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To Live As Brothers 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 to Live As Brothers TO LIVE AS BROTHERS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TO LIVE AS BROTHERS Southeast Sumatra in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Barbara Watson Andaya University of Hawaii Press Honolulu © 1993 University of Hawaii Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 98 97 96 95 94 93 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Andaya, Barbara Watson. To live as brothers: southeast Sumatra in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries / Barbara Watson Andaya. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8248-1489-4 (alk. paper) 1. Sumatera Selatan (Indonesia)-History. 2. J ambi (Indonesia: Province)-History. I. Title. DS646.15.S77A53 1993 959.8'I-dc20 93-1347 CIP University of Hawaii Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Designed by Paula Newcomb For My Teachers With Respect and Thanks CONTENTS viii Maps ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 CHAPTER ONE Writing and Speaking: Approaching the History of Southeast Sumatra 38 CHAPTER TWO Families and Exchanges: The Seventeenth-Century Pepper Trade 74 CHAPTER THREE Accounts and Reckonings: Upstream-Downstream Tensions andJambi-Palembang Rivalry 110 CHAPTER FOUR Rulers and Memories: Good and Bad Times in Palembang and Jambi 145 CHAPTER FIVE Contracts and Obligations: Upstream-Downstream Relations in Eighteenth-Century J ambi 177 CHAPTER SIX Kings and Heroes: Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin of Palembang (1724-1757) 211 CHAPTER SEVEN Descriptions and Judgments: Southeast Sumatra in a Time of "Decline" 243 CONCLUSION To Live as Brothers 251 Abbreviations 253 Notes 293 Glossary 297 Select Bibliography 315 Index vii MAPS 3 Southeast Asia 15 Sumatra 88 Jambi 92 Palembang and Lampung viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is appropriate that indebtedness and its implications are a concern of this book, for in its preparation I have incurred lasting debts to many individuals and institutions. For financial support I would like to express my sincere thanks to the University of Auckland and the Joint Committee on Southeast Asia of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies, with funds provided by the Ford Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. A grant from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science made it possible for me to spend eight months away from teaching in 1985-1986, while the provision of a microfiche machine and office space at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies in Kyoto enabled me to finish archival research and begin work on a first draft. Research was carried out in a number of countries, and for assistance in obtain­ ing material I am deeply grateful to the personnel and staff of Auckland University Library; the Center for Southeast Asian Studies in Kyoto; the General State Archives in The Hague; the Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde in Leiden; Leiden University Library; the library of the Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen, Amsterdam; the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London; and the Royal Asiatic Society. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance I received in Indonesia from the staff of the National Archives and the Lembaga IImu Pengetahuan Indonesia in Jakarta; officials of the Department of Education and Culture in Jambi, South Sumatra, and Kerinci; the principal and teachers of the Pesantran Ar­ Riyadh in Palembang; and in J ambi the staff of the provincial museum and the library of the Akademi Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri. During the spring semester of 1991 the History Department and School of Ha­ waiian, Asian and Pacific Studies at the University of Hawaii gener­ ously provided me with access to facilities when the final draft was being prepared for publication. It is impossible to name all the individuals who have helped me dur­ ing the years I have been working on this book, but I can assure them that none has been forgotten. However, there are several of whom I should make specific mention. I would like to offer a particular tribute to the late Dr. Margot van Opstall, a fine archivist who was of great help during my research in the Netherlands in 1983-1984. During this ix x Acknowledgments and subsequent research trips the Venema-Strube family has been a never-failing source of personal assistance for which I am deeply indebted. To my sponsor in Japan, Professor Narifumi Maeda, to Pro­ fessor Yoneo Ishii, then Director of Kyoto University's Center for Southeast Asian Studies, and to all my Japanese colleagues lowe much. Dr. Tsuyoshi Kato was particularly generous in lending me material he