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Avallabillty IS UNLIMITED. DOCUMENT MAY BE RELEASED to the NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VI Rglnla 22151, for SALE to the PUBLIC P AVAlLABILlTY IS UNLIMITED. DOCUMENT MAY BE RELEASED TO THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VI RGlNlA 22151, FOR SALE TO THE PUBLIC. 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. I 3. Recipient's Catalog No. 4. Title and Subtitle Atmospheric Transmission Handbook: A Survey 5. Report Date of Electromagnetic Wave Transmission in the February 1971 Earth's Atmosphere Over the Frequency (Wave- . 6. Performing Organization Code length) Range 3 kHz (100 km) - 3,000 THz (0.1 pm) TER 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. William I. Thompson, I11 DOT-TSC-NASA-71-6 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. U.S, Department of Transportation - 164-21-10-05-25 Transportation Systems Center 11. Contract or Grant No. Cambridge, MA 02142 13. Type of Report and Period Covered I Technical Report Space Administration Washington, DC 20546 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement .Earth-to-Space Paths 0 Infrared *Transmission Fundamentals -Visible *Transmission Properties .Radio .Transmission Information *Microwave Unclassified - Unlimited *Propagation *Ultraviolet 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21- No. of Pages 22. Price . Unclassified Unclassified 1 300 CONTENTS Section Page PART I. ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS 1,l Summary. ................... 1 1 1.2 Transmission Principles. e e e e e . e e e 1.3 Conclusions. ................. 6 2.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES . a . a . e 6 2.1 Summary.. .................. 6 2.2 Wave Velocity. ................ 7 2.3 Frequency and Wavelength ........... 9 2.4 Space-Time Relationship. ........... 10 2.5 Polarization ................. 11 2.6 Rays and Wavefronts. ............. 12 2.7 Spherical Waves and the Inverse-Square Law ., e 13 2.8 Field Intensity and Power Density. e e . e . 16 2.9 Dispersion .................. 18 3.0 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM - e e e e e e e e e 18 3.1 Summary.,.................. 18 3.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum Notation. e . e e . 18 3.3 Frequency Spectrum Charts. e a e 18 3.4 Electromagnetic Frequency Management e e ., . e 26 26 4.0 GUIDE TO ATMOSPHERIC DATA, a e . e e . e e . 4-1 Summary,. e e. e e e ., e e e 26 4,2 Types of Atmospheric Data. e . e m e 29 4.3 Bibliographies and Reviews e (. e e e e 30 4.4 Books. e e o a o i. e e e e e s e e o a o m o e 32 4.5 Periodicals, e a e (. e e e e e e 40 4.6 Information Centers, . e e e e * . 42 4*7 GlobalData. I) a e e e e a e e e e e e 43 4,8 Computational Aids e . e e e e (. e , e 44 PART 11. ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION SOURCEBOOK 5.0 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, e e -, - . e e e e e 45 5-1 Introduction e e . e e e . a e e e 45 5.2 Information Centers, a e e e e . e 46 iii CONTENTS (Continued) Section Page 5e3 BOOkSe e e a o e e e e e e e e e e e e e e o e 46 5,4 Periodicals, e a e e e * e a e e e 51 5.5 Reports and Theses a e . e a a . e e e 52 5.6 Symposiums and Conferences e e e e I) e e e 53 5.7 Computational Aids e e e e e e . e e a e e 53 5.8 Patents, a e e e e a e e e e e . a e e e ., 59 6.0 INFORMATION SOURCES FOR THE RADIO REGION e e a e e . 59 6.1 Introduction e e e . e e . a a e . ., . a ., 59 6.2 Bibliographies e e e . e e e e e e . e . e 60 6.3 Reviews..~~~~~*~~~*.~.*.~.~60 6.4 Books.. *. e e *. -. e a *. e 60 6.5 Periodicals. a e . a e e e e . e . e . 109 6.6 Information Centers. e e a . e . e . 109 6.7 Computational Aids e e e . e e e e . e . e e 109 7.0 INFORMATION SOURCES FOR THE OPTICAL REGION e e a e e 109 7.1 Introduction e . e e . e . e e e . a e 109 7.2 Bibliographies e . e e e . e . a e * . 112 7.3 Reviews. e . e . e e e . e . e . 113 7.4 Books.. e o. e *. e e e.. e. e 113 7.5 Periodicals. e . a e . e . ., . e e e 154 7.6 Information Centers. ., . e e . e e 154 7.7 Computational Aids e . e e e . e e e . e 154 PART 111. ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION DATA 157 8,1 Introduction e e e e a e e . e e . e e e 157 8.2 Complex Index of Refraction. e e e a 157 8.3 Dispersion e e e e . a . e e e e e e e a 159 8.4 Typical Ray Path Trajectory in a Transatmospheric Path. a a e . .I a e e e e e 159 8 45 Regular Ionospheric Refraction e e e . 