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Defining Ideology in the Pontificate of Gregory Vii

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Defining Ideology in the Pontificate of Gregory Vii View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository DEFINING IDEOLOGY IN THE PONTIFICATE OF GREGORY VII by Michael Richard Tivey A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Medieval History College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham December 2011 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT. This thesis explores the definition of ideology in the pontificate of Gregory VII (1073-1085) and in the reform movement which bears his name. The indeterminacy of historiographical notions of ‘Gregorian ideology’ is problematic. As a concept theorised in political science, ideology harbours a variety of connotations and meanings such that its generic use leaves important theoretical questions unanswered. Yet, in seeking to apply a theoretical definition, it is quickly apparent that the diversity of conceptual formulations grouped under the umbrella of ideology precludes any single, universally accepted definition of the term. Testing Gregorian reform for a concept of ideology therefore necessitates the prior definition of the concept itself. As a result, this thesis is as much an exercise in modelling a concept of ideology as seeking to address a historiographical ambiguity. The state of the question is this: can a definition of ideology be construed to theoretically prove or disprove a concept of ‘Gregorian ideology’? When coupled with the nature of Gregorian reform as one of the most complex aspects of Church history, defining ideology becomes an especially ambitious undertaking. The following analysis offers a discussion of how a theoretical concept can be applied to the sources. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I want to thank my supervisor, Robert Swanson, for his support throughout this project. I would also like to thank Caterina Bruschi, William Purkis, and Rob Thompson for encouraging me to continue studying. I am very grateful to the Edna Pearson Scholarship and the Postgraduate Research Support Fund for financial support. I would like to thank Helen Coy, Chris Linsley, Tom Pratt, and Beth Spacey for reading and commenting on my work. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introduction Introduction p. 1 ‘Ideology’ in the historiography p. 6 The history of ideology p. 8 Definitions p. 11 Towards modelling a definition of ideology p. 13 Summary p. 16 Chapter One: Gregorian reform spirituality Introduction p. 18 Simony, nicholaitism, and investiture p. 21 The model of the Early Church p. 31 The Berengarian Controversy p. 36 Monasticism p. 38 Personal spirituality p. 45 Conclusion p. 46 Chapter Two: Gregorian reform in practice, canon law and papal government. Introduction p. 51. Canon law p. 54 Papal government p. 67 Conclusion p. 80 Chapter Three: Gregorian reform and ideological ‘contrast’. Introduction p. 82 Papal monarchy p. 87 Henrician authority p. 92 Papal attitudes to kingship p. 102 Conclusion p. 110 Conclusion p. 112 Appendix: defining the ideological in the medieval p. 123 Bibliography p. 127 ABBREVIATIONS. Book to a Friend Bonizo of Sutri, The Book of Bonizo of Sutri which is entitled to a Friend (trans.), I.S. Robinson, The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century: Lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII (Manchester, 2004), pp. 158-261. D.P. Dictatus Papae Ep. Vag. Gregory VII, Epistolae Vagantes (ed. and trans.), H.E.J. Cowdrey, The Epistolae Vagantes of Pope Gregory VII (Oxford, 1972). Henry IV, Letters ‘The Letters of Henry IV’, in K.F. Morrison and T.E Mommeson (ed. and trans.), Imperial Lives and Letters of the Eleventh Century (New York, 1962), pp. 138-203. JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History Life of Gregory Paul of Benried, The Life of Pope Gregory VII (trans.), I.S. Robinson The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century: Lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII (Manchester, 2004), pp. 262-364. Peter Damian, Letters O.J. Blum (ed. and trans.), The Letters of Peter Damian, (4 vols.,Washington, 1989-1999). PG H.E.J. Cowdrey, Pope Gregory VII. 1073-1085 (Oxford, 1998). Reg. Gregory VII, Register (ed. and trans.), H.E.J. Cowdrey, The Register of Pope Gregory VII 1073-1085: An English Translation (Oxford, 2002). SG Studi Gregoriani To Emperor Henry IV Benzo of Alba, To Emperor Henry IV (trans.), I.S. Robinson, The Papal Reform of the Eleventh Century: Lives of Pope Leo IX and Pope Gregory VII (Manchester, 2004), pp. 365-376. 