. Fossa Depth 0 1 1+ 1+ 2 o 1+ 0+ 1 0= 1= Postglen. Process 1 1 1 2 o 2 1 1 1 1 2 1+ Tympanic Plate 0+ 1 2 o 2 3 o 2 2 1 2 1+ 0+ 2 Auditory Meatus 3 1 2 2 0+ 2 1+ Ext. Ptery. Plate 0+ 1 Face Size 1+ 1+ 2 o 1+ 1+ 1 2 2 2 1+ Orbit Shape 1 o 4 1 o 4 1 3 2 o 4 4 Orbit Inclination 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 Supraorb. Notch o o o 2 o 3 2 o o 1 '0 o

32 Page No. 08/16/90 - CraniaL Observations OBSERVATIONS .18 .,19 .20 .21 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 .31 .32 .33 .34

Description o o o o o 3 o 2 o o o o o o o 3 Preservation o o o 2 o 2 o o o Musculari ty 2 2 3 o o o o 2 1+ 2 \Jeight 0+ 1+ 2 2 1 o o 2 1 2 o o Deformation o 1 1 9 9 o 2 o 9 9 o 2 2 9 Degree of Deform. o 4 4 4 4 4 o o 3 3 4 o 3+ 4 3 4 Form o 2 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 4 2 2 5 5 5 5 Dental Age Epiphyseal Age Pubic Age Suture Age Brow Ridges 2 3 1 2 Brow Ridge Size 4 3 2 2 4 4 2 3 3 2 3 4 Glabella 1+ 2 2 3 2 2 o 3 3 o 3 o o o Frontal Height 3 4 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2+ 4 3 3 3 2 3 Frontal Slope 5 4 3 5 3 2 3 o 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 Postorb. Constr. 1 0+ o o o o o o o Eminence 0 1 2 o o o 2 o o 1 1 o o 2 Median Crest 3 1 1 o o 2 o 1 2 o o o o o o Breadth 2 0+ 2 2 1 1 o o 2 2 0+ o Sagittal Elevation 3 2 2 1+ o 2 o 2 2+ o 3 1 Eminences 1 2 1+ 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 o Postcoronal Oepres. 2 o 3 2 o o o o o o 1 o o Fullness 2 2 2 2 o 2 1 o - Mastoids 1+ 2 2 3 2 2 o o 1 o 2+ 0+ Supramastoid Crest 2 2 2 o o o o 1= 1 o o Sphenoid Oepres. 0 o o 1 o Curve 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 Occipital Position 1 2 o 1 o 2 o o 1+ 2 2 o 2 Occipital Breadth 2+ 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 1+ 2 2 Ext. Occ. Protub. 2+ 1+ 2 2+ 3 2 o 2+ 2 2 1 Torus 3 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 2+ 5 1+ 5 Lambdoid FLatness 3 2 3 3 o 2 2 2 o 3 3 3 o lamd. serration 3 3+ 3 4 4 2 3 4 3 2 5 2 3 Cor. serration 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 3 2 Sag. serration 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 Os Incae o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Wormian Bones, Lam. 7 6 2 5 2 o o o o 4 2 3 1 1 o PLatybasia o o 1 o o o Condyle Elevation 1 2 Basion Styloids 1 1+ o o 0+ 1 2 PharyngeaL Fossa 2 3 3 o o o 3 Glen. Fossa Depth 1= 2 2 o 2 o o 2 2 Postglen. Process 2 1 2 o 2 o o 1+ T~anic Plate 0+ 2+ 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 Auditory Meatus 2 2 2 2 2 o Ext. Ptery. Plate o o o o o o Face Size 1+ 2 1 1+ 2 1 o 1 1+ 1 2 1 Orbi t Shape o 2 o 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Orbit Inclination 2 2 o 1 - Supraorb. Notch 2 3 o o o o 2 o 3 o Page No. 2 08/16/90 - Cranial Observations OBSERVATIONS .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .10 .12 .13 .14 .15 .16 .17

