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A Review of Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical ISSN 2320-4818 and Pharmacological Studies on Ficus Bengalensis L
Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 2017; 6(4): 151-163 Available online at: www.jsirjournal.com Review Article A review of pharmacognostic, physicochemical, phytochemical ISSN 2320-4818 and pharmacological studies on Ficus bengalensis L. JSIR 2017; 6(4): 151-163 © 2017, All rights reserved Hafiz Abdul Khaliq* Received: 17-07-2017 Accepted: 21-12-2017 Abstract Since the birth of humans on this planet, plants have been utilized for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Hafiz Abdul Khaliq various ailments. Ficus bengalensis L., belonging to family Moraceae, commonly known as Banyan tree, is Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, one the most utilized plants. It is a very large tree with spreading branches bearing multiple aerial roots Pakistan hanging downward. In traditional systems of medicines, various plant parts such as stem bark, aerial roots, vegetative buds, leaves, fruits and latex are used in diabetes, dysentery, seminal weakness, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, erysipelas, nervous disorders, burning sensation, hemorrhages and applied topically on pimples, abscesses, wounds, ulcers, sores, cracked soles of the feet and rheumatic inflammations. Pharmacognostic studies have been done to set its quality control parameters and various phytochemicals viz. phytosterols, anthocyanidin derivatives, fatty acids, amino acids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, flavonols, leucoanthocyanidins and triterpenoids have been identified and isolated. This plant is reported to possess many useful pharmacological activities also viz. antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal, anti-diarrhoeal, antimutagenic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective, anti-arthritic, antiallergic and immunostimulatory. The present review is an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its ethnomedical uses, pharmacognosy, physicochemical parameters, phytochemistry, pharmacological studies and other commercial uses. -
Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410
no nonsense Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47–410 – interpretation ltd interpretation Contract number 1446 May 2011 no nonsense–interpretation ltd 27 Lyth Hill Road Bayston Hill Shrewsbury SY3 0EW www.nononsense-interpretation.co.uk Cadw would like to thank Richard Brewer, Research Keeper of Roman Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales, for his insight, help and support throughout the writing of this plan. Roman Conquest, Occupation and Settlement of Wales AD 47-410 Cadw 2011 no nonsense-interpretation ltd 2 Contents 1. Roman conquest, occupation and settlement of Wales AD 47410 .............................................. 5 1.1 Relationship to other plans under the HTP............................................................................. 5 1.2 Linking our Roman assets ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Sites not in Wales .................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Criteria for the selection of sites in this plan .......................................................................... 9 2. Why read this plan? ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Aim what we want to achieve ........................................................................................... 10 2.2 Objectives............................................................................................................................. -
Conserving Rajaji and Corbett National Parks – the Elephant As a Flagship Species
ORYX VOL 28 NO 2 APRIL 1994 Conserving Rajaji and Corbett National Parks - the elephant as a flagship species A. J. T. Johnsingh and Justus Joshua One of India's five major populations of elephants lives in north-west India, where 90 per cent of the total 750 elephants occur in Rajaji and Corbett National Parks and adjacent reserve forests. This 3000-sq-km habitat is also home to many other endangered species. While the 520-sq-km core area of Corbett National Park is free from human impact, the rest of the range is subject to increasing pressures, both from the pastoral Gujjar community within the forests and villagers outside. The elephant habitat has been fragmented by hydrological development work and human-elephant conflict is increasing. The authors recommend measures that need to be implemented to ensure that the elephants and other wildlife of the area are conserved. Introduction which would be managed under a special scheme (Johnsingh and Panwar, 1992), would Over the last two decades many habitat con- be a step towards action on this. servation programmes have adopted particu- The Asian elephant Elephas maximus con- lar species to serve as 'flagship species'. By fo- forms to the role of a flagship species ex- cusing on one species and its conservation tremely well. To maintain viable populations, needs, large areas of habitat can be managed, many large areas will be needed in its range, not only for the species in question but for a each containing more than 500 breeding whole range of less charismatic taxa. In India, adults (Santiapillai and Jackson, 1990), as well the tiger Panthera tigris was used as a flagship as plentiful clean water, abundant forage and species when 'Project Tiger' was started in protection from poaching. -