162 8.6 Tropospheric and Ionospheric Refraction Errors at 555 km Altitude. e e e .I a e 164 8.7 Optical Refractive Modulus of the Troposphere. e e I) a e e e e e e e e 164 8,8 Radio Refractive Modulus of the Troposphere. ., e e e e 166 8,9 Vertical Profiles of Refractive Modulus. 168 8.10 Astronomical Refraction: Measurements and Theory. e e e e 171 iv CONTENTS (Continued) Section Page 8.11 A Nomogram for Atmospheric Radio Refraction, e 172 8.12 Optical Astronomical Refraction. a e e e 178 8.13 Comments on Irregular Refraction .) e e a e e e 178 8-14 Summary. *. ., e e e e e e. 180 9 e 0 ABSORPTION 9.1 Introduction e e e e . e . e e . * e . 181 9.2 Relative Transparency of the Earth's Atmosphere, 181 9.3 Absorption Coefficients. a . e . e . 183 9.4 Ionospheric Absorption . a . e e e - . ., . 185 9.5 Gaseous Absorption . e . e e . e . a . 190 9.6 Atmospheric Aerosols . ., e . e . e . 228 9.7 Atmospheric Hydrometeors e . e - . e . 230 10.0 SCATTERING 10.1 Introduction . e . e . e . e . e e . e . 232 10.2 Scattering Coefficients. e . a . e . a . 232 10.3 Rayleigh Scattering Coefficients . e . e . e . 234 10.4 Mie Scattering Coefficients. e . e . e . e . e 237 10,5 Ionospheric Scattering . e . e . 238 10.6 Tropospheric Scattering. e . e ., . e . 239 10.7 Atmospheric Hydrometeor Scattering a . e . 240 10.8 Atmospheric Aerosol Scattering . e . ., e e 242 REFERENCES Chapter 1 e. e. e. e *. e e *.. e a 244 Chapter2 *.. *.. ., e e a a e.. *. o. e 245 Chapter 3 . e *. e e e . e e . e *. e 245 Chapter4 . e I) e e e e e a e. e'e e e 246 Chapter5 e.. e e e. e e e e e 253 Chapter6 e e a e e. e e *. 257 Chapter7 a. e e ., . ., a e. e e 264 Chapter8 . e e a e e e 270 Chapter9 e e e e *. e e e. e. 274 Chapterlo.. e e e e e. e e e e 288 V PREFACE This survey is the result of a request of A. M. Greg Andrus, John J. Kelleher*, Jules Lehmann, and Theodore George of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters. It was compiled while the author was with the former NASA Electronics Research Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The basic task was to locate and collect information on the electromagnetic properties of the earth's atmosphere as they re- late to earth-to-space propagation paths. This information was to be presented in handbook form for ready reference. The present document are an attempt to fulfill this requirement and in addi- tion point to hundreds of other sources of pertinent information. I wish to acknowledge the suggestions, comments and encourage- ment of George G. Haroules** and Alfred C. Holland*** of the Electronics Research Center in the formulation and preparation of this handbook. I would also like to thank Judith Hubbard of Shrewsbury High School, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, for her proof- reading efforts. William I. Thompson I11 U,S. Department of Transportation Transportation Systems Center Cambridge, MA 02142 February 5, 1971 *Now with National Scientific Laborator,ies, Inc., McLean, VA **Now with DOT Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, MA ***Now with the NASA Wallops Station, Wallops Island, VA vii PART I. ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS 1.0 OVERVIEW 1.1 SUMMARY This handbook presents material on electromagnetic wave transmission in the earth's atmosphere with emphasis on earth- to-space paths up to January 1970. This type of information is needed in such varied fields as air pollution, astronomy, communi- cations, earth resources, geodesy, meteorology, and navigation. Part I presents basic background information dealing with transmission fundamentals, the properties of electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic spectrum, and the earth's atmosphere. Part I1 is a guide to information on the transmission properties of the earth's atmosphere to electromagnetic radiation. A major feature of Part I1 is the listing of tables of contents of several books and major articles on atmospheric transmission. Part I11 contains selected transmission information on the following observable quantities: refraction, absorption, and scattering. Part IV is a bibliography to be published in a separate volume entitled Atmospheric Transmission Bibliography 1960-1969: A KWIC Index of Electromagnetic Wave Transmission in the Earth's Atmosphere Over the Frequency (Wavelength) Range 3 kHz (100 km) - 3,000 THz (0.1 pm).
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