74t The Collection in Seventy Four Titles INTRODUCTION: Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) is usually included among the foremost Churchmen of the central Middle Ages on account of his principal role in the papal reform movement of the mid- to late eleventh century. His pontificate has long been recognised as a formative period for European history in which the dynamic of papal reform was intensified and channelled into new directions, both in terms of curtailing clerical immoralities and transforming the structure of Christian society more generally. Gregory’s pontificate was arguably defined by his efforts to transform the shape of papal authority. His ‘revolutionary’ conception of the status of papal authority in relation to secular power and his double excommunication of the German King Henry IV (r.1056-1106), in particular, can be interpreted as the seeds of papal monarchy. Indeed, the Gregorian reform can fairly be described as a conflict as much about authority as morality. As one of the most debated pontificates, the historiography on Gregory’s reforming career is extensive. Since the main focus of this introduction is historians’ references to ‘ideology’ and the methodological issues involved in testing a theoretical concept of ideology,1 the introductory sections of each chapter will include a discussion of the appropriate historiography. There are a number of general remarks which should nevertheless be made at this stage. 1 Ideology in its theoretical usage is distinguished from ‘ideology’ as historians have used the term, as such. The phrase ‘Gregorian ideology’ will be used in a provisional sense throughout. This is not to pre-judge the outcome, but is for the sake of convenience. 1 Among the main qualities of the vast literature are, for example, its perennial emphasis on the tension between Gregory’s roles as ‘pastor’ and ‘politician’. The role of Gregorian reform in precipitating a conflict between ‘Church’ and ‘State’ is also a longstanding historiographical trend. Accordingly, Gregory’s pontificate is commonly linked with the so-called ‘Investiture Contest’ of the late eleventh century.2 Gerd Tellenbach’s interpretation of the Investiture Contest as ‘the struggle for right order in the world’ has been especially influential in encouraging the view of Gregory’s relationship with Henrician authority as conflict over the emerging structure of Christian society.3 Another aspect of the historiography, although now restricted to more archaic works, is its confessional orientation. The seminal contribution of Augustin Fliche offers a supremely sympathetic portrait of Gregorian reform in the tradition of Catholic historiography: Gregory is portrayed as a saint while Henrician opposition to papal authority is presented as lay aggression towards the Church.4 The most recent English- language scholarship has been dominated by I.S. Robinson and H.E.J. Cowdrey; the former writing in the tradition of the Tellenbach School,5 and the latter primarily emphasising Gregory’s pastoral conviction as his motivation for reform.6 2 For citations and for a more detailed discussion see, below, p. 18. The inadequacy of the ‘Church-state’ characterisation of Gregorian reform is reflected in the replacement vocabulary of ‘power’ and ‘the holy’ proposed by Maureen Miller. Yet these terms, which are simultaneously loaded and nebulous in meaning, are not faultless alternatives, see Miller (ed. and trans.), ‘Introduction’, in Power and the Holy in the Age of the Investiture Conflict: a Brief History with Documents (Boston, 2005), pp. 5-6. 3 See G. Tellenbach Church, State and Christian Society at the Time of the Investiture Contest (Oxford, 1940), trans. R.F. Bennett, p. 126. 4 A. Fliche, La Réforme Grégorienne et la Reconquête Chrétienne (1057-1123) (3 vols., Paris, 1950); for a commentary see I.S. Robinson, ‘Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085): bibliographical survey’, JEH, 36 (1985), p. 444. 5 Robinson echoes the ‘right order’ interpretation in his explanation of the Investiture Contest as ‘a clash between different systems of thought’, see Authority and Resistance: the Polemical Literature of the Investiture Contest (Manchester, 1978), p. 1. 6 H.E.J. Cowdrey, Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085 (Oxford, 1998), referred to hereafter as ‘PG’. 2 For some historians, the widening of the scope of ‘reform’ in Gregory’s pontificate cannot be interpreted outside the bounds of revolution.7 A persistent tension within the scholarship has hence been the extent to which the Investiture Contest can be understood in a context of ‘reform’.8 By contrast, Gerhart Ladner’s scholarship has emphasised Gregory’s pontificate as the expression of a ‘reform’ ethic.9 The historiographical case for revolution in Gregory’s pontificate does not invalidate the abbreviation of his actions as ‘reform’, although there is the need to comparably distinguish between ‘Gregorian reform’ and ‘papal reform’. While the distinction is complex, in general, the former had specific ecclesiological connotations not shared by the latter.
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