Ficus Benghalensis
Ficus benghalensis (Indian banyan, Banyan tree) Very large, fast growing, evergreen tree up to 30 meters, with spreading branches and many aerial roots.The fig "fruit" is actually a rounded fruit with hundreds of small fleshy flowers inside. The figs are pollinated by a tiny specialized wasp . Due to its large shape it makes a perfect shade tree and a fun place for children to play inside the arial roots. Landscape Information French Name: Figuier des Banyans, Banian ou Banyan Plant Type: Tree Origin: India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan Heat Zones: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Hardiness Zones: 10, 11, 12, 13 Uses: Specimen, Shade Size/Shape Growth Rate: Fast Tree Shape: Round, Spreading Canopy Symmetry: Irregular Canopy Density: Dense Canopy Texture: Coarse Height at Maturity: Over 23 Spread at Maturity: Over 15 meters Time to Ultimate Height: 10 to 20 Years Notes The foliage and milky sap of all figs can sometimes be an irritant to skin and eyes for especially sensitive people, but most people are not effected Plant Image Ficus benghalensis (Indian banyan, Banyan tree) Botanical Description Foliage Leaf Arrangement: Alternate Leaf Venation: Pinnate Leaf Persistance: Evergreen Leaf Type: Simple Leaf Blade: 5 - 10 cm Leaf Shape: Oval Leaf Margins: Entire Leaf Textures: Leathery, Glossy, Coarse Leaf Scent: No Fragance Color(growing season): Green Color(changing season): Green Flower Flower Showiness: False Trunk Trunk Susceptibility to Breakage: Generally resists breakage Number of Trunks: Single Trunk Trunk Esthetic Values: Showy Fruit Fruit -
Research Article
z Available online at http://www.journalcra.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH International Journal of Current Research Vol. 9, Issue, 10, pp.59706-59709, October, 2017 ISSN: 0975-833X RESEARCH ARTICLE STUDY OF SOME SACRED PLANTS OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA *Aher S. K. Department of Botany, New Arts, Commerce and Science College, Parner, Dist. Ahmednagar - 414 302 (MS), India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Biodiversity is an important gift of nature that provides all basic requirements for human existence. Received 29th July, 2017 Since time immemorial plants have played an important role in human civilization. It has been Received in revised form observed that large number of plants being used for the worshipping of gods and goddesses as well as 17th August, 2017 th for socio-religious functions which serve as a useful tool for conservation of plants. A present article Accepted 26 September, 2017 attempts to highlight the importance of some sacred plants which are traditionally used in Published online 31st October, 2017 Ahmednagar District of India. A total of about 57 species under 54 genera and 33 families were recorded during the study. People of the study area are highly religious. These beliefs are not only Key words: showing the human relation with plant diversity, but also help in the conservation of species. Plants, Worship, Tradition, Ahmednagar District. Copyright©2017, Aher. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Aher S. K. 2017. -
Ficus Plants for Hawai'i Landscapes
Ornamentals and Flowers May 2007 OF-34 Ficus Plants for Hawai‘i Landscapes Melvin Wong Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences icus, the fig genus, is part of the family Moraceae. Many ornamental Ficus species exist, and probably FJackfruit, breadfruit, cecropia, and mulberry also the most colorful one is Ficus elastica ‘Schrijveriana’ belong to this family. The objective of this publication (Fig. 8). Other Ficus elastica cultivars are ‘Abidjan’ (Fig. is to list the common fig plants used in landscaping and 9), ‘Decora’ (Fig. 10), ‘Asahi’ (Fig. 11), and ‘Gold’ (Fig. identify some of the species found in botanical gardens 12). Other banyan trees are Ficus lacor (pakur tree), in Hawai‘i. which can be seen at Foster Garden, O‘ahu, Ficus When we think of ficus (banyan) trees, we often think benjamina ‘Comosa’ (comosa benjamina, Fig. 13), of large trees with aerial roots. This is certainly accurate which can be seen on the UH Mänoa campus, Ficus for Ficus benghalensis (Indian banyan), Ficus micro neriifolia ‘Nemoralis’ (Fig. 14), which can be seen at carpa (Chinese banyan), and many others. Ficus the UH Lyon Arboretum, and Ficus rubiginosa (rusty benghalensis (Indian banyan, Fig. 1) are the large ban fig, Fig. 15). yans located in the center of Thomas Square in Hono In tropical rain forests, many birds and other animals lulu; the species is also featured in Disneyland (although feed on the fruits of different Ficus species. In Hawaii the tree there is artificial). Ficus microcarpa (Chinese this can be a negative feature, because large numbers of banyan, Fig. -