Supraorb. Foram. 2 3 o o 3 o 2 Suborb. Fossa 3 1 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 as Japanicum 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Zygomatics, Size 1 0+ 0+ o 2 2 1 Zygon. Bone Ht. 1+ 1+ 2 2 2 o 2 1 2 1+ 2 Infrazygom. notch 0 2 o 1 2 2+ o 2+ o 2 2 o 1+ Zyg., Lat. Proj. 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1+ 1+ 2 2 1+ 2 Zyg., Ant. Proj. 2 1+ 2 2 2 1 1+ 2+ 1+ 1+ 1+ Marginal process 1 2+ 2 3 3 2 2+ 1+ o 2 2+ 2+ 2 2 lyg., Proc. Thickn. 1 1+ 2 o 1 0+ 1 2 o 0+ Size 1+ 1 0+ 2+ 0+ Root Height 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 o 1+ Root Breadth 3 2 3 2 2 2 2+ 2 o 1 Bridge Breadth 1+ 1 1+ Bridge Height 3 2 1+ 2 2 Profile 2 o 2 2 2 2 3 3 Nasion Depres. 0 o o 3 o 2 2 1+ Naso-frontal Suture 2 5 3 2 2 4 2 4 5 4 o 1 Constriction 2 1 3 4 4 3 Lower Margin Nasal Spine 2 4 2 4 1 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 Nasal Sills 2 2 o 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 Slbnasal Grooves 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 Mid-facial Progn. 2 2 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 2 2 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ - Alveolar Progn. 2+ 2+ 2 2+ 1+ 2 3 2+ 2+ 3 2 2 3 3 2+ Total Progn. 2+ 2 2 2+ 2 2 2+ 2 3 2 2 3 3 2+ Alv. Border Absorp. 1 3 1 1 2+ 1 2 1 2+ 2 2 1+ 3 3 Alv. Border Pres. 2 2 1+ 2 2 2 2 1 2 o o Palate Shape o o o 2 o o 1 Palatine Height 1+ 2 1 o 2 0+ 2 1 2+ 0+ 1+ Palantine Torus 5 2 4 2 2 2 2 5 6 5+ Mandible Size 1+ 1 1 2 1 Chin Form 2 2 o o Chin projection 3 3+ 3 4 3 Alv. Progn. Mand. 2+ 2 1 2+ 1 GeniaL Tubercles 2 3 4 3 2+ o MyLohyiod Arch 3 3 3 3 3 3 Pterygoid Attach. 1+ 1+ 1+ 0+ GoniaL Ang. Evers. 2 2 2 1 Tooth Eruptlon o Teeth Lost, Ante Teeth Lost, Post Mandibular Torus Teeth Wear 3 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 2+ 2+ 3 3 4 3 4 4 Carious Teeth Abscesses Shovel Incisors 2+ 3 3 3 3 2+ 2 3 2+ 2+ 3 Bite 3 1 3 Crowding o 3 o o 3+ o 3+ 3+ o o o o MoLar Cusps,Upper Molar Cusps, Lower Stature

34 Page No. 2 08/16/90 ,- Cranial Observations OBSERVATIONS .18 .20 .21 .23 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 .31 .32 .33 .34

Supraorb. Foram. 3 o 2 o 1 3 o 2 o Suborb. Fossa 3 2 o o o Os Japanicum 0 o o o o o o o o o o Zygomatics, Size 1 1+ 1+ 3 1+ o 2 o 2 2 1+ Zygon. Bone Ht. 2 1+ 2 1+ 2 2 2 Infrazygom. notch o o 1 1 o o o o Zyg., lat. Proj. 2 2 1 o o o 2 o o o 1 Zyg., Ant. Proj. 1+ 2 o o o o o o o o Marginal process 2+ 2 2 2 o o 2 1 1yg., Proc. Thickn. 0+ 2 2 1 o o o 1+ Size 1+ 1 2 1 o Root Height 3 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 Root Breadth 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 o Bridge Breadth 1+ o 0+ o o Bridge Height 3+ 3 3 3 3 Profile 4 4 3 2 o 4 2 Nasion Oepres. 3 2 o o 2 3 o o o o o 1 Naso-frontal Suture 2 4 3 4 3 2 2 2 3 o 2 2 2 2 Constriction 2 2 2 o 1 3 2+ lower Margin 2 Nasal Spine 2 2 2 3 3 1+ 1+ 4 Nasal Sills 1 3 3 2 o 1 2 2 subnasa 1 Grooves o 3 2 o 1 Mid-facial Progn. 2 2+ 3 1 3 Alveolar Progn. 2 2 2 2 2+ 1+ Total Progn. 2 2 1 Alv. Border Absorp. 2 3 2 o 2+ Alv. Border Pres. 2 o o 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 Palate Shape 0 o 4 o o o o o Palatine Height 0+ 0+ 1 o 0+ 2 2 Palantine Torus 3 o o 3 1 o Mandible Size 1+ 0+ Chin Form 1 o Chin Projection 4 2 Alv. Progn. Mand. Genial Tubercles 3 2+ Mylohyiod Arch 3 3 Pterygoid Attach. 2 Gonial Ang. Evers. 2 Tooth Eruption 2 Teeth lost, Ante- Teeth lost, Post- Mandibular Torus Teeth Wear 2+ 4 4 4 3 3 2+ 4 3 Carious Teeth Abscesses Shovel Incisors 2+ 2 3 Bite Crowding o o o o o o Molar Cusps,Upper Molar Cusps, lower - Stature

35 - TABLE 1- SEX AND AGE

SEX AGE SEX AGE .1 F Young .18 M Middle age .2 F Middle age .19 M Mid-old age .3 M Mid-old age .20 F Middle age .4 F Young .21 M Old .5 M Middle age .23 M Middle age .6 M Old .24 M Old .7 unknown 11 .25 M Middle age .8 F Middle age .26 F Young .9 M Middle age .27 M Middle age .10 M Middle age .28 M Young-mid age .12 F Young .29 F Old .13 M Middle age .30 M Old .14 M Middle age .31 M Mid-old age .15 M young-mid age .32 M Young .16 M Old .33 F unknown .17 F Middle age .34 unknown unknown

36 > -

- APPENDIX C ) Photos 1-3 are examples of the extrerre "cradleboard" defonn atian COIIIrOn in the Windsor series.