had collected relating to Minangkabau influence in J ambi. During the period I spent in Indonesia in 1986-1987 many people shared with me their knowledge of local cultures and offered practical assistance and hospitality. I am grateful to them all, but wish to note especially Ms. Heather Baigent, Dr. Pierre-Yves Manguin, Dr. E. Edwards McKin­ non, Dr. Satoshi and Dr. Eriko Nakagawa, Dr. Taufik Abdullah, Mr. E. G. Smith, Mr. Rachmad Marzuki in Jakarta; in Palembang, Drs. Ali Mansyor, Mr. M. Ali Amin, Mr. Djohan Hanafiah, R. M. Husin Nato Dirajo, Drs. Ali Ahmad Zen, Drs. Marzuki Ab. Yass, Dr. K. H. O. Gadjahnata; in Jambi, Mr. Irianes, Drs. H. Ilyas Latief, Dr. M. Chatib Quzwain, Mr. M. Nazir, Mr. Ali Ibrahim, Mrs. Nur'aini, Mr. Syarifuddin and his family, Mr. Izhar Hamid and his family; and in Kerinci, Mr. A. Jufri and his family. My escorts who acted as guides in the city or travelled with me into the interior all deserve a very special thanks for their care, patience, and kindness-in Sumatera Selatan, Mr. Rudi Asri and Mr. Irlandi and his family, and in Jambi Mr. M. Ceylon, Mr. M. Ichsan, Mr. Syaifullah A. Khorrie, Mr. Suratman Effendi, and Mr. Budhi Jauhari. I also wish to thank Professor Robert Van Niel for making my time in Hawaii possible and Mrs. Eloise Van Niel for her advice and support. Professor O. W. Wol­ ters, Dr. William Collins, Dr. Stuart Robson, Dr. James Collins, Dr. Elsbeth Locher-Scholten, and Dr. Nancy Florida have all provided most welcome comments and criticism, and I thank them sincerely for their help. Martin Leicht, projects manager in the School of Hawaian, Asian and Pacific Studies at the University of Hawaii, and Diana Holmes, administrative assistant in the History Department, Univer­ sity of Auckland, both went beyond the call of duty in helping me deal with what sometimes seemed an uncooperative computer. Jonette Sur­ ridge of the University of Auckland's cartography laboratory drew the maps, and the editorial staff of the University of Hawaii Press have been supportive and informed. Apart from occasionally expressing a wish that I had "a normal job like other mothers," my daughters have been extremely tolerant of the demands this book has made on my time, and I want them to know that I have always appreciated this. But in the end my greatest debt is to my husband and colleague, Leonard Andaya. Without his example, en­ couragement, and constructive criticism I honestly doubt whether this study would have been completed. INTRODUCTION Over the past decade the preparation of this book has absorbed a considerable portion of my academic energy and most of my free time. As I look back over this period I can indeed remember numerous occasions when I was excited by and enthusiastic about the project; conversely, I can also vividly recall feelings of frustration and inadequacy when it seemed that the task I had set myself was simply too great. I was frequently compelled to ask what I was trying to achieve, what could realistically be done with the available sources, and whether, in the end, it would all be worthwhile. Any resolution of this latter ques­ tion must await the passage of time and the judgment of others, but at this stage it may be useful to explain the reasons behind my selection of subject, the nature of the material I used, the considerations that influ­ enced my interpretation, and the rationale underlying the book's struc­ ture. When I began my research my aim was to produce a study of long­ term developments in a specific area of the Indonesian archipelago. Because so many sources for the premodern period are unexplored, I remain convinced that the provision of case studies is a major priority in the reconstruction of Southeast Asian history. Until we can speak with some confidence about a wider range of separate localities, any general­ ized comments about the region must be made with caution. Too often, for instance, there is a tendency to speak of "change" without recogniz­ ing that its nature, rate, and extent differed from one area to another and in many instances came so slowly that the effects are only percepti­ ble when a community is examined over an extended period. In view of my previous research experience, the choice of J ambi and Palembang as an area for closer study was a logical one. Historians of the Malay world have long regarded southeast Sumatra with particular interest because of the links between this region and Malay cultural tra­ ditions. Furthermore, I knew that the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie [VOC]) had established posts in both Jambi and Palembang, I was familiar with the nature of Dutch material, and I felt (incredibly, it now seems) that this new project would not pose challenges very different from those I had encountered during my earlier work.
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