National Symbols
National Symbols National Flag 1. The National flag is a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron (Kesaria) at the top, white in the middle and dark green at the bottom in equal proportion. The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel which represents the chakra. Its design is that of the wheel which appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. Its diameter approximates to the width of the white band and it has 24 spokes. The design of the National Flag was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947. 2. Apart from non-statutory instructions issued by the Government from time to time, display of the National Flag is governed by the provisions of the Emblems and names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 (No.12 of 1950) and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 (No. 69 of 1971). 3. The Flag Code of India, 2002, took effect from 26 January 2002 which brings together all such laws, conventions, practices and instructions for the guidance and benefit of all concerned. 4. In an important judgement in January, 2004 the Supreme Court (under the chairmanship of the Chief Justice B. N. Khare) pronounce that unfurling (hoisting) of National Flag is a fundamental right under Article 19 (1) (A). Note : For the first time the National Flag of India was hoisted in the mid-night of 14th August, 1947. State Emblem 1. The state emblem is an adaptation from the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka. -
Tigerpaper Vol 35-4.Pmd
REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC (RAP), BANGKOK FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS October-December 2008 Regional Quarterly Bulletin on Wildlife and National Parks Management Vol. XXXV : No. 4 Featuring Vol. XXII : No. 4 Contents Distribution of King Cobra in Northeastern India.............… 1 Status and Various Uses of Invasive Alien Plant Species..... 6 Man-Wildlife Interaction: Understanding the Concept of Conservation Ethics in Papua...................................... 10 Crop Raiding Pattern by Migratory Elephants in South West Bengal.................................................................. 13 Pong Lake - An International Ramsar Site in Need of Management Intervention............................................... 15 Study of Some Medicinal Plants Found in Dudhwa NP......... 23 Nest and Nidification Activities of the Spoonbill in Western Ghat Region of Shimoga, Karnataka................................. 28 REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC TIGERPAPER is a quarterly news bulletin dedicated to the exchange of information Meeting the challenge of timber legality verification............ 1 relating to wildlife and national parks Harmonizing reporting on forests and forestry.................... 5 management for the New project to support enterprise development in Philippine Asia-Pacific Region. ISSN 1014 - 2789 forest communities.....................................................… 6 Findings and recommendations from the “Enhancing sustainable forest harvesting in Asia” project.................. -
Comprehensive Studies of Head Maralla, Punjab, Pakistan
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.16.384420; this version posted November 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Comprehensive studies of Head Maralla, Punjab, Pakistan 2 vegetation for ethnopharmacological and ethnobotanical uses 3 and their elaboration through quantitative indices 4 5 Short title 6 Comprehensive studies of Head Maralla, Punjab, Pakistan 7 vegetation 8 9 Muhammad Sajjad Iqbal1*, Muhammad Azhar Ali1, Muhammad Akbar1, Syed Atiq 10 Hussain1, Noshia Arshad1, Saba Munir1, Hajra Masood1, Samina Zafar1, Tahira Ahmad1, 11 Nazra Shaheen1, Rizwana Mashooq1, Hifsa Sajjad1, Munaza Zahoor1, Faiza Bashir1, Khizra 12 Shahbaz1, Hamna Arshad1, Noor Fatima1, Faiza Nasir1, Ayesha Javed Hashmi1, Sofia 13 Chaudhary1, Ahmad Waqas2, Muhammad Islam3 14 1Department of Botany, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700-Pakistan; [email protected] (M.S.I); 15 [email protected] (M.A.A); [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (S.A.H.); 16 [email protected] (N.A.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (H.M.); 17111706- 17 [email protected] (S.Z.); [email protected] (T.A.); [email protected] (N.S.); 18 [email protected] (R.M.); [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (M.Z.); 18121706- 19 [email protected] (F.B.); [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (H.A.); 18121706- 20 [email protected] (N.F.); [email protected] (F.N.); [email protected] (A.J.H.); 19011706- 21 [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (A.W.); [email protected] 22 23 2School of Botany, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan. -
Vologases I, Pakoros Ii and Artabanos Iii: Coins and Parthian History1