Photo 1. Individual 87.17.4. Photo 2. mdividual 87.17.8 is me of the fEW with the mandible left side. present and intact. )

Photo 4. Individual 87. 17 . l. exhibits the earth pressure defo~matian characteristic of the series.

Photo 3 • Individual 87.17.13.

W \D Photo 5 • Individual 87.17. 7. The only child of the series. (11 years.)

Photos 6-9 are all of the examples of trauma. All four occur on the left parietal.

Photo 6 • Individual 87.17.13.

40 Photo 7. Individual 88.65.1.28. - Ihoto 8. Individual 88.65.1.34. Tratnna extends into tenq;>oral and is evident on the intenor surface as well.

41 -

Photo 9. Individual 88.65.1.31.

- Photo 10. Individual 88.65.1.23. Eroded abscess, right frontal, interior surface.

42 Photo 11. Individual 88.65.1.31. Complex lambdoidal suture from wrapping, common to the series. ---

Photo 12. Individual 87.17.10. Example of the "Inca" bone trait, which occurs in four cases in this series. APPENDIX D -

CERAMIC ANALYSIS by Amy Johnson

Few ceramic artifacts were recovered with the skeletal material. Several of the rim sherds were diagnostic quality, but, being unique in the region, they could not be dated precisely. The plain body sherds are either Adena plain or New Castle Incised. They fall in the thickness range of both types. As they are unmarked and fragmented, it is difficult to say more. The rim sherds resemble the New Castle Incised rims, both in thickness and shape. The only difference between them is the notching on the lips of the Windsor sherds (fig. 1 & 2).

88.65.1.29 - 4 plain body sherds, two thicknesses. 88.65.1.32 - 1 rim sherd (same vessel as 88.65.1.35), 2 plain body sherds. 88.65.1.35 - 2 rim sherds (same vessel, fig. 1 & 2), 1 plain body sherd. 88.65.1.37 - 1 rim sherd, 3 plain body sherds. 88.65.1.38 - 1 plain body sherd. 88.65.1. 39 - 3 plain body sherds. 88.65.1.40 - 1 plain body sherd. 87.17.17 - 11 plain body sherds, two thicknesses. "Windsor" - 4 plain body sherds, two thicknesses. Totals: 4 rim sherds, 30 plain body sherds.

45 Fig. 1. New Castle-like rim sherd.

Exterior surface a Associated with partial skull 88.65.1.35.

Fig. 2. Interior surface.

46 --.

APPENDIX E

- Faunal Analysis by Dallas Evans

Most of the faunal material available, like the ceramics, is nondiagnostic. Many of the bones are extremely fragmented and/or burned. Most of the skulls in the second group were accompanied by burned fragments of mammalian long bones. However, the those listed below do not exhibit any cut or burn marks.

88.65.1.26 - Oppossum. Didelphis marsupialis. 88.65.1.37 - Turkey. Meleagris gallopavo. Beaver. castor canadensis (incisor). Woodchuck. Marmota monax. 88.65.1.39 - White-Tailed Deer. Odocoileus virginianus. Horse. Equus caballus. (from early Caucasian disturbance) . Avian long bone shaft (2).

48 - APPENDIX F

- ,-

Lithic Analysis by Karin Anderson

87.17.17 - 4 broken flakes; (2) Wyandotte, heat-treated Laurel, unknown. 1 edge modified flake; Glacial. 87.17.1 - 3 broken flakes; Wyandotte, unknown, heat-damaged Wyandotte. 1 primary flake; Wyandotte. 1 secondary flake; unknown. 88.65.1.37 - 3 edge modified flakes; Laurel, - Wyandotte, unknown. 2 biface fragments; Glacial, Attica. 1 retouched flake; heat-treated Laurel. 3 broken flakes; Wyandotte, Laurel, Glacial. 88.65.1.38 - 1 retouched flake; Glacial. 1 adze fragment, bit. 88.65.1.39 - 2 broken flakes; Upper Mercer, heat-treated Laurel. 1 unifacial retouched flake; Glacial. 1 primary flake; Upper Mercer. 1 edge modified flake; heat-treated unknown. 88.65.1.40 - 1 primary flake; Wyandotte.