IranicaAntiqua, vol. LI, 2016 doi: 10.2143/IA.51.0.3117835 VOLOGASES I, PAKOROS II AND ARTABANOS III: COINS AND PARTHIAN HISTORY1 BY Marek Jan OLBRYCHT (University of Rzeszów) Abstract: This article focuses on certain aspects of Parthian coinage under Vologases I (51-79) and Pakoros II (78-110). Most studies convey a picture of extreme political confusion in Parthia at the close of Vologases I’s reign to that of the beginning of Pakoros II’s. They also tend to clump together Vologases I, “Vologases II”, Artabanos III, and Pakoros II as though they were all rival kings, each striving to usurp the throne. Changes in the minting practice of the Arsacids were strictly connected with political transformations that were occurring in Parthia at that time. Any attribution of coin types along with an analysis of the nature of monetary issues depends on an accurate reconstruction of the political developments that effected them. Keywords: Arsacids, Parthian coinage, Vologases I, Pakoros I, Artabanos III This article focuses on certain aspects of Parthian coinage under Vologases I (51-79) and Pakoros II (78-110). Changes in the minting prac- tice of the Arsacids were strictly connected with political transformations that were occurring in Parthia at that time. Any attribution of coin types along with an analysis of the nature of monetary issues (including new royal titles, kings’ names or insignia) depends on an accurate reconstruc- tion of the political developments that effected them, an area subject to impassioned controversy and prone to shaky conclusions. One of the chief aprioristic assumptions some specialists tend to adopt is the belief that any temporal overlap of monetary issues is a sure indication of internal strife in Parthia. -
California Legislative Pictorial Roster
® California Constitutional/Statewide Officers Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Secretary of State Gavin Newsom (D) Eleni Kounalakis (D) Rob Bonta (D) Shirley Weber (D) State Capitol State Capitol, Room 1114 1300 I Street 1500 11th Street, 6th Floor Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 445-2841 (916) 445-8994 (916) 445-9555 (916) 653-6814 Treasurer Controller Insurance Commissioner Superintendent of Public Instruction Fiona Ma (D) Betty T. Yee (D) Ricardo Lara (D) Tony K. Thurmond 915 Capitol Mall, Room 110 300 Capitol Mall, Suite 1850 300 Capitol Mall, Suite 1700 1430 N Street Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 653-2995 (916) 445-2636 (916) 492-3500 (916) 319-0800 Board of Equalization — District 1 Board of Equalization — District 2 Board of Equalization — District 3 Board of Equalization — District 4 Ted Gaines (R) Malia Cohen (D) Tony Vazquez (D) Mike Schaefer (D) 500 Capitol Mall, Suite 1750 1201 K Street, Suite 710 450 N Street, MIC: 72 400 Capitol Mall, Suite 2580 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 Sacramento, CA 95814 (916) 445-2181 (916) 445-4081 (916) 445-4154 (916) 323-9794 ® LEGISLATIVE PICTORIAL ROSTER — 2021-2022 California State Senators Ben Allen (D), SD 26 — Part of Bob J. Archuleta (D), SD 32 Toni Atkins (D), SD 39 — Part Pat Bates (R), SD 36 — Part of Josh Becker (D), SD 13 — Part Los Angeles. (916) 651-4026. —Part of Los Angeles. of San Diego. (916) 651-4039. Orange and San Diego. -
Worship and Trees in India
СИБИРСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ ЖУРНАЛ. 2019. № 4. С. 36–48 UDC 294.5:351.857:58.006:581.6/581.9 WORSHIP AND TREES IN INDIA S. Chauhan, S. V. S. Chauhan Academy of Life Sciences Kaushalpur Bye Pass Road, 8/13-I, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005 India Email: [email protected], [email protected] Received 04.02.2019 Trees are significant in many of the world’s mythologies and religions and have been given deep and sacred meanings throughout the ages. In India, large numbers of herbs, shrubs and trees are traditionally worshiped and most of them are known for their uses in worship of several lords. India is a country showing diversity in religion and it is believed, that there are more than 33 million Gods and Goddesses worshiped in various traditional ways throughout the year. The trees and their products are part of Indian rituals and ceremonies and various Gods and Goddesses are associated with different trees. In Indian culture trees are believed to have consciousness similar to humans so they can feel pain as well as happiness like us. Human beings, observing the growth and death of trees and the annual death and revival of their foliage, have often imagined them as powerful symbols of growth, death and rebirth. The people in India believe that life cannot exist without trees. Trees are the main natural sources of solar energy vital for our existence that bring flowers, fruits, wood and medicines. Therefore, tree worship is one of the most widespread forms of popular religion in India. Indians worship offering roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds to God since time immemorial and this is done as a symbol of gratitude because they believe that life cannot exist